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Experiment 2

This experiment determines the strength of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) in a water sample. Phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators are used to titrate the sample with standardized HCl. The volume of HCl used indicates the concentration of each component. Calculations using the titration volumes and HCl normality yield the strength of NaOH and Na2CO3 in the sample in g/L. Proper cleaning, initial burette readings, and dropwise addition near the endpoint ensure accurate results.

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40 views16 pages

Experiment 2

This experiment determines the strength of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) in a water sample. Phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators are used to titrate the sample with standardized HCl. The volume of HCl used indicates the concentration of each component. Calculations using the titration volumes and HCl normality yield the strength of NaOH and Na2CO3 in the sample in g/L. Proper cleaning, initial burette readings, and dropwise addition near the endpoint ensure accurate results.

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OBJECTIVE:

To determine the strength of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and Sodium


carbonate (Na2CO3) from given water sample. Given standard N/40
Sodium carbonate to standardize given HCl solution.
HCl

Na2CO3 + Methyl Orange


• Reagents Required:
• Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)

• Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

• Distilled Water

• Water Sample containing NaOH and Na2CO3 mixture.

• Indicators and there End points:


• Phenolphthalein (Pink to colourless)

• Methyl orange (Yellow to Pink)


Resonance Structure of Methyl Orange
STRUCTURE OF PHENOLPHTHALEIN

OH― OH―

H+ H+

Benzenoid Structure, Quinonoid Structure,


Colourless, Pink in colour, ,
Exists predominantly in Exists predominantly in
acidic medium Basic medium
Theory
The titration is based upon the specific pH range for each indicator. The phenolphthalein
indicator gives pink colour in pH range 8.2 – 10.0 while methyl orange gives pink colour in
pH range 4.4 – 3.0. It has been observed that the presence of sodium hydroxide and sodium
carbonate always provide a pH higher than 8.2 to the solution. Initially when standard
hydrochloric acid is added, the OH- ions are first converted to H2O and then CO3-2 ions are
converted to HCO3-. When first two steps [(i) and (ii)] completed the pH of solution becomes
less than 8.2 and the pink colour of phenolphthalein disappears. At this point, methyl orange
is added as indicator to find the complete neutralization. On addition of further acid, the
HCO3- ions are converted to CO2 and H2O. It means step (iii) is completed. When all HCO3-
ions are used up the pH of solution becomes less than 4.4 instantaneously. At this point
methyl orange gives pink colour.
Reactions Involved:

• Chemical Reactions:
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
HCl + Na2CO3 NaHCO3 + NaCl Phenolp
NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2

Ionic Reactions:
OH¯ + H+ H2O
Phenolphthalein
CO32- + H+ HCO3 -

HCO3- + H+ H2O + CO2 Methyl orange


Procedure
I. Standardization of given HCl solution:

(i) Take 10 mL of standard Na2CO3 with the help of pipette into a conical flask. Add 1-2 drops of methyl orange.

(ii) Run the acid solution from the burette into conical flask drop wise with constant shaking of solution. Find the end point
when light yellow colour solution turns pink. Note volume of acid used. Repeat this step 4-5 times till you get at least two
concordant readings (Table 3.1).

II. Titration of given water sample with HCl solution:

(i) Pipette out 10 mL of given water sample into a conical flask. Add 1-2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator. The solution
turns pink.

(ii) Add HCl solution from burette into the conical flask with constant shaking till the pink colour disappears. Note the
reading on the burette (V2).

(iii) After discolouration, add 1-2 drops of methyl orange into the solution.

(iv) Titrate now again with acid till yellow coloured solution turns pink again. Note the volume of acid used (V3). Repeat the
steps to get concordant readings (table 3.2).
Observations
Observation Table 3.1:

Burette Readings
Volume of Concordant
Volume of HCl
S. No. Na2CO3 taken reading (Vo)
used (mL)
(mL) (mL)
Initial Final

1. 10 mL 0.0 7.7 7.7

2. 10 mL 7.7 15.4 7.7


7.7 mL
3. 10 mL 15.4 23.1 7.7

4. 10 mL
Observations
Observation Table 3.2:

Burette Readings Volume of HCl used (mL)


Volume of Water Concordant
S. No. Sample taken reading (Vo)
(mL) Final P (mL)
Initial M
(V1) P M (V4 = V2 – V1) (V = V – V )
5 3 2
(V2) (V3)
1. 10 mL 0.0 7.0 12.3 7.0 5.3 P = 7.0 mL
M = 5.3 mL
2. 10 mL 12.3 19.3 24.6 7.0 5.3

3. 10 mL 24.6 31.6 36.9 7.0 5.3

4. 10 mL
Calculations
1. To calculate Normality of given HCl solution, apply normality equation:

=> NHCl X VHCL = NNa2CO3 X VNa2CO3

=> NHCl = NNa2CO3 X VNa2CO3 / VHCl

=> NHCl = NNa2CO3 X 10 / VHCl


Calculations
1. To calculate Normality of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and Sodium carbonate
(Na2CO3) from given water sample:

V4 = Volume of HCl when whole of NaOH and half of carbonate is neutralized

= [OH-] + ½[CO32-]

V5 = Volume of HCl when rest half of carbonate is neutralized

= ½[CO32-]

Hence, Volume of HCl required for the neutralization of NaOH = V4-V5

Volume of HCl required for the neutralization of Na2CO3 = 2V5


Calculations
1. To calculate Normality of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and Sodium carbonate
(Na2CO3) from given water sample:

• Normality of NaOH in given solution (NNaOH) = (NHCl × V4-V5)/10

• Normality of Na2CO3 in given solution (NNa2CO3) = (NHCl × 2V5)/10

• Strength of NaOH in given solution = NNaOH × Equivalent wt. of NaOH g/L

• Strength of Na2CO3 in given solution = NNa2CO3 × Equivalent wt. of Na2CO3 g/L


Results
• Strength of NaOH in given solution = ………………. g/L

• Strength of Na2CO3 in given solution = ……………….. g/L


Precautions:
(i) Before starting the experiment, the glass apparatus must be perfectly cleaned.

(ii) For each titration, the initial reading of burette should always be the same.

(iii) Always read lower meniscus of solution level in burette.

(iv) Near the end point, add acid solution dropwise and after addition of each drop, see
the colour against white background.

(v) Do not blow last drop of solution from pipette. Just tap the tip of pipette to the walls
of the flask.

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