nd Y Components Equilibrium of o Particle rst Law of Motion Problems Involving it of a Particle. Free-Body Diagrams Rectangular Components ofa Force Defined by ts ‘and Two Points on Its Line of Action ‘Addition of Concurrent Forces ‘of a Particle in Space cle. The use of the “0 to that of sma the bodies under Pf don of the problems ‘reated in this chapter an eing on a given body will Be ‘assumed to be app] tion is verified in may te since such an assump! ait be able to solve a number of engines all the forces ac at the same point tactical applications, YOU Pvc roblems in this chapter Ing Pre first part of the chapter if devoted to the study of fore ap the second part to the analysis in a single plane mensional space contained i forces in three-di a hk A PARTICLE. RESULTANT 2.2. FORCE ON OF TWO FORCES n of one body on another an dis general cation, its magnitude, and its dire ven particle, however, have the same pot psidered in this chapter will thus | “d by its magnitude and direction The magnitude of a force is characterized by a conan nik ber of units. As indicated in Chap. 1, the ST wnits Wt d by eng neers to measure the magnitude of a force ar" the newton (N) at ffs multiple the kilonewton (KN), equal to 1000 © The directic it iforee is defined by the line of action and the sense oft a aanethe line of action is the infinite straight line along whi Tp torge acts; itis characterized by the angle it forms with so fixed axis (Fig, 21). The force itself is represented by a segment A force represents the acti characterized by its point o) Forces acting on a giv ion. Each force cor f appli tion of applicatic completely define:at line; through the use of an appropriate scale, the length of this bse a a < chosen to represent the magnitude a force. Miuully, the sense of the force should be indicated by an arrowhead Finally. portant in defining a force to indicate its sense. Two forces Icing the same magnitude and the same line of action but different vagensuch as the forces shown in Fig. 2.1a and b, will have directly opposite effects on a particle. imental evidence shows that two forces P and Q acting on a particle A (Fig. 22a) can be replaced by a single force R which has the same effect on the particle (Fig. 2.22). This force is called the resultant of the forces P and Q and can be obtained, as shown in Fig. 22b, by constructing a parallelogram, using P and Q as two adjacent sides ofthe parallelogram. The diagonal that passes through ‘A represents the resultant. This method for finding the resultant is known as the parallelogram law for the addition of two forces. This Iawis based on experimental evidence; it cannot be proved or derived mathematically. 2.3 VECTORS It appears from the above that forces do not obey the rules of addi- tion defined in ordinary arithmetic or algebra. For example, two forces acting at a right angle to each other, one of 4 N and the other of 3/N, add up to a:force of 5 N, not to a force of 7 N. Forces are not the only quantities which follow the parallelogram law of addi- tion. As you will see later, displacements, velocities, ions, and momenta are other examples of physical quantities possessing mag- nitude and direction that are added according to the parallelogram law. All these quantities can be represented mathematically by vec- tors, while those physical quantities which have magnitude but not direction, such as volume, mass, or energy, are represented by plain numbers or scalars. Vectors are defined as mathematical expressions possessing magnitude and direction, which add according to the parallelo- gram law. Vectors are represented by arrows in the illustrations and will be distinguished from scalar quantities in this text through the use of boldface type (P). In longhand writing, a vector may be denoted by drawing a short arrow above the letter used to repre- sent it (P) or by underlining the letter (P). The last method may be preferred since underlining can also be used on a typewriter or computer. The magnitude of a vector defines the length of the arrow used to represent the vector. In this text, italic type will be used to denote the magnitude of a vector. Thus, the magnitude of the vector P will be denoted by P. A vector used to represent a force acting on a given particle has a well-defined it of application, namely, the particle itself. Such a vector is said to be a fixed, or bound, vector and cannot be moved without modifying the conditions of the problem. Other physical quantities, however, such as couples (see Chap. 3), are tepresented by vectors which may be freely moved in space; these Fig. 2.2 ©VB Sates Porc Fig. 2.4 vectors are called frea vectors, Sul other physical quant ee Chap. 3), are repre 1 rigid body (6 tas forces acting on orem rhich can bo moved of sii, sO" their line 2 they are known as sliding vectors.