Pakistan Specialty Chemicals (Pvt.) Ltd.

Product selection
Dyeing
y g auxiliaries
 For additional information
information, please contact at

spervez@swisssc com
[email protected]
Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 2 of2 60
of 50
 Dyer’s dream!

Dyeing without problem

Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 3 of3 60
of 50
 Parameters Requirements
1‐ Coloration Color free
2
2‐ pH 6 5 ‐ 7.5
6.5 75
3‐ Copper (Cu)  0.1 mg/l
4‐ Iron (Fe)  0.1 mg/l
5
5‐ Aluminum (Al)  0.1
0 1 mg/l
6‐ Chloride (Cl) 0
7‐ Total hardness  5 odH
8
8‐ Ca – hardness  2 odH
9‐ Mg – hardness  2 odH

Dr. S. P. Abbas 4 of 60
dyeing auxiliaries
 Why should I use
dyeing auxiliaries
Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 6 of6 60
of 50
 To improve levelness
l l and
d appearance
II. Products for penetrating / de‐aerating / de‐foaming
II. Dyeing lubricant

To avoid problems caused by impurities in the dye‐ bath

II. Dye‐bath
Dye bath conditioners
II. Special products

To improve
i fastness
f
II. Soaping agent
II. Cationic fastness improvers
Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 7 of7 60
of 50
 • Nowadays efficiency,
efficiency cost reduction,
reduction careful use of energy
are important
p p
parameters to consider
• Low liquor‐to‐goods machines (6:1 up to 3:1) to achieve
– cost reductions on energy, water, filling and draining
time
– Higher
h color
l yield
ld (fibre
(f b reactive dyeing)
d )
– Lower
Lo er chemical cons
consumption
mption
• BUT…………………………………………..!
BUT !

Dr. S. P. Abbas 8 of 60
 you can have a cup of
t on roadside
tea d id ttea shop
h
or

att SSerena FFaisalabad

i l b d
but .............!!
Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 9 of9 60
of 50
 De‐aerating agent
i.i to get unwanted air pockets out of the fabric before the start
of the dyeing
y gp process.
ii. almost any fabric substrate, at any stage of processing and in
any finishing process can be significantly improved by a
deaerating agent.
agent

De‐aerating agent
De‐aerators have in common is a combination of de‐foaming,
penetrating surfactant and emulsifying components that work
penetrating,
together chemically and functionally.
Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 1010ofof6050
 How de‐aerators
de aerators work
Wetting De‐foamer De‐aerator

Fast wetting No wetting Good wetting

ti
properties G d
Good d good
and d
no foaming de‐foaming de‐foaming
properties properties
Proccessing time

Good Low Very good

penetration penetration penetration
level, bubbles level level, all
are partly bubbles are
destroyed destroyed

foam liquor bubbles

Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 1111ofof6050
 De‐aerating agent

PERIWET WDP
 Penetration
P t ti accelerator
l t with ith ffoam d
dampening
i
properties
 Anionic and nonionic surfactants and emulsifiers
Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 1212ofof6050
 Wetting and
d de‐aerating
d agent

PERIWET ELB
 LLow foaming
f i rapidid wetting
tti and
ddde‐aerator
t for
f
continuous and discontinuous dyeing processes
processes.
 Phosphoric
p acid ester
Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 1313ofof6050
 Cotton yarn
bobbin

Pick‐up
p%
25

20 Bobbin
B bbi iis
immersed in
15
liquor for 2
10
min and taken
out, and pick
5 up is
measured
0
No auxiliary competition 1 PERIWET WDP competition 2
after
ft 22min.
i

Dr.
Dr. S.
S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 1414ofof6050
 For p
package
g systems
y
loose stock, bobbins, muffs, beams

de‐aeration and optimum penetration of liquor in

fabric/yarn;
particularlyy important
p p duringg yyarn dyeing
y g

PERIWET WDP
Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 1515ofof6050
Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 1616ofof6050
  an even distribution of reactive dyestuffs, ensuring the
reproducibility
p y of level dyeing.
y g
 to increase the solubility of phthalocyanine based dyes. The risk of
stains and unlevelness during dyeing of turquoise shades is thus
reduced.
 to avoid the pH shift towards alkaline, during heating‐up phase, thus
preventingg a p
p premature and unlevel fixation of the reactive
dyestuffs.
 to reduce the fixing speed during the subsequent linear alkali
dosage.
 Controlling water hardness ions without affecting metal containing
dyes.
Dr. S. P. Abbas 17 of 60
 PERISTAL RDB liq.
 LLevelling
lli agentt ffor th
the d
dyeing
i off cellulosic
ll l i fib
fibers
with reactive dyes
Dr. S. P. Abbas 18 of 60
  helps in migration of disperse dyes, accelerating
the effective levelling thus increases the color
yield.
i ld
 the product should not be volatile at processing
temperature.
temperature

PERIGEN EC
 Levelling agent for polyester dyeing
Dr. S. P. Abbas 19 of 60
polyamide
p y with acid/metal
/ complex
p and disperse
p dyes
y

 temperature dependent retarding effect, having affinity to

the dyestuff and to the fiber as well.
 the components having affinity to the dyestuff form
complexes should disassociate at increasing temperatures.
In this way the exhaustion of the dyes is levelled
levelled.

