1

Algorithm for Formation of the Bus Impedance

Matrix
Neco Conniel A. Lagus a, Adriann Roben F. Zabala b
a, b
Electrical Engineering Department of the College of Engineering and Technology,
Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology,
Andres Bonifacio Ave, Iligan City, 9200 Lanao del Norte
a b
[email protected], [email protected]


Abstract — this paper introduces a calculation for the
formation of bus impedance matrix. This is a requirement
to solve a fault in an n-bus system. With great number of
buses considered in a system, it is difficult to solve it using
the symmetrical components. But with this way, we can
have an n by n matrix which can be hard to solve manually.
MATLABTM is used to program this long procedure in
order for us to solve the fault that was asked. With
MATLABTM and using the bus impedance matrix, we can Figure 1
solve this accurately and more efficient than by other
VK = ZbIK (1)
means.
ZKi = ZiK = 0, for i = 1,2,3….,n (2)
Index Terms — Symmetrical components, bus impedance
matrix, Zbus formulation. ZKK = Zb (3)

I. INTRODUCTION

.
The bus impedance matrix is one way to solve for the fault
current of a system. This is process is used for a computer
solution and it makes the analysis of the problem easier. The
formation of the bus impedance can be used to represent the
symmetrical components of a system. The symmetrical Where ZoldBUS is bus impedance matrix before adding a new
components are used to replace a system with unbalanced branch.
phasors. This symmetrical components are three sets of
balanced phasors which is the positive, negative and zero B. Addition of a branch impedance from a new bus K to
sequence. One cause of unbalanced condition is a fault in the the old bus j
line. Symmetrical components can be used to solve this, and
process is the formation of the bus impedance matrix. There are In this case, branch impedance Zb is added from a new bus K to
two types of fault: shunt faults and series faults. The shunt faults the old bus j as shown in Figure 2.
are single line-to-ground fault, double line-to-ground fault, line-
to-line fault and three-phase fault. Series faults are one line
open and two lines open. There’s also a simultaneous faults, this
are combinations of shunt and series faults.

.
A. Addition of a branch impedance from a new bus to the
reference

In this case, branch impedance Zb is added from a new bus

to the reference bus. That is a new bus is added to the network
and dimension of Zbus goes up by one.

i, j = old buses Figure 2

r = reference bus VK = Vj + ZbIK (4)
K = new bus
VK = Zj1I1 + Zj2I2 + …... + Zjj(Ij + IK) + …. + ZjnIn + ZbIK
Figure 1 shows a passive linear n-bus system or network. An
impedance Zb is added between new bus K and the reference
bus r. (5)

VK = Zj1I1 + Zj2I2 + ….+ ZjjIj + ……+ ZjnIn + (Zjj + Zb)IK

(6)
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C. Addition of a branch impedance from an old bus j to

Vi = Zi1I1 + Zi2I2 + … + Zii(Ii + IK) + Zij(Ij + Ik) + … + ZinIn
the reference bus
(12)
In this case, an old bus-j is connected to the reference bus-r and
the impedance between these two buses is Zb as shown in Figure Vj = ZbIk + Vi (13)
4.
Vj = Zj1I1 + Zj2I2 + … Zji(Ii + Ik) + (Ij – Ik) + … + ZjnIn

(14)
From eqn (12), (13), (14)

Zj1I1 + Zj2I2 + …+ Zji(Ii + Ik) + … + Zjj(Ij – Ik) + … + ZjnIn

= ZbIk + Zi1I1 + Zi2I2 + … + Zii(Ii + Ik) + Zij(Ij – Ik) + … +ZinIn

(15)

Figure 4 0 = (Zi1 – Zj1)I1 + (Zi2 – Zj2)I2 + … + (Zii + Zji)Ii + (Zij – Zjj)Ij

+ …+ (Zin – Zjn)In + (Zb + Zii + Zjj – Zij – Zji)Ik
(16)

Note that Zij = Zji and coefficient of Ik is (Zb + Zii + Zjj – 2Zij)

From the above matrix:

0 = Zj1I1 + Zj2I2 +…..+ ZjnIn + (Zjj + Zb)IK (7)

−1
IK = (Zi1I1 + Zi2I2 + ….. + ZinIn + ZijIK (8)
(𝑍𝑗𝑗 +𝑍𝑏 )
Eliminationg Ik, we get:
Expression of voltage for i-th bus can be written as:
(𝑍1𝑖 − 𝑍1𝑗)
Vj = Zi1I1 + Zi2I2 + … ZinIn + ZijIk (9) 1 (𝑍2𝑖 − 𝑍2𝑗)
ZNEWBUS = ZOLDBUS - ∗
(𝑍𝑏 + 𝑍𝑖𝑖 + 𝑍𝑗𝑗 + −2𝑍𝑖𝑗) ⋮
From eqn (8) and (9) we get [(𝑍𝑛𝑖 − 𝑍𝑛𝑗 )]
𝑍𝑖𝑗𝑍𝑗1 𝑍𝑖𝑗𝑍𝑗2
[(𝑍1𝑖 − 𝑍𝑗1 ) (𝑍12 − 𝑍𝑗2 ) … (𝑍𝑛𝑖 − 𝑍𝑛𝑗 )]
Vi = [𝑍𝑖1 − ] 𝐼1 + [𝑍𝑖2 − ] 𝐼2 + ⋯ + [𝑍𝑖𝑛 − (17)
𝑍𝑗𝑗 + 𝑍𝑏 𝑍𝑗𝑗 + 𝑍𝑏
𝑍𝑖𝑗𝑍𝑗𝑛
𝑍𝑗𝑗 + 𝑍𝑏
] 𝐼𝑛 (10) Eqn [17] is also called Kron’s Reduction.