} fitve the same magnitude and ( so have th Be Said to he equcl, whether oF not TNE) 8 equal vectors may be denoter! int of application (Fig. 24 point of app! ‘same letter. ‘The vector of a given vector P is defined a having the same 1 tude as P ‘and a direction opposite 1 Eas}, the negative of the vector P is fenoted by —P sector P and —P are commonly Teferred to as equal and op, vectors. Clearly, we have Pek) 0 2.4 ADDITION OF VECTORS We saw in the preceding section that, by definition, wclos according to the Jogram law. Thus, the sum of two vector and Q is obtained by attaching the two vectors to the same point nd constructing a parallelogram, using P and Q as two sides of (ig. 26). The diagonal that passes through A rep sents the sum of the vectors P and Q, and this sum is denoted P + Q. The fact that the sign + is used to denote both vector ai scalar addition should not cause any confusion if vector and scal wuantities are always carefully distinguished. Thus, we should nc ithe magnitude of the vector P + Q is not, in general, equi the sum P + Q of the magnitudes of the vectors P and Q. ‘Since the ‘am constructed on the vectors P and Q do. not depend upon the order in which P and Q are selected, we «« clude that the addition of two vectors is commutative, and we write P+Q=Q+P {Some expressions have magnitude and direction, but do not add accord 5 the Se ee ap any be ppm yo ty or be considered as vectors. ‘A spoup of such expression is the nite rotations ofa rigid body” Place 2 clos book on a table in front of yu, 20 that it lies in the usual fashion, with ee sea ie aig oan rl Badin (Pg, 23) hi rotaon mayb epreetd yan ar of enh =i ‘Solan shove. Poly opto beok ln i wp, () Fig. 2.3 Finite rotations of « rigid bodyFrom the parallelogram law, we can derive an alternative mining the sam of two vectors, This method, known, mathe orgie rua, derived es follows, Conalder Fig 26, whore the sum of the vectors P and Q has been determined by the paral f z Sinee the side of the parallelogram opposite Q is equal tat image and direction, we could draw only half of the a (Fig. 2.74). The sum of the two vectors can thus be ig! P and Q in tip-to-tail fashion and then connect P with the tip of Q. In Fig, 2.7b, the other half of the PORE a testdldared: and the’ seine remsh is obtained This fact that vector addition is commutative nk SS ation ‘of a vector is defined as the addition of the tive vector. Thus, the vector P— Q representin tee aor the vectors P and Q is obtained by adding to P the negative vector —Q (Fig. 2.8). We write P-Q=P+(-Q) (2:2) we should observe that, while the same sign is used to HAI ota ase naar sabirecton, contcase Ste ea, if care is taken to distinguish between vector and scalar quantities We wall now consider the sum of three or more vectors, ‘The sum of three vectors P, Q, and S will, by definition, be obtained Fistadding the vectors P and Q and then adding the vector ac the P + Q We thus write P+Q+S=(P+Q)+5 (2.3) similarly, the sum of four vecto rs will be obtained by adding the it tr t the sum of the first three. It follows that the sum 3 of vectors can be obtained by applying repeatedly the parallogaam law to successive pairs of vectors until all the given Fadors are replaced by a single vector. bout « horizontal axis perpendicular tothe binding (Fig, 2.3); this be represented by an arrow 180 units long and oriented as shown. ‘have been placed in this final postion through a single 180° rotation (Fig, 2c), We conclude thatthe sum of the two 180° rotations repre- the = and x axes is « 180° rotation sented by regent parallelogram law