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Basic Signal and System Class Notes PDF

Hand written notes for basic signal and system. B. Tech. (EE)

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jaishribalajimaharaj151
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68 views48 pages

Basic Signal and System Class Notes PDF

Hand written notes for basic signal and system. B. Tech. (EE)

Uploaded by

jaishribalajimaharaj151
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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x Trtxeduction te Continveus Time. Signals & Systems Spel inal iv a ptysioal portly which Changes mee than vene Jincbpenclertt variable, oral conting - Feertey. seme snfarmation.. Ex ~ Sheed Signal, ebcdwioad Signal ete. “The gomenal from af Agpal dy — FW = A (Sinots$) % Aces (ob | where, A = Amplitude of the Anal = Angular Keequeney im od. / see 4 & = Phase in Kadtan b> Chocobo Seals} @e a) 1, LE change mere than. one = Vaxiabl, «at Aame time. > $C) = Gre dinectional > Sheech Signal weer (S08) = Sue clanuecti¢nal’ 4. Protiuve » Inge : » POO O OOO OOOO OO F(%y2Z) = Three olivectional + TY. Signal flxoy2zH= Fouc clbuctonal > Reem Temp. © 2. Randomness /Uncertenily — More Jib. of Revdomnens 8 slo dluatly foxporctional te mere information 3. Bandwidth — ¢£ iy bine pow the Hange of Where the gen iy constant. “f WH ip nly Sore Hositive Focequency aignal, —Uhet of Aigral : — °@ @ @ : Analog. Sigal [rte Spal] £ * Discnete Signal [Pulge Signet ] ¢ al wo oe S drequeney 5. Digidal Sign * Seales Soul A Algnal is saiel te be olonge Algnal 4Y beth tine anol vomplitiude are entinvous. Ul A analog. Aignal iv debsiererited ox fCH) . e Dit) Ale Ajgnals Lsesent in nallive one im the Foun of ~ ling Ape: ¢ WW] Gerdtimucus flew of information fiom co te oo iy @ « Adid te be conkmusurs Algnal. a B Sudden vee’ & Suoleln fall af the Algnal. aan rad be Aappencal.. ‘ q 2. Di janal | — Discrete Sal A signal Adil te be elisorel ot Pulao df time is dlis- continueus, & amplitude « JA continueur. { 4 MW Ee bby wreporesented as Fn) [oe ln) . ih Fee articular instant of time there must he seme ‘Ampliticle cis called Ats ‘area’, (WA denice which convots Analog to dhiscxate Ly said to be * Samples’. 