PERIGEN SMV
 Levelling agent for polyamide dyeing
Dr. S. P. Abbas 20 of 60
Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 2121ofof6050
Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 2222ofof6050
  good dispersing effect even at high temperature like
120 oC and above.
above
 it should prevent agglomeration and improves the
solubility of dyestuff.
 no retarding
t di effect
ff t on disperse
di d
dyes
 prevents agglomeration of the residual dye particles in
the liquor when the dye‐ bath is cooled down

ULTRASOL BL
 Dispersing agent for polyester dyeing
Dr. S. P. Abbas 23 of 60
  good dispersing effect at temperature around 120 oC.
 it should prevent agglomeration and improves the
solubility of dyestuff.
 increases the stability of dyeing baths of vat dyes and
avoids
id dyestuff
d t ff precipitations.
i it ti
 no retarding effect on disperse dyes
 prevents agglomeration of the residual dye particles in
the liquor when the dye‐ bath is cooled down

PERIGEN DLS
Dr. S. P. Abbas 24 of 60
Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 2525ofof6050
  good dispersing properties,
 binding
bi di properties i for
f calcium,
l i magnesium,
i anddh
heavy
metal ions,, and p
prevents the p
precipitation
p of metal ions.
 prevents re‐deposition of hydrolyzed dyestuff and soil
 controlling water hardness ions without affecting metal
containing
t i i d dyes.

PERIQUEST DS d.c.
 Dye bath conditioner
Dr. S. P. Abbas 26 of 60
 D spotting
Dye tti and
d precipitations
i it ti issues
i

Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 2727ofof6050
 C.I. Reactive Blue 21
C.I. Reactive Blue 38
C.I. Reactive Blue 207
C.I. Reactive Blue 41
C I Reactive Green 21
C.I.
C.I. Reactive Green 12
C.I. Reactive Blue 116
C I Reactive Green 25
C.I.

presence of nonionic detergents leads to

precipitations and spots
Dr. S. P. Abbas 28 of 60
 PERIWET ELB
 llow foaming
f i wetting
tti and
ddde‐aerating
ti product
d t
 A i i
Anionic

Dr. S. P. Abbas 29 of 60
 Example:
 C.I. Reactive Blue 21
Remazol turquoise Blue G 133
Give spots if used with following auxiliaries

 Sera Air M
M‐TOP
TOP Dystar
Previouslyy known as Teberol TOP
 Kollasol CDA CHT
 Kollasol CDO
 K ll l LOK
Kollasol
Dr. S. P. Abbas 30 of 60
 blank value PERIWET ELB Competition 1

Competition 2 Competition 3 Competition 4

Dr.
Dr. S.
S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 3131ofof6050
Unlevelness on yarn dyeing with turquoise reactive
dyes

PERISTAL RDB liq

liq.
 Levelling agent for cellulosic fibers dyeing with reactive dyes
 F
Foam ffree product
d t
 Anionic
Dr. S. P. Abbas 32 of 60
Levelling agent

blank value Competition 1 Competition 2 PERISTAL RDB

Dr.
Dr. S.
S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 3333ofof6050
Dye bath auxiliaries and washing off mechanism

Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 3535ofof6050
i. Chemistry
 Dyestuff chemistry & quality
 Depth of shade
 Quality of water
 Chemistry of dye‐bath and amount of salt
in bath
 Chemistry of soaping agent
iiii. P
Processing
i temperature
t t
iii Mechanical action ‐ type of machine
iii.
iv. Processing time
Dr.
Dr. S.
S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 3636ofof6050
 Influence of the washing temperature

I. increase of dye diffusion

II. reduction of dye substantivity
III. increase of dye solubility
IV. surface tension of water can be reduced
‐ better wettability of fabric

Dr. S. P. Abbas 37 of 60
 Influence of the dye bath chemistry
Substrate
Water medium
Dye colorant

Dye‐
y bath chemicals dyeing
y g auxiliaries

W h ff auxiliary
Wash‐off ili W hi facilitator
Washing f ilit t

Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 3838ofof6050
 Influence of electrolytes

I. increase of dye substantivity

aggregation
i off d
dye
II
II. decrease the electrostatic repulsion between fibre
and dye
dye moves to the substrate surface (back‐staining)
III. surface active agents (detergents) can also act as an
electrolytes
practically ineffective and not necessary
Dr. S. P. Abbas 39 of 60
 Acrylate based soaping agents can trap metal ions which
are in precipitation with hydrolyzed dyes.