of addition; therefore, they cannot be represented 1s ese egy a Che ae cp a aan Fig. 2.8 LP ®are coplanar, i.e. if they a, ccan be easily obtained! application of tt» triangle rule is lave In Fig. 2.9 the ‘was obtained in that manner 1}), to obtain the sum of the vectors P . ; the vector P + Q, however, coul directly, as shown in Fig, 2.10, . total oo ete ia wl the first vec ‘one. This is known as the rule for the ‘observe that the result obtained would have bee, Af, as shown in Fig. 211, the vectors Q and § had been their sum Q + S. We may thus write PEQ+S=(P+QV+S=P+ (Qe which expresses the fact that vector addition is associative P+Q+S=(P+Q)+S=S+(P+Q =S+(Q+P)=S+Q+P 2 This as well as others which may be obtained in the s ‘way, shows that the order in which several vectors are added tog’ is immaterial (Fig. 2.12). Product of a Scalar and a Vector. Since it is convenient : denote the sum P + P by 2P, the sum P + P + P by SP, a in general, the sum of n equal vectors P by the product nP. w: will define the product nP of a positive integer n and a vector | as a vector having the same direction as P and the magnitude n/ Extending this definition to include all scalars, and recalling th definition of vector given in Sec. 2.3, we define th: a Soe cha kand eee estas nies the mr asP is ‘or a direction opposite to that « Fe cteepciadictegiala tac eednr of P an 7 Consider a particle A acted upon by several coplanar forces, ie, B several forces contained in the same plane (Fig. 2.14a). Since the forces considered here all pass through A, they are also said to be fig. 213 concurrent. The vectors representing the forces acting on A may be added by the polygon rule (Fig. 2.14). Since the use of the polygor Gala eleeeteioe taf Setorectedlraticecx of sa perallogren law, the vector R thus obtained represents the resultant of the giver concurrent forces, ie., the single force which has the same effect on2 = particle A a the given forces, As indicated inthe previous sec. ‘order in which the vectors P, Q, and § representing the Fr oo MeRtisliogether is tamaieral = : / 26 RESOLUTION OF A FORCE INTO COMPONENTS: have seen that two or more forces acting on a particle may be We teod by a single force which has the same Set els race Conversely, a single force F acting on a particle may be replaced by two or more forces which, together, have the same effect on the Je. These forces are called the components of the original force ee Band the process of substituting them for F is called resolving the oe 4 ‘components, Ss {force F into leary for each force F there exist an infinite number of pos. Se ble sets of components. Sets of two components P and Q are the = as far as practical applications are concerned. But, fig, 2.15 ‘even then, the number of ways in which a given force F may be resolved into two components is unlimited (Fig. 2.15). Two cases are of particular interest: 1. One of the Two Components, P, Is Known. The second com, Q, is obtained by applying the triangle rule and join- —* Tiggthe tip of P tothe tipo F (Fig. 2.16); the magnitude and direction of Q are determi hically or by trigonometry. ee Q has been determined, both components P and Q at A. " ~~ fe given lines of action (Fig, 2.17). This process leads ‘well-defined components, P and Q, which can be deter- yed graphically or computed trigonometrically by applying, law of sines. other cases can be encountered for example, the direc component may be known, while the magnit TsoEs tobe a2 small as poasble (00 Sample Prob. 2.2). the appropriate triangle or parallelogram which satisfies °C is drawn.OBLEM 2-1 on a bolt A. Determine their LORE T SOLUTION with sides equal to P and Q Crayne magnitude and cretion of the resultant are sa found to be p=9N a= 35 OR “the triangle rule may also be used. Forces P and Q are drawn in magnitude and direction of the resultant are mea’ tail fashion. Again the Gh = HN. R= 98N Soltion. The triangle rule is again ated: to sides on Freel angle we know. We apply the le of cosines So R= P+ QF — 2PO cos B Bt = (40 NY? + (60 N}? ~ 2(40.N)(G0 N) cos 155° R=9773N A A Now, applying the law of sines, we write sind sinB sind _ sin 155° Qf .OON 97.73N Solving Eq, (1) for sin A, we have os ‘a calculator, we