3. Digi f nee Digital Signal _: A Aigal Us Aaid to de be dlpilal Adgnal if both chine & armplidude axe. olis- céntinuess, Signal Amptidude Time ] Praag, Condinuous Continues Samptex Disarete Condhinueus Dis -Cntinwaus Guenter: Digidoh =| Dis-Continuaus Dis- Continucus, Encedes. L ' ’ ' ' ' ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ , , , , r , , , ’ , , —lans]yemation_ 2 ietRiice tie tls. hes = Ti Time Tanaformation, Til Amplitude Toa I hi Dre i Time Taxon sfoumation. oak ; pats — » 1, Time Scaling > cc (at)/ 2 Lmn] "2, Time Shifting > x(kis)/ e[ntne] ; 3. Time Reveusal > x C4) / el-1] Lt ix dlivioleel indo thuee els ime Scabir Scaling vo vee fat) 4 4) ¥ Aroq may be ‘ cha » net * He nge we . Here, Orel enongy. till be charged. 2 Time Stiftng ¢ — ee a OY et £(%) £(d-3) i ; Viegas ce UTHos ase ee | 3. Time Rewesol ° > 5 Baitee time became ve anol Vice Vewe. © Signal chonge ty 160 Phase shift with veerpect Zo G- Goce and time i mubtibliod by. “ve Atgn: Ex -X0 4D Ww APAVING NEE -_ a aAAAAAAANLIN Sp thle iontfovmadions | — et Amplitele Seating! >) ¢ (4) = At(#) WW Amplituole Reversal > #(d) = -fW rl) Amplitiole Soaking o FH % Axor and Amplitude will uN we Teas SOx Frequeny will be change -2 Ss tid Arnplitule, Kowal py shift by 180 with vesp- ect Fe x-axis. eb bbb bb bab bbb NNN Que- Change inte — Ci] fda) Ui FED) CH (HD #6) WFD Wi fla-b Ato “SE fs) 4 £ (st) PAPA ALMA MMA MALLE EE EE EOS GS 5 pta-4) Ns “Is AF (2t-1) Mn hy Yn 4a “Ve AAAAAAALAA JIU OY D s Tz # G Additien * Fw T? awe Ez = G a) é we ala. r “t+ 3 fsgH4 G Pe ia zz ol Dbrowst Spnat _— planed FIn] id! ve Ly [Lk ~1 fe a2 8 ! 7 yp | he B %p AF [n-1] ; yah a Ah ee | | | | Je 2 j -2/, Ye] th * Sh Afto-4) th Lh —4 76-5 -4 eee AAlp) rn a 44 3, the . Ay t=o > Gporotien_of Signols — Fyn glo 6 20%0 =O Ak &-2 fH+gW f7 142=3 ts1224 Ak &=2, Z71-2 =1 23040 =0 Ak k= S 3+ O4=t BS or0 =0 6Dec 2021 Standoxd Signal oe Srgulavalve. function | — 1. Sith (Inagichde) Signel Cul] Tnkgeten 2- Romp (Slope) Signal — [aels) iad Signa fs . [pio] Disfexeniaten 4. Impulse Signal rea) [aca] Step_Signal_ — Unit Steb_Signel 3— UW =Rk ; d>0 YW =1 4 dO uW=0 5 £40 uw-o 5 $40 #& ok d=0 92 By she tlh of gives thenemena — kO) = Oar ios 2 Oi8 yo Die z ko = 2 Gk dy assumed value & an-dened value - | ad tant Pree eee - s- ~— ee ne —bhtadion of Sieh Sigal Stoding, of an automate > D2) Abbie o constant Sauce for vefécal breaking. > 3.) Change d Auitch & cartinue in a Same atote Js > > unit Al signal - 2 uly) 2 So g ‘ ; 2 7 ——* > 2uW , io Fe 32) ubedsad ede ar al 3 Ul-adia) 2 a 43 ecoung * gra — y(at+b) = U (t+) VDDD bbb sb db abab bd db diddied Bue- f(d = Qu (kA “lay (aA) + U2) Sat nud | sd ot a ee 2U (dat) AL au Sa THR UES t pl PON at ae i 2 2u Gad- auld + U2) t Buertyr ou (48) 4U (as) 4 u td42) + U God) aL -20[4-2) k=-3 del 2 5 d1 FO t=2 fd) = -2u (daa) +0HD* UGED + Ul) + UL) -2064 -2% MM AMA MAM EAA AMADA DAAKAAAES a2 2 eo eo DOOM MA, > 