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Lec 6

The document discusses different types of digital modulation techniques: 1. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulates the amplitude of the carrier signal to encode bits, keeping frequency and phase constant. 2. Phase Shift Keying (PSK) encodes bits by discretely varying the phase of the carrier signal relative to a reference. Binary PSK uses 0 and 180 degree phase shifts. 3. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) encodes bits by shifting the frequency of the carrier between two discrete frequencies, called the mark and space frequencies.

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31 views

Lec 6

The document discusses different types of digital modulation techniques: 1. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulates the amplitude of the carrier signal to encode bits, keeping frequency and phase constant. 2. Phase Shift Keying (PSK) encodes bits by discretely varying the phase of the carrier signal relative to a reference. Binary PSK uses 0 and 180 degree phase shifts. 3. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) encodes bits by shifting the frequency of the carrier between two discrete frequencies, called the mark and space frequencies.

Uploaded by

holyprograming
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Spring Semester

Mobile and Sensor Networks

Dr. Ahmed Abdelreheem

Lec_6
Classification of Signals

▪ Continuous and Discrete Time Signals


▪ Continuous Time Signal: A signal that is specified for every value of time 𝑡 .eg audio and video recordings
▪ Discrete Time Signal: A signal that is specified only at discrete points 𝑜𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑛𝑇 .

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Classification of Signals

▪ Analogue and Digital


▪ Analogue Signal: A signal whose amplitude can have values in continuous range (values can take on infinite (uncountable) values
▪ Digital Signal: A signal whose amplitude can take only finite number of values.

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Analog to Digital Converter

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Digital modulation
• Modulation of digital signals known as Shift Keying
1 0 1
• Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK):
• very simple
• low bandwidth requirements t

• very susceptible to interference


1 0 1

• Frequency Shift Keying (FSK):


• needs larger bandwidth t

• Phase Shift Keying (PSK): 1 0 1


• more complex
• robust against interference
t

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Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
• Amplitude shift keying (ASK) is the simplest form of digital
modulation techniques.
• It is the digital version of amplitude modulation (AM).
• ASK uses a finite number of amplitudes, each assigned a unique
pattern of binary digits.
• Usually, each amplitude encodes an equal number of bits.
• Frequency and phase of the carrier are kept constant .

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Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
• In digital transmission, the phase of the carrier is discretely varied with
respect to a reference phase and according to the data being transmitted.
• Phase shift keying (PSK) is a method of transmitting and receiving digital
signals in which the phase of a transmitted signal is varied to convey
information.

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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
• For example, when encoding, the phase shift could be 0◦ for
encoding a “0” and 180◦ for encoding a “1,” thus making the
representations for “0” and “1” apart by a total of 180◦.
• This kind of PSK is also called binary phase shift keying (BPSK)
since 1 bit is transmitted in a single modulation symbol.
• Figure 1 shows the waveforms of BPSK.

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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

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Phase Shift Keying

• Phase of the carrier is varied to


represent digital data (binary 0 or 1)
• Amplitude and frequency remains
constant.
• If phase 0 deg to represent 0, 180
deg to represent 1. (2-PSK)
• PSK is not susceptible to noise
degradation that affects ASK or
bandwidth limitations of FSK

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Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
• FSK is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is
transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier wave.
• The simplest FSK is binary FSK (BFSK).
• BFSK uses a pair of discrete frequencies to transmit binary (0s and 1s)
information.
• With this scheme, the "1" is called the mark frequency and the "0" is
called the space frequency .

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Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

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Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
• Frequency of the carrier is varied to represent digital data (binary
0/1)
• Peak amplitude and phase remain constant.
• Avoid noise interference by looking at frequencies (change of a
signal) and ignoring amplitudes.
• f1 and f2 equally offset by equal opposite amounts to the carrier
freq.

 A cos( 2f1t ) binary1


s(t ) = 
 A cos( 2f 2 t ) binary0

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Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
• Most early telephone-line modems used audio frequency-shift keying to
send and receive data, up to rates of about 1200 bits per second.

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

• Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is simply a combination of


AM and PSK, in which two carriers out of phase by 90◦ are amplitude
modulated.
• The figure shows an example for 4-QAM signal in which each
transmitted symbol represents 2bits.
• Another example for 8-QAM signal in which each transmitted symbol
represents 2bits.

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4-PSK (QPSK) method

With 4 = 22 different
phases, each phase can
represent 2 bits.

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8-PSK

• We can extend, by varying the the signal by shifts of 45 deg


(instead of 90 deg in 4-PSK)
• With 8 = 23 different phases, each phase can represents 3 bits
(tribit).

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