first compute the quotient, then its arc sine G “A = 15,04 a = 20° + A = 35.04" pixel © We use 3 significant figures to record the answer (cf. Sec, 1.6): R= 97.7 N £35.0° Abauate InoeronMahs Sons ‘We construct the right triangle BCD CD = (60 N) sin 95° = 25.36 N BD = (60 N) cos 25° = 54.38 N ‘Then, using triangle ACD, we obtain 25.36 N 9438.N meee 54 a : \s ca «Rm O1TON Again, = 20° e a= 20° + A= 3504 R= 977 N £350" Se IER I TTD tani A= 1504°“omer mney rem emma SE RSS TF PNT TIS SAMPLE PROBLEM 2.2 A barge is pulled igboats. If the resultant of the forces exerted by the Whoa a priya, directed gy the axis of the barge, determine (a) the tension i in each of the ropes knowing that a = 45°, (b) the value of a for which the tension in rope 2's minimum. ©. Tension for a = 45°. Graphical Solution, The parallelogram law is used: the diagonal (resultant) is known to be equal to 5 KN and to be directed to the right. The sides are drawn parallel to the ropes. Ifthe draw- ing is done to scale, we measure T,)=37KN 1,=26kN 4 Trigonometric Solution. The triangle rule can be used. We note that the triangle shown represents half of the parallelogram shown above. Using the law of sines, we write T_T __5kN sin 45° ~ sin 30° sin 105° With a calculator, we first compute and store the value of the last quo- tient. Multiplying this value successively by sin 45° and sin 30°, we obtain Ty) = 3.66 KN T.=250kN 4 b. Value of a for Minimum T. To determine the value of a for which the tension in rope 2 is minimum, the triangle rule is again used. In the sketch shown, line I-1' is the known direction of T;. Several possible directions of T, are shown by the lines 2-2'. We note that the minimum value of T, occurs when T, and T; are perpendicular. The minimum value of Ty is T, = (5 KN) sin 30° = 25 kN Corresponding values of T; and a are T, = (5 KN) cos 30° = 4.33 kN = 90° = 30° SEALE, 23for the addition the preceding sections were devoted to the parallelogra”™ law of vectors and to its applications «safe Prob. 21, the parallelograin law resent In Sol Kw rnagaitude and direc ‘Two sample problems were P the resultant of two forces 1 toate © Steet rm ‘of known direction. to solve probleins on your own, Some i rose ia - ober 1. What all problem on ee hd they oan be peed by the direct problem should consist of the following steps 1 sunity which fhe forces roo opi Frcs an WN) is the resul- tant. It is often helpful to write the vector equation which shows how the forees {ont ated. For example, in Sample Prob. 2:1 we would have R=P+Q relation in mind as you formulate the next Your solution of a given You may want to keep that part of your solution. . omy par wih edo ae it Fig. 2.2). Alternatively, you can use the triangle rule, with the forces drawn in tip-to-tail fashion ‘and the resultant the tail of the first vector to the tip of the second (Fig, 2.7). dimensions. Using one of the triangles of the parallelogram, oF , indicate all dimensions— 3. Indicate ihe triangle constructed according to the triangle ru woe ther sides or angles—and determine the unknown dimensions either graphi- cally ber that the law of cosines or by trigonometry. If you use trigonometry, renetn Pe aied fis if two sides and the included angle are known fSam Prob. 1 eel the lew of sines should be applied first sf one side and all an are known [Sample Prob. 2.2). it be tempted to ignore the the forces into rectangul J will be considered in Ifyou have had prior exposure to mechanics, you might olation techniques of this lesson in favor of resolving ile ths ter ‘method is important and aarreeetion, use of the parallelogram law simplifies the solution of many pro ext section of the pari gran lv simples the solution of many problemsPROBLEMS' 4:1. Two forces are applied at point B of beam AB. Dete cally the magnitude and direetic parallelogram law, (b) the triangle ale Fig. P21 2.2 The cable stays AB and AD help support pole AC. Knowing that the tension is 600 N in AB and 200 N in AD, determine graphically the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the forces exerted by the stays at A using (a) the para ale Jogram law, (b) the triangle rule |}_— 2m +15 m—| Fig. P2.2 2.3 Two structural members B and C are