1% a FO | 2 Cak+6) ru (4- 4) 4UL 44-6) t20(S10) | > f(D = QUEK 4ule-) + ulb4¢-2) +30 (2 Fo($) = WD 40D | a le Fi (2) = 20 Gdyodt U2) SilD FH IIIT deo) + suCbea) Fula ~ Bult Sel FE) = —UD- UE -D ¢2ult2)-u(t-3) rylnino debby TI Pp: Ramp_Signal’ = MUA) = RE dtd = 0 MWD =RE , 420 5. &d2o Slope = K & Que — fl) “ad > » a rd S SS 72 ve oS “3 Te > "2 Tha a =a OF Sibilte can nok define in en Atandayd foun * Aveo Can nat be change « | % Limiting Process. fie Reciod yale donde de zee the stardond algoal suctangular finctor with mid o%eo yeduces she dmpule puretion thie fuecess said te be limiting puecess . G(s) = tins i © Aveo wodd be no change Va th -a o adie 0} Gre | — (J Scaling ._— 6) <7 8 Ex - : A Ex yb G3) eo g 2 A vi el Ch) A / \o a I gta —— iar) eI Y oe «| © | ¢ | S © ge. . & Ti Udtab) = uld +) — @pill be sve we (at +b) = aa (t+.b.) ao @wl be +e 6 (ot tb) = aa 8 (+3) he wil be Weve @ Qe- S(etss) 7 G9) aA AAA AAAAPAMOD OY YOO ES Bes Ff 2443) 1 3 sear 6 (4 z te Pe py + U(d42) arly) (ag) +2004 y -olt-ay = ult) Sel" PW= 7 2u - eoult-4) + 0CCE2 faa) ~ocla) - 9 ED) + Que — f(a) = Doetat2 ocide2) + U (a2) I ee @e Que- F(A) = -2u (tan) +20c (E42) - 2% (fd) -2 (2) Sol'> CE COREE EK $0: SQ) = fH) alts) - FW) =F tte —-> F(a), B(d-to) “= flo Jtt-*) } oom . eee Axea i K case of freduct area will be change . x Cree a DAMM AMEE Que Flt) -§ G2t+3) , C / ; +34 St- #8). 40-6 (t >) > ¢(3):¢8(44) “ 4, s(@)- 8 3) Ans Que- Sint 8 G-*) St gind 8 Cit +5) Sint a 8(a-F) sink 6 (4-3) Sin @) -8(8-E 1-, 6(#-3) g(t) dias Gu- e.g (24-4) Sh tg (t-2) © e7* (4) 6 (42) 46% g(¢-2) | ons > = cest - 8 (¢- M4) pO em 8 (4-3) A L| ees le a fue fF) 8 (Wat Aa Sw #0) J oH at Wi it 4 Ta. Fo KL f ©) > fF) (teat = $¥ (2) Paesh — See 6 (42) dt 4+ s@) fs (442) at > = £ (=) Proved. APP LLL AAA AM AAA AMM MALLE EEE EAS eae ol Bu scCd) + § (Hat t 8 2 sto 8 8 (4) dt. i Pp 0 Ans Be iz J (1scosx t): § (#1) db Si g Stead ‘ (anét i} g hel } B > (ecesn) fs (es) ot R > (t+ cesn) KL 1 p [i+ &)] We? r Q an me Jer ee) ae “ aK Hic forsee 2 nr & oA Ans i . Be oe aK K Bee a. a fag da . ws > 1 Ans. e- fern 8 (ad- 4) ot \ oo 7 , » REQ ~2 (@-2) 4 Je 4) 6 (24-0 dt > + dns. * a ud) = SH * a Tult2)] = 8 (t-2) twi_Puabele Signal’ — i A Pk) = # 5 te pw =o 5 4X0 i aC) J§ 8H d= ud) 4 eee . ae PUD = oe Al “aE Plot) = Flt) “aS cccecce ce ee eegncs AAA ADL OD DADO DMA MA Pi _ Signum mre ryan a7 ye 5 > Sgr (k) = 1 54,79 C Sgn (d) = -1 * £40 - Sgn (4) > i - f bed ; ? t ee Dees At 4=0 > Sgn © Se! —sa 4 UW ; AT aloe earl p-Ul-b) J et — 1 uld) + [-u¢-4)] = Sgnl® ulO ~ Ubd) = Sgn (et) 1Uld) + Ue) ued) = 