BTEH 2223 MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO
MICROCONTROLLERS

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I believe I can fly!!!

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I feel energetic now !!!

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Don’t worry!!!

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 1.1 MICROPROCESSORS AND
MICROCONTROLLERS: CHARACTERIZATION

 What is a system?

Watch
- A time display system
Parts: Hardware, needles, battery, etc.

Plan
- All needles move clockwise only.
- A thin needle rotates every second.
- A long needle rotates every minute.
- A short needle rotates every hour.

An arrangement in which all its units assemble and work together according to
the plan
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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A GENERIC
MICROCOMPUTER

Data
Memory
The Central
Outside Input/
Processing
World Output
Unit (CPU)
Program
Memory

- CPU is the brain of the microcomputer, being under control of the

program stored in memory.
- The tasks of the CPU are to fetch the instructions stored in memory,
interpret those instructions, and execute them.
- The CPU also includes the circuitry necessary to perform arithmetic
and logic operations with binary data.
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- This special circuitry is called the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU).
- So, the CPU is microprocessor. The microcomputer built on single
chip for dedicated application is microcontroller.
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A microcontroller = microprocessor core + memory + peripherals

BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A MICROCONTROLLER

Three external basic connection to operate microcontroller are – reset signal,

clock signal, power supply.
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MICROPROCESSOR VERSUS MICROCONTROLLER
Microprocessor Microcontroller
-CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM, -CPU RAM, ROM, I/O, timers are all
I/O, timers are separated. on a single chips.

-Fix amount of on-chip RAM, ROM,

-Designer can decide on the
I/O ports.
amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports.
-Many types of bit handling
-Bit handling instruction is less. instruction.

-Expensive -For application in which cost, power

and space are critical.
- Emphasis on computational power
- Emphasis on their input/output
resources, such as the ability to
handle interrupts 9
MEMORY TYPES: VOLATILE VERSUS NON-
VOLATILE

▪ Volatile
-works as long as it is powered.
-Loses its stored value when power off.
-Easy to write electrically.
-Used for data memory
-Examples: Random Access Memory
(RAM)

▪ Non Volatile
-Retains its stored value when power off.
-Hard to write electrically.
-Used for program memory.
-Examples: Read-Only Memory (ROM)

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MEMORY ORGANISATION
Address

Data
Data
Memory Memory
Data

Address Address
Central Central
Processing Input/ Input/
Output Processing
Unit (CPU) Output
Data Unit (CPU) Data
Address
Program
Memory Program
Memory
Data

a) The Von Neumann Way b) The Harvard Way

- Just one address bus and one data bus - Every memory has its own address bus and
- Same address and data buses serve both program its own data bus.
(instruction) and data memories. - Used in many microcontrollers
- Used in many microprocessors.
- Both ROM and RAM can make up a single
memory block to which the CPU sends
control signals (read or write) for addresses and
data. 11
Von Neumann Way is “one size fit all” and “one-time access” approach.
Harvard Way has flexible size buses but more complex. Data and instruction can be handled
simultaneously, thus higher speed of execution.
CISC VERSUS RISC
Purpose: We want CPU execute code as fast as possible!!!

Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
- a CPU with exotic instruction sets . - a simple CPU with a limited instruction set.
- A CISC has many instructions and complex - A RISC has limited instructions and simple
design. (slow operation) design. (fast operation)

A CISC machine is generally recognised by: A RISC machine is generally recognised by:
• Many instructions (say over one hundred),
some with considerable sophistication; • Few instructions (say well below one hundred)

• Instruction words are of different length; • Each performs a very simple action
- simple ones expressed in a short instruction
code (about 1 byte) •All instructions are single word;
- complex ones expressed in a long instruction - That word must hold all information necessary
code (about several bytes) (the instruction code itself, any address or data
information)
•Instructions take different lengths of time to
execute. • All, or almost all instructions take the same
length of time to execute.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROCONTROLLER
 Low cost
 Physically small