bolted to bracket A. Know- ing that both members are in tension and that P = 10 kN and Q = 15 KN, determine graphically the magnitude and direction Fig. P2.9 and P2.4 of the resultant force exerted on the bracket using (a) the paral- Jelograin law, (b) the triangle rule. 420N er 2.4 Two structural members B and C are bolted to bracket A. Know- \ at / ing that both members are in tension and that P = 6 kN and = Q = 4kN, determine graphically the magnitude and direction of \ the resultant force exerted on the bracket using (a) the parallelo- gram law, (b) the triangle rule. 2.5 A stake is being pulled out of the ground by means of two ropes as shown. Knowing that a = 30°, determine by trigonometry (a) the magnitude of the force P so that the resultant force exerted on the stake is vertical, (b) the corresponding magnitude of the resultant JAnswers to all problems set in straight type (such as 2.1) are given at the end of the ‘book Answers to problems with a number set in italic type (such as 2.3) are not given Fig. P2.526 Statics of Partch 9.6 A trolley that moves along a horizontal bes is * forces as shown (2) Knowing pe = 257, determ Manotry the mageitede of the force F so that the ety te ee verte. (2) Whats the magnitude of the resultant? 4.7, A trolley that moves slong » horizontal beam is acted *Y Chown. Determine by trigonometry the magn Girection of the force P 20 that the resultant is a vert 10 2500 N. ‘Two control rods are attached at A to lever AB. Using trig TAT Knowing that the force in the left-hand rod is F Jetermine (2) the required force F, in the right-hand rox mukant R of the forces exerted by the rods on the lever Tertical,b) the corresponding magnitude of R 2.9 Two control rods are attached at A to lever AB. Using trigonome thd Knowing that the force in the righthand rod is 1 Getermine (a) the required force F; in the left-hand rod if strultant R of the forces exerted by the rods on the lever ist vertical, () the corresponding magnitude of R 2:10 Two forces are applied as shown to « hook support. Knowing the Gp is 35 N, determine by trigonometry (a required angle aif the resultant R ofthe two forces applied th suport isto be horizontal, (6) the corresponding magnitude of ON Fig. P2.10 21 A pea eos paeieed in an excavation.’ Knowing that a= 20, trigonometry (a) the required magnitude earth acliocs mpl ot 4 to be vertical, (b) the corresponding magnitude of R. 2.12 A steel tank is to be positioned in an excavation. Knowing that the of P is 500 N, determine by trigonometry (a) the required angle a if the resultant R of the two forces applied at A {s to be vertical, (b) the corresponding magnitude of R. 2.13 A steel tank is to be positioned in an excavation. Determine by ymetry (a) the magnitude and direction of the smallest force P for which the resultant R of the two forces applied at A is Ret cal, (b) the corresponding magnitude of R Fig. P2.11, P2.12, and P2.13 2.14 For the hook support of Prob. 2.10, uf of Prol determine by tri metry (the agit ad rection ofthe canllateieartaprsvtck the resultant R of the two forces applied to the support is hori zontal, () the corresponding magnitude of R.BAS Solve Prob. 2.2 by trigonometry 2 2.16 Solve Prob. 24 by trigonoenetry 7. Fos the stake of Prob. 2.5, kacwring that the tension in onm w M4 180 N, determine by trignnometty the magne wt ese ERs liees'P 50 thet the recukaet Ws a verttal forse ct ane 2.18 For the book support of P @ = 50°, determine b of the resultant rob, 2.10, knowing that P= 75 N and by trigonometry the magnitude rection, of the two forces applied to the supper and, 2.49 Two forces P and Q are applied tothe lid of «storage bin as shown, Kaowing that F = 48 Nand = GON, determina by gency the magnicude and direction of the resultant of the tae fee 2.20 Two forces P and applied to the lid of « storage bin as shown, Kaowing that P = 60 N and © = 48N, determina by agree ner, the magnitude and direction o A the resultant of the two forces. Fig. 2.19 end P2.20 2.7 RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS OF A FORCE. UNIT VECTORSt In many problems it will be found destrable to resolve a force into {wo components which are perpendicular to each other. In Fig, 2.18, the force