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BSC 109 (Genetics)

Exercise 3: Linkage and Recombinant
(STUDY QUESTIONS)
Name: Harley Favor, Janelle Masbano, Sandara Ronco, Rona Jane Muelan,
Rovie Jen Hantoc, Lucille Bacanaya
Course & Section: DDM 1 A Score: __________
Date of submission: FEBRUARY 27, 2024

(1) Diagram the relationship of linked genes to the chromosome. (BACANAYA)

(3) Why is the coefficient of coincidence a basis for strength of linkage? (FAVOR)

The coefficient of coincidence is a measure used in genetics to determine the

degree to which crossover events between genes occur as expected by chance. It
provides insights into the strength of linkage between genes located on the same
chromosome. Linkage refers to the phenomenon where genes that are close together
on a chromosome tend to be inherited together because their proximity reduces the
likelihood that a recombination event (crossover) will occur between them. The closer
two genes are, the stronger the linkage they share, and the less likely they are to be
separated during meiosis.

Here's how the coefficient of coincidence is calculated:

1. Expected crossovers: Assume genes A and B are on the same chromosome

with gene C. If the recombination frequency between A and B is r₁ and
between B and C is r₂, then if the two loci are very far apart or on different
chromosomes, the expected frequency of double crossovers would be the
product of those two frequencies (r₁ * r₂).

2. Observed crossovers: This is the actual frequency of double crossovers

observed in offspring.

a. A coefficient of coincidence of:

i. 1 indicates that crossover events occur entirely independently of
one another, which is what you would expect if two genes were
located on different chromosomes or very far apart on the same
chromosome.
ii. Less than 1 indicates that fewer double crossovers occurred than
expected by chance, suggesting that the genes are linked. The
smaller the coefficient, the stronger the linkage.
iii. Greater than 1 (though this is rare), could suggest interference,
which means that a crossover in one region of the chromosome
reduces the likelihood of another crossover occurring nearby,
which also implies some degree of linkage.
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Therefore, the coefficient of coincidence is a basis for strength of linkage because it

gives us a quantifiable measure to compare observed genetic outcomes to what would
be expected if genes assorted independently. By doing so, it helps us to understand
how physically close or far apart genes are on a chromosome, thereby informing the
map distances between genes in genetic linkage maps.

(5) Given the following maps: (HANTOC)

a 10 b 9 c d 20 e 10 f
In which set of genes would a higher coefficient of coincidence be found?
When comparing, we need to consider the relative distances between genes. In the
first map, the distance between genes b and c is smaller than between genes d and e
in the second set. When genes are closer together physically, there's an increased
likelihood of double crossovers occurring nearby, potentially resulting in a higher
coefficient of coincidence. Therefore, it's more likely to observe a higher coefficient of
coincidence between genes b and c in the first set of genes.

(11) In corn, the genes an (anther ear), br (brachytic) and f (fine stripe) are linked. Testcross
data are as follow: (MUELAN, MASBANO, RONCO)
PROGENY NUMBER PROGENY NUMBER
+++ 88 an + + 355
++f 21 an + f 2
+ br + 2 an br + 17
+ br f 399 an br f 55

Determine the linkage map and the genotype of the homozygous parent used to obtain the
heterozygote for test cross.
Progeny Number Class
+++ 88 Parental
an br f 55 Parental
+br+ 2 Single-cross over (1)
an + f 2 Single-cross over (2)
++f 21 Single-cross over (3)
an br + 17 Single-cross over (4)
+ br f 399 Double-cross over (1)
an + + 355 Single-cross over (2)
Total 939

Region 1: CO = 2+2+399+355/939 x 100 = 80. 72417465 or 80.72%

Region 2: CO = 17+21+399+355/939 x100 = 84.34504792 or 84.34%
EDCO = (80.72/100) (84.34/100) =0.68079248
ODCO = (399+355) / 939 =0.8029818956
C.O.C = ODCO/ EDCO = 0.8029818956/0.68079248=1.179481148
i = 1 – coc = 1-1.572739 = (-0.79481148) cM
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(13) In Drosophila, these genes occurs on chromosome III (BACANAYA AND RONCO)
+ wild h hairy (extra hairs on scutellars and head)
+ wild fz frizzled (thoracic hairs turn inward)
+ wild Eg eagle (wings spread and raised)
The cross +++/h fz eg x h fz eg/h fz eg yielded this F1:

PROGENY NUMBER PROGENY NUMBER

+++ 393 + + eg 28
h fz eg 409 h fz + 30
+ fz eg 58 + fz + 1
h++ 80 h + eg 1

a. Give the sequence of genes and the distances between them.