 Input/output intensive and capable of easy

interfacing
 Limited memory capability for program and data

 Instruction set leading to compact code, with limited

arithmetic capability
 Ability to operate in real-time environment

 In certain application, it has ability to operate in

hostile environment such as low or high temperature
 Low power with features adapted to battery power 13
APPLICATION OF MICROCONTROLLER

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 Example 1: The Domestic Fridge
Do you realize
An Embedded there is a
System computer inside
Compressor Control the fridge?
Alarm
Display Human
The
Embedded Interaction
Computer
Networked
Actual Temperature
Interaction
(Maybe!)
Required Temperature

Read internal T -> compare internal T with required T-> output control signal
Internal T increases = switch on compressor to lower internal T 15
Internal T decreases to the required T (set by user) = switch off compressor
Example 2: Car Door Control, within a Larger Network
(Input to Central Control)
window control buttons
window stall sensor Involve human Right
interaction! Door

Dash Climate
window motor Board Control
lock control
lock actuator open door sensor
Driver's
(Output from Central Control) (Input to Central Control) Steering Seat

Central
Control Air Radio
Bag & CD

CAN Bus

Central Locking or alarm are activated if the door is not Left

locked when the driver tries to pull away Door 16
A MANUFACTURER’S
MICROCONTROLLER PORTFOLIO
Family 1 Family 2 Family 3

Memory Memory
Core P Core Q Core R
Peripherals Peripherals Memory

Peripherals
Core P Memory Core Q Memory
Peripherals Peripherals
Core R Memory

Memory Core Q Memory

Core P Peripherals

Peripherals Peripherals

Memory
Core R
Memory Memory
Core Q
Core P

Peripherals Peripherals
Peripherals 17
POPULAR MICROCONTROLLERS

•PIC – Microchip (8-32bit)

•AVR – Atmel (8bit)
•ARM – ARM Limited (32 bit)
•8051 – Intel then Everyone (8-bit)
•68HCSxx – Motorola / freescale
•MSP430 – TI (low power 16-bit)
•PSoC – Cypress (M8C, 8051,ARM)
•Nios / MicroBlaze – Altera / Xilinx

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A GATHERING OF MICROPROCESSORS AND
MICROCONTROLLERS

Motorola PIC 16F877

PIC 16C72 68HC05B16
PIC 16F84A

Motorola 68000

PIC 12F508

-Dual-in-line package (DIP) with different

number of pins
- Material: ceramic. 19

- Only 68000 uses external memory.

OTHER PACKAGE (EXTRA): SIP VERSUS QIP

single in-line package (SIP) quadruple in-line package (QIP)

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CLASSIFICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Small scale Large scale

embedded system embedded system
-Single 8-bit or 16-bit -Single or a few 16-bit or 32-bit
Microcontroller. microcontroller or Digital Signal
-Little hardware and software Processor (DSP).
-Both hardware and software
complexity.
complexity.
-Normally battery operated.
-more advanced tasks such as
-Usually C or assembly adjusting a car’s electronic shock
programming language is used absorbers in response to bumpy
for system development. road conditions.
-Need to limit power dissipation
when system is running
continuously.
-Simple applications such as
monitoring an oven’s 21
temperature or turning circuits
on at prescribed times.
 CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING MICROCONTROLLER
(DESIGN CHALLENGES)
1. Meet the computing needs of task efficiently and cost effectively
- Speed, the amount of ROM and RAM, the number of I/O ports and timers, packaging,
low power consumption
- Easy to upgrade
- Cost per unit
- Size (footprint can be optimized by having one pin able
to perform several different functions)

2. Protection against failure

- Microcontrollers have a watchdog timer (WDT) to ensure that the program
is being executed correctly. Watchdog timers do not exist in personal
computers.

3. Protection of programs against copies

- The program stored in memory needs to be protected against unauthorized
reading. To do this, the microcontrollers incorporate protection mechanisms
against copying.
4. Availability of software development tools
- assembler, debugger, C compilers, emulator, simulator, technical support.
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