1-Uld) ult) - [1- uw] = SgoW ODD OF FU Ur Ul) - 1+ ult) = Sgn (4) 2ulh-1 = Sgnldd ud = Sgn) +1 2. Uil_Rectongulr_fmetion | ute fonction! — Anect (2) oi n (Lids of the Aignall Amplitude ac(D = Anect (+) x(t)=A ; Late met) =0 5 elsevtow ie —s Te “Yo Kd of uid)!" u(t4 V2) “Up i DDO MMA MAMA AEA EEE EEE EELS Uld- V2) ! We 2 An [aed “9 * Avot (F \ = aju(t+% )-ules : * Aveck is = Amplitude Sn coe ule final vebie)] reid Que- -4 acts) = 2[u (t+), -ult-4] e ou ley -ule a] , 1 , , , » , y , a rae att GB) » » » y » » » > , Que- aoc) Ree oth = 2Culw -u (t-4)] x)= 2 vect (4) 4 Que. oct) bh Uieaak 2 x@= 2C u(t - ulst-s)] Q ood) ue — UB Rh 4 ad = [w(Gts9) uo] [iti] “Towangulor function: Rom A a4) = scl) lth oc) = A areas ald) = 00 'Y (4, >T Ww Yall of Total Signal OD PDD LLL A MAMMA AMEE LEA GSAS m( © D Ss o ! » 6 > - . p 1 2 3 AS - - ; z > ; Mele 2 — fye the Snpuls functiens — aK sc(H « eT 2 seco) 6d) (Stordorel eq) ac: ie b= velo) 8(t~ 0) % xe(- 8(t-te) = eCUt0): 8 (4-te) e oc (d- ts) 6(4-42) = xe (eats) 6(+-t2) * S$ 6(d-ta dt v1 VS Mobb ba LAd Sd Unb nd Dad dRd ORD RUA Dated- 18Dec21 & K Classification of Signals * “ tel & Aperiode ' — “ , i: A avignal us Aaio te be | frente fit ss asl che contin ob ate Cee Sve | © where, ae ¢ = voy © The smallest: value of “T' Hat satisfied the © above cCendition is Aaid te be funcementot but odie, Paice algnal is continuous Algnal. & ie Seda ia} eyes i € Minimum Jungth which is yupeated that us i- fundamental foxiedlic , © f(s) = Sinat © © g B g : : i Net orpundomertal Redledio 8 1 s Que- f(t) = 4 Cos Gt +5) s Ste fl + acstot ed) wW=4 , bes ‘ we 2E § cd ‘ i ON, 4 a > Olns, « Tee ; 4 a4 » 7 Biececture_! ti Sidertefy the inoliviclued — Hume P period. Ci] Coloulate the nate 2 or Lili Gf the watio of iil Step ib ther aver ll Aignal Ls perectic tw) Caloulate the L.c.m. of cleneminater -of (i1step WJ T= (Lem ts of Th Teta i ows umber (&) ptnerwss? saoperieds 3Sin KLE + 6 COS3n oe Bye Sol"- wae we SN e a ei ; sae 28-2 , Hoe 7S & Se iki po ax geies Radio! Ratio = —— = 2 ye 2 aOR Pe? = T= "Herd 283 Shock Tk @——y. she above question a wm=N = LX W2=3N = BX find the commen factar — w= TW = 2 gece ne, - 2m, 2k [2 PF Jon “Tw. n LF FFF TT AT MS OE SD OD Que CdD = Bin(rewt) + Cob127H Sat - (0. = 1870 , Ws = 120 an li =k 2 a= ten” 3 12 = San ye te ay h Le fate oe ap Ss Lem of 181 ss T WCF of 9&6 3 Que CB 4b + Sin 12k ww ern wW2=12 Clear = TS ii “5 Th= 1 6 t Ry 6 2. 3 Rational & Rutedic Ratio == rT Lom of TAN a 7 cae HCF of 2&6 2 hs A 6 A AM MOLE EG OE EES F > nr es eee » Rume Numbex dlivisual by 1 0 ef - » Fr-1,2,353, ..