By inspection, ZNEWBUS can easily be written as

II. IMPLEMENTATION
𝑍𝑖𝑗
First thing in our program is we asked the user to input the
𝑍2𝑗
1 number buses. So the number of buses is equal to the square
ZNEWBUS = ZOLDBUS – ⋮ [𝑍𝑗1 𝑍𝑗2 … 𝑍𝑗𝑛 ]
matrix of the bus impedance.
(𝑍𝑗𝑗 + 𝑍𝑏 )
𝑍𝑖𝑗
[𝑍𝑛𝑗 ] Zbus = zeros(m,m);
(11)
This line of the code defines the bus impedance matrix. It
Using the Kron’s reduction, we got eqn (11). initializes the matrix as a zero matrix and later on in the
program, will add values to every element.
D. Addition of a branch impedance to two old buses
The code will enter a while loop, this is the loop where the
steps in adding the bus impedance matrix starts. The code will
ask the user what case does the addition of a branch falls. d
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Case 1: Add a branch impedance to a new bus from the First the program will ask the user to input the number of
reference buses in the network. Then the figure above will pop up, then
Case 2: Add a branch impedance to an old bus from the the user will choose what case the branch he will add. The first
reference thing the user should choose is always case 1. The user should
Case 3: Add a branch impedance from an old bus to a new bus know that. After that, the program will ask the user for the bus
Case 4: Add a branch impedance from an old bus to an old bus number/s depending on the case and the impedance value. This
is a loop until you choose to exit the loop. Below is the
We used a switch syntax to enter to a different cases for the arrangement we did to solve the bus impedance matrix.
addition of a branch. We added a fifth case for the user to exit
from the program when the addition of a branch is done. Step 1: Add the branch impedance connected at bus 1 and the
In cases 1 and 2, the program will ask the user to input the bus reference bus.
number that the branch is connected, a new bus for case 1 and New bus no. = 1
an old bus to case 2. For cases 3 and 4, the program will also Impedance Value = 0.3
ask the user to input the two bus number that the branch is
connected. An old bus and a new bus for case 3 and two old Step 2: Add the branch impedance connected at bus 2 and the
buses for case 4. reference bus.
New bus = 2
Every case the program will enter, it will ask the user to input Impedance value = 0.2
impedance value. I have defined a variable named k that will
count every time a bus is added. Eventually, the program will Step 3: Add the branch impedance connected from bus 2 to bus
use this variable as the number of rows or columns for the 3.
formation of the components of Kron’s reduction. Old bus = 2
New bus = 3
In adding the impedance value to the defined bus impedance Impedance value = 0.35
matrix with zero values, the program assigned the value of the
element of the matrix to be added to the impedance value Same Step 4: Add the branch impedance connected from bus 1 and
as the Kron’s reduction, the program defined the size of the bus 2.
matrix using the variable k defined in the problem and every First Old bus = 1
element of that matrix will copy the value of the bus impedance Second Old bus = 2
matrix. In cases 2 and 3, the program will perform the Kron’s Impedance value = 0.5
reduction and the number of rows and columns will not
increase, it will stay the same. Step 5: Add the branch impedance connected from bus 1 to bus
3.
Using the equations defined above, the program follow this First old bus = 1
steps to form the bus impedance matrix. At the end of the Second old bus = 3
program, when the user clicks the exit option, the program will Impedance value = 0.4
display the bus impedance matrix.
Step 5: Add the branch impedance connected from bus 1 to bus
III. TESTING 3.
First old bus = 1
We will run the program using the network shown in Figure 4. Second old bus = 3
Impedance value = 0.56

The output matrix is shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6

Figure 4 IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

We will show the first part of the program in Figure 5. In implementing the algorithm in MATLAB TM, the user can
have the freedom in choosing the arrangement of the addition
of branch impedance one by one. The user will choose what
case the branch impedance added will fall on the category. Then
the user will enter the bus number/s that the impedance is
connected to. Then the user will input the value of the
impedance. After the user finished adding the different branch
impedances of the network, the user should click exit to end the
program and to end the formation of the bus impedance matrix.
The bus impedance matrix will then appear after the program
ended. It was a 3-bus system so the output matrix is a 3x3
matrix.

Figure 5
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V. CONCLUSION

The program that we have made that forms the bus

impedance matrix, worked fast and accurately. We can solve an
n-bus system for its bus impedance matrix. Using this
programming language, MATLABTM, we can easily program
the algorithm for the formation of the bus impedance matrix.
The output of this program is a requirement for the solving of
the fault currents discussed in our class. When solved manually,
it can be a long process but with the help of this program using
MATLABTM, we can form the bus impedance matrix in just
seconds.

VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] H. Saadat, “Transmission Line Parameters and Line

Model Performance,” Power System Analysis, Pub.
Kevin Kane, Ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc.., 1999, pp. 102-
135.

[2] Debapriya Das, “Symmetrical Fault”, Power System

Analysis and Design, Fifth Edition Pub. 2006, New
Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers pp. 186–217.