F has been resolved into a component F, along the x axis and a component F, along the y axis The penllelogram drawn to obtain the two components is a rectangle, and F, a F, are called rectangular components wt Fig. 2.18 ~The x and y axes are usually chosen horizontal and vertical, aaa Pasa Mg 2.1 ee eMac be cidbestin ony wo perpendicular directions, as shown in Fig, 2.19. In determining the rectangular components of a force, the student should think of the construction lines shown in Figs. 2.18 and 2.19 as being parallel to the x and y axes, rather than perpendicular to these axes. This will avoid mistakes in determining oblique compo-The vector of uit mage rte rs td y anos, vil be introduced at this pois Pomitiad und ovctors ancl are clenoted by on (Fig, 220). Recalling the definition of the produc: rete ty See. 24, we note that the reetanjs,| F, aasl F, of a force F inay be obtained by evultp the unit yeotors Hand J by appropriate sealars (1, ond ‘component forces F, and F, should be rei However, when there exists : ‘components of F. confusion, the vector as well as the scalar ox referred to ‘as the components of F ‘component F, is positive when the vector component 5 ‘sense as the unit vector { (i,¢., the same sense « ‘x axis) and is negative when F, has the opposite sens ‘conclusion may be drawn regarding the sign of the sal, Fy pares F the magnitude of the force F and by @ the any between F Meee earared coutercockwse from the po: tive x axis (Fig. 2.21), we nay express the scalar components of F Ferit hy While the soalars B, and Fy may be positive or neyative apn the ens of Fa ol By their absolute values are + Creal to the magnitedes of the component forces F. an 1 Slee F, and Fe are called the sealar components of the tos. while rt u nei & i P,= Food F,= Fsind (28 We note that the relations obtained hold for any value of the ang 6 from 0* to 360° and that they define the signs as well as the abso lute values of the scalar components F, and Fy. A force of 800 N is exerted on a bolt A as shown in ‘Determine the horizontal and vertical components of the force F, and {GF hel be nlite fr dn ae (2 to determine by inspection the use the trigonometric functions of the = F, = =F cos a = ~(800 N) cos 35° = —655 N F, = +F sin a = +(800 N) sin 35° = +450 N The vector components of F are thus F, = —(655 N}i F, = +(459 N)j and we may write F in the form F = ~(655 N)i + (459 Nj @(2. A man pulls with a force of 300 N 7 teal Rae fa building, a8 shown in Fig. 2.230, What are the Bt stad to Senor Components ua Vern components of the force exerted by the rope a he and vertical Tt ts soon from Fig, 2.295 that F ne 4 Fe= +(000N) core 'y™ ~(900 N) sing ving that AB = 10m, we find from Pig 2.2% fm 8m 4 6m _ 6m SAB 10m 6 sae : AB 10m" 5 We thus obtain F, = +(300 Nf = +240 N and write ==(300 N)} = =180 N F = (240 N)i ~ (180 Ny Sees SACs F a defined by tts rectangular components F, and F, (see Fig. 2.21), the angle @ defining its direction car he ‘obtained by writing Ky ano = a9) The magnitude F of the force can be obtained by Pythagorean theorem ang-triting F= Via (2.10) or by solving for F one of the Eqs. (2.8). EXAMPLE 3. A force F = (700 N)i + (1500 N)j is applied to a bolt A Determine the magnitude of the force and the angle 6 it forms with the horizontal y applying the Fig. 2.23 First we draw a diagram showing the two rectangular components of y the force and the angle @ (Fig. 2.24). From Eq, (2.9), we write F, _ 1500N ah an O = 5, 700N Using a calculator, we enter 1500 N and divide by 700 N; computing the are tangent of the quotient, we obtain @ = 65.0°. Solving the second of Eqs. (28) for F, we have F, 1500 N He te eds sin@ sin 65.0° = 1655 The last calculation is facilitated if the value of F, is stored when originally entered; it may then be recalled to be divided by'sin @. @ 29; OF FORCES BY SUMMING SCAND Y COMPONENTS seen in See. 2.2 that forces should be added a, purer Jaw, From this law, two other methods. applicable to the shical solution of problems, we,, Secs. 2.4 and 2.5: the triangle rule for the addition of jy the polygon rule for the addition of three or more forces seen that the force triangle used to define the resultant could be used to obtain a trigonometric solution. When three or more forces are to be added, no pracy nometric solution can be obtained from the force poly, defines the resultant of the forces. In this case, an analijt;, of the problem can be obtained by resolving each fore« rectangular components. Consider, for instance, three for. and § acting on a particle A (Fig. 2.25a). Their result, defined by the relation . 