-. et > e . > Rational Number: Gt as foun by £ whee Pye r ME nen- zete inteser number > KH is nen Lemiratng but Re peating ($ = 0-333.) P Lattenal Number — Exational Nunber 4 0 number P which actial value never enced ofter decinal. Ltisnen - Aeuminating & nen- Repeating Numbex (77, teat 4 Pacime rvumber - VE, IS --- E eo N¢# = abe 1 = 3241592654 92° _' 3.142957 142854 + ae Que- 2093 1007 t + 5 Sinsok ir i 1 #25 Sado t= 100K ,6=-SO0 Rolie = 2 x Qn z = 2h = 2 oaie 5e T Bs & nen- ational 2 soc= 20 on : = SO | OF is Aboud. an ah T1= or Ta aS a Th = OT LID PU YY HY Que= Sel) = Sin (rot-3) — Sinlat-1) SM xr =10 Waa T= Lem of (ts, Te) Te Lem of FBR HCF of 5&2 4 (ta S| ee Que se(t) = Sin (10d+1) - 2 Coo (5+ 2) So W1=10 7 Maes 2 nx — . 2R Nan = > Bs ote DR y Sed Rational dl. &:Reiedlic Rotie ==- ="s * oR z T = LCM of (2) Lem of N&2N | 2h oo eS HCF of S&S (rae) Bue- F(t) = Sin dt CoBL ~ : 1'Ta gin(a-b) Sf 2st covst = [sin G48) + } RA AMMA EEL EELS LS > a [sinst +sin 3) > > [sinst- Sint) Wie5 , Waal XK =e pap nee = Dac ee AS Rational No. & Riedie To. 5° 2K sem onan . “THC of 5&2 [reer aoe £ + oss + 6 ne Gen FWD = 49° # Set = core , wie Ws-@ Toca ¢ Ter t6 am 6K. 2 | Rational No, & Periodic Rolie =~ = aR” Lem of 6K 4K &16N 3 T = her qf 1,184 By! oc(n) = Bin S&S +2) spi 2 | T= % se > O= | Ap bya babdddbDidndind dd Rd RISIRISD NNN UO a il g > x — al Te 2 > @ #(t=1 ae ny constr sewn — dE is 1 ppecial Algnal hese poried vary Hon © te oo. " £=0 , it meons Aignal is allways -onyuhere Phat iy imboibte se that we dake it o% t= 00 whi ch willl be saperiedic ory constant teen which lees nat chonge its pevedlaity of any otro Algnel- St meons sconkant tim + Periedlic ajgnal => Reriedlic Algnal & + Aperisdic Signal > Aperiedi Sgral Ex-— 4 + Ginat Ty edefendert 4, 2 FR ar ae Addition co Subsbiaction of any tue inoliisual Agrol may ox maynat be foredic ev nen- periedic . Ex — Sin2h + Sinne& TW=K had Tm 2K twrational Ne. & Apododic a 2 Be © hess co cee. fw Ge Renee on K Addition ar Subshaction af oporicdic Ajgnal with | i periedic ginal , xewlt 18 aperedio ox ren peredic. pe Ex =0 £ + Snot > Ap ap j ad Pp e FP Y Syn + Singt > AP. 2 AP P x i exiodi ve & Sum af Sow nen ~ Borie signal may be P ic > i 7S Signal « a 72 Ex — Sint ul + sink ubD pee gind: ULX) ra sind uD “S oe OS oe ‘Re aint ud) + sink-UCD aaa ¥ & -V rz ' riz Bue, ol = eo! ioe an et? (combaix) x rit 4 to = 2% r xadlus if + ri i +228 TO ri — = S (mS dys 21Dec 2021 ER Ye aon fhtar Tuesday @- Po BR nite Cobos & deunwod) doe not change us oe oc(®) = Sin( r wr gr rr a oe Ge oe o oe ce ss Tine scabing operation changes He