Inferior fastness to washing is usually

because of incomplete removal of unfixed
and hydrolyzed
y y dye
y from the material
duringg wash‐off p
process.
Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 4040ofof6050
 • After rinsing not all the dye can be removed
(substantivity) and soaping off is thus required
• It is obvious that in most cases residual electrolyte still
will
ill be
b present.
t Th
The rinsing
i i and d soaping
i conditions
diti are
not optimum
• Bear in mind that also the soaped‐off dye must be
diluted in the same wayy

Dr. S. P. Abbas 41 of 60
Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 4242ofof6050
 y y
• Removal of hydrolyzed y from the ggoods is a vital step
and unfixed dye p
after dyeing.
• To achieve superior fastness in washing it is more than important to ensure
all hydrolyzed and/or unfixed reactive dye to be removed during washing
off
ff process
g
• We need an agent with multifunction properties
p p like;
– good dispersing properties
– complexes a range of anionic dyes
– inhibits re‐deposition of dye on substrate surface
– able to work under interfering conditions
– minimal interaction with fabric
• A difficult proposition, but possible
Dr. S. P. Abbas 43 of 60
 • What can be done to solve the problem?
• From formulation
f l point off view, there
h are
th
three main
i approaches;
h
I. Surfactants
II. Complex formation
III. Nanotechnology
gy

Dr. S. P. Abbas 44 of 60
 and

Dr.
Dr. S.
S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 4545ofof6050
 Soaping agent chemistry
45
N MF agentt
No
40 MF agent P ‐ 1
35 MF agent P ‐ 2
Change in ccolor – E

MF agent
g P‐3
30

MF agent P ‐ 4
25

20

15

10

0
D. Blue 75 D. Blue 1 D. Blue 71 D. Blue 218 D. Red 212 D. Red 79 D. Red 75 D. Org. 39
Dye
Dr. S. P. Abbas 46 of 60
Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 4747ofof6050
Polymeric
P l i solubilizers
l bili with
ith th
the ability
bilit tto fform complexes
l with
ith
anionic dye molecules in ionic form.

Compound Binding constant Kp (L/mol) Enthalpy of reaction Performance

dye/MF = 10‐2 Hf [kJ/mol] [%]
P–1 1,500 ‐ 13.2 39
P–2 2,800 ‐ 18.6 52
P–3 5,500 ‐ 29.3 79
P–4 60,000 ‐ 26.2 84

Dr.
Dr. S.
S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 4848ofof6050
Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 4949ofof6050
 Euro lab test method – dye* added directly to bath
Reference , No dye Control , Dye Batch, Dye and
test for re‐deposiition/sttainingg behavvior
ng agennt

No Soaping agent No Soaping agent Soaping agent

Meethod modified for soapin

1 L tap water at 40 oC 1 L tap water at 40 oC 1 L tap water at 40 oC

stirred at 100 rpm stirred at 100 rpm stirred at 100 rpm

“X” g soaping agent & 6 “X” g soaping agent, Dye & “X” g soaping agent, Dye &
cotton swatches (10 min) 6 cotton swatches
h ((10 6 cotton swatches
h (10 min)i )
min)
Ri
Rinse i 1 liter
in lit tap
t water
t Ri
Rinse i 1 liter
in lit tap
t water
t Ri
Rinse i 1 liter
in lit tap
t water
t
(3 min) (3 min) (3 min)

Dry Swatches Dry Swatches Dry Swatches

*

Measure  CMC
Reference & control Measure  CMC
Reference & batch
Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 5050ofof6050
Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 5151ofof6050
We turn science into art for
highest
g possible returns
p
and added value.
value
Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 5252ofof6050
 No color bleeding

Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 5353ofof6050
 PERFIXAN RD/N
 F ld h d free
Formaldehyde f fi i agentt
fixing
 Oeko‐Tex
O k T standard 100, GOTS
t d d 100 GOTS, and
d others
th

Dr. S. P. Abbas 55 of 60
Dr.
Dr. S.
S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas my mission is Anti‐aging
to create awareness 5656ofof6050
  Fixing agent is combining with hydrolyzed dye or unfixed
reactive dye.
dye
 Fixing agent are carrying hydrolyzed dyes over material, not
into the water.
 Therefore if washing fastness is increasing, rubbing fastness is
becoming lower.

Conclusion:
 Fixing agent should be used for sequestering of small amount
of hydrolyzed dyes after washing, not during washing.
Dr. S. P. Abbas 57 of 60
 PERFIXAN SFA
 O k T standard
Oeko‐Tex t d d 100
100, GOTS d others
GOTS, and th

Dr. S. P. Abbas 58 of 60
Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 5959ofof6050
Dr. S.
Dr. S. P.
P. Abbas
Abbas Anti‐aging 6060ofof6050