2. R=P+Q+5S Resolving each force into its rectangular components, we writ; Rit Rj= Pit Pj t Qdt Qi + Sit Sj = (P, + Q, + S,ji + (Py + Qy + Sy)j from which it follows that R=P,+Q+8 Ry=PytQ+S, (21: or, for short, R,=2F, y= Fy (21 We thus conclude that the scalar components R, and R, of « resultant R of several forces acting on a particle are obtained } ‘adding algebraically the corresponding scalar components of ‘ given forces. + in practice, the determination of the resultant R is carried 01 in three steps as illustrated in Fig. 2.25. First the given forces show in Fig, 2.25a are resolved into their x and y components (Fig. 2.25 ‘Adding these cot its, we obtain the x and y components of (Fig, 2.25c). Finally, the resultant R = R,i + Ryj is determined | lying the slogram law (eis, 2560) procedure jv ibed will be carried out most tly if the computations « ‘arranged in a table. While it is the only practical analytic method 4 adding three or more forces, it is also often preferred to the trig: nometric solution in the case of the addition of two forces {Cleary this result also applies to the addition of other vector quantities, such as velocities, accelerations, or momentaFy 180 (Fc c0s 15°) Ey sin 155 Be eae emer arene om Sal ROBLEM 2. Four forces uct on bo ‘on the bolt “ct on bolt A as shown, Determine the resultant of the forces The x and y components of each shown and are entered in the ta adopted in Sec. 2.7, the scalar m Positive if the force component SRamlinate aus. Thus, x components acting ‘cting upward are represent force are determined by trigonometry as ble below. According to the convention vumber representing a force component is Fores | Magnitude, N_ "+ Component, N |” y Component, N Fr 150 +1299 +750 Fr 80 ~a14 +752 KR ho 0 =n00 rR 100 R= +1901 R= +143 Thus, the resultant R of the four forces is ReR+Rji R= HINT+ 43Ny 4 The magnitude and direction of the resultant may now be deter- mined. From the triangle shown, we have — Fy M43N 5 Ween iin oo 4 4. R= 1W96N 241° 4 With a calculator, the last computation may be facilitated if the value Of R, is stored when originally entered; it may then be recalled to be divided by sin a. (Also see the footnote on p. 29.) avgat ond 2.22 Determine the x and y : shown forces Fig. P2.21 2.23 and 2. forces L2A Determine the x and y components of each of the shown “ ee tte | iy a | | ne | L-s60—}480--| Fig. P2.23 2.25 The hydraulic cylinder BD exerts on member ABC a force P directed along line BD. Knowing that P must have a 750-N com- ponent perpendicular to member ABC, determine (@) the magni- tude of the force P, (b) its component parallel to ABC ; Fig. P2.25 PROBLEMS Fig. P2.22 80 on4 2.26 Cable AC oxerts on bearn AB a force P directed Knowing that P must have # 350-N vertical comp {@) tho magnitude of the force B,(b) its horizontal ¢ Fig. P2.26 ‘on member AC a force P directed along '395-N horizontal compone @) its vertical componer, 2.27 Member BC exerts Ki that P must have imine (a) the magnitude of the force P, 2.28 Member BD exerts on member ABC a force P directed BD. Knowing thet P must have a 240:N vertical component ine (a) the magnitude of the force P, (b) its horizontal compons Fig. P2.28 2.29 The guy wire BD exerts on the telephone pole AC a force | directed along BD. Knowing that P must have a 720-N componr: oo a P, (b) its component along line AC. 2.30 The hydraulic cylinder BC exerts on member AB a force P direct: along line BC. Knowing that P must have a 600-N compone: spendicular to member AB, determine (a) the magnitude of th P, (b) its component along line AB. 2.31 Determine the resultant of the three forces of Prob. 2.23. 2.32 Determine the resultant of the three forces of Prob. 2.21 2.33 Determine the resultant of the three forces of Prob. 2.22. 2.34 Determine the resultant of the three forces of Prob. 2.24.