punclomer tal porial @ of the Signal ¢ on] = xe (mtn) ¥n where, K “Tine shifting & Time setoval dosnt effet te t poriedisity ¢ Ss te eee Algnal prom — etaiticng a foe — : A descute time signal e(n] Us Aad te be pow-$ @dlic - ‘ ‘ 4 N > funclamental fetied LO FU UP UTY I YY YUU DY UY YUYUdYdvdGVHee of he a] period stationed then whee, mn is Rin of cycles sapeating. - Que- oetny = Snish n Sat wn 3h ty HoT e, 25% N BXQN 6 Sol” wes er 2 Toca MSA oe fi N 2K mn +) Que- = x(n] = ne * Sol we 1076 1oT Gue- — o€In pees [2°* ale Ques x= sin(Bn) 4 Ces ny cos (FN) le E am ne ~ -+ ee: = BxOn GG Na” 4xnn T= Lem of 6&8 [in sie Se) Toa Que- oc(r) = COS (Sn) + sin (Fn) se eh) = # [2.005 (Er) + sin 89] 2 $ | sin FE n) - sino] = 4 [ sin 235] ona ya ON i = “syan 5 an 3 Que- set] _ei% Sn ihe 3 s\n sz 8 ech ing walue of & t-0O = Sat of we see ger* the we WISE - J — Ce ae = & Aa-1 t -2 t a3) f-4 o 2d 0 it - se? get R idiaw the crcle chock Sa - Keebing the volte of £ t=0 =. t=2 4=% d=4 ve ole we we oft -I24 € es? “34 € -36 = > 38 .e LYVVAA eto LAME GEA -i4At 2 me 4 vy S| Auer maaan Dated - 23 Dec 021 C- | Laurel Non= Cosmal &% dpticoanal — — a > A Aignol is paid to be caret dy a K(H=01 £20 athouuse the Agnal tb non gt > A Ajqral occt) is sail te -ardi—casal <| HY x(H=o 3 40. ¢ > A Aignal cleesnd exist for se time ib called causal signal 8. Atgral olwesm£ excist we time ib anti cau gral. A Aégeal exist bath 4ye & Ve Aign is Calle nen- causal. oi zo ¢ © © Ss ¢ © re S g ; causal 3 huew s A Prd Mog Comsal } S hus Wwe] ' L Non - causal ‘ 4 ( ae Nec Nc -at Sint N.C. NC Cort Even ancl Gd Sjgnoh | — Syrmibbic & Mon- Symone — ft fe (ad) = fe a Avent — ot A jignal oc() said te be een yf higy aabioly xD = LED Vt ( Misoror Image) vt arene € Ey - X(t) = cos t a xd) = cesCdt) = Cart «1 . oH) <1 Bdd_ Sgr §— 4 sjgpal a Aal Fo be adel Agnia| ? : © af it a Aatinly — geutr~ — eet (Orgr) gl Ex — oct = sign) oO Sign (+ = grt) oI : « : © © gies © é : \ = te F() = fH + fol caer) ¢ ge = aE Ped i fl = £1) -hi® — YW } fH + FEV Ss fe) -— : ‘ ‘ ( 8 2 ¢ ‘ ¢ we as ky a _ ay | s 8 ea Ot a ii: S 3 = Sealed | | # » © z 7 ob Lal » Tae ‘ Py 4 Lf pile, oo = 3? 7 * os = a ty ; a\ 32 g| 3| : PPP EPP PLETE EEE LTTE TET TN Cases FD = g(t) Al PC sf gd = ede h(t) = even P(h = even Cose- 1. FED = BED ALL) POL) = glo AO bw = -[9 DAW be] fts) =-Ff) 4 edd %. Cose-E fH = gba) Ary ACY --3 D)> AW. EbW) FEI) = 3 AW bh fea) ~ FO] Ares fn. se Odd multiple of ed signal will be edal agnal. Case @~ wd of wen oC cdl or oe a or v wo + o o w o . © < ¢ ~ ea eer RAMON

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