Parental types: +++= 393

h fz eg =409

DCO types: + fz +=1

h + eg= 1
Parentals: DCO
+ ++ +++ fz ++ + fz +
Fz h eg fz h eg + h eg h + eg

Region I: CO= 58+80+1+1 x 100 = 14%

1000
 The distance between fz and eg, and + and + is 14 map units or centimorgans.

Region 2 :
++ eg ++ eg
n fz + fz h +
CO= 28+ 30+1+1 x 100= 6%
1000
 The distance between + and eg and h and + is 6-map units or centimorgans.
b. What is the coefficient of coincidence?

The coefficient of coincidence is 0.24.

Computation:
Three-point test cross: +++ X h fz eg_
h fz eg h fz eg
Testcross progeny
Phenotype Genotype Crossover Type No.
1. Wild +++ Parental 393
2. Hairy, frizzled, eagle h fz eg Parental 409
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3. Frizzled, eagle + fz eg Single Crossover
Region I 58
4. Hairy h++ Single Crossover Region I 80
5. Eagle + + eg Single Crossover Region II 28
6. Hairy, frizzled h fz + Single Crossover Region II 30
7. Frizzled + fz + Double Crossover 1
8. Hairy, eagle h + eg Double Crossover 1

The computation of linkage values are as follows:

Region I: 58+80+1+1 × 100 = 14%
1000
Region II: 28+30+1+1 × 100 = 6%
1000
d.c.o. = 1+1 × 100 = 0.2%
1000

The coefficient of coincidence (cc) is:

cc = _ Actual DCO___
Expected DCO
cc = 1+1_
1000___
0.14×0.06
cc = _ 0.0020__
0.0084
cc = 0.24
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This means that only 24% of the expected double crossovers
occurred.

(14) In Neurospora, gene a, b, and c are linked in the order a b c (centromere). Tetrad
analysis of ordered spores resulting from the cross + b c by a + + gave the following spore
orders (FAVOR)
1 2 3 4
a bc + bc a+c + bc
+ +c + b+ abc a bc
+ b+ a +c +++ a ++
a ++ a ++ +b+ + ++

For each group, sketch the four chromatids at meiosis, indicating the points where
exchanges must have occurred to result in the spore order given.

(16) Red-green colorblindness in humans is recessive and X-linked. If a woman,

heterozygous for colorblindness marries a colorblind man, what is the probability that their
child will be a colorblind daughter? (HANTOC)
To determine the probability of their first child being a colorblind daughter, we need
to consider the genetic inheritance pattern. Since red-green colorblindness is X-linked
recessive, let's denote the genotypes: The woman is heterozygous for colorblindness: X^B
X^b (where X^B represents the normal allele and X^b represents the colorblind allele). The
man is colorblind: X^b Y. The possible combinations for their offspring are: Daughter: X^B
X^b (normal vision carrier) Daughter: X^b X^b (colorblind) Son: X^B Y (normal vision). Son:
X^b Y (colorblind) So, the probability of having a colorblind daughter is 1/4 or 25%.

(23) In cats, the gene for coat color is sex-linked: YY gives yellow coat color and yy gives
black, but the heterozygote has a peculiar combination of yellow and black, a condition
know as tortoise-shell. Show the types of offspring expected from a cross between tortoise-
shell female and yellow male (MASBANO, RONCO, MUELAN).
P (1) Female P(2) Male

Phenotype: Tortoiseshell Yellow

Genotype: X^Y X^y X^Y Y

X^Y Y

X^Y X^Y X^Y X^Y Y

X^y X^Y X^y X^y Y

Female Offspring: X^Y X^Y, X^y Y
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Male Offspring: X^Y Y, X^y Y

Phenotypic Ratio: Genotypic Ratio:

(F2) Tortoiseshell Female: 1

Yellow Female: 1

Yellow Male 1

Black Male 1

Phenotypic Ratio:

2 XY Yellow: 1M & 1F

1 X^Y X^Y Tortoiseshell: 1F

1 Xy Black: M

Genotypic Ratio:1:1:1:1