lOMoAR cPSD| 30721945

Rohan Prajapati - 1520 [1900440052]

Micro Project Report

On
Heterogenous network

Submitted by
Chinmay Santosh kadam

Under the Guidance of

(Prof O. K. Wadne )

In the Partial Fulfilment of Fifth Semester of Diploma in

Information Engineering

JSPM’s
JAYAWANTRAO SAWANT POLYTECHNIC, Handewadi Road,
Hadapsar, Pune-28
Department of Information Technology
Affiliated to

Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education

Academic Year 2023-24

Downloaded by Raj Kapoor ([email protected])

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Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr Chinmay Santosh Kadam. with Roll No- 38 has successfully completed
Micro-project in course advanced computer networking (22520) for the academic year 2023-24
Microproject is completing Fifth Semester of Diploma Programme in Information Technology
from institute, , Jayawantrao Sawant Polytechnic with institute code 0711.

Place: Hadapsar. Enrollment No: 2207110692

Date: Exam Seat No:

Course Teacher Head of the Department Head of the Institute

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Micro Project Proposal

1.0 Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project:

 An Operating System (OS) is a software that acts as an interface between

computer hardware components and the user.
 Every computer system must have at least one operating system to run other programs.
 Applications like Browsers, MS Office, Notepad Games, etc., need some environment to
run and perform its tasks.

2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed:

Operating System is a type of software that works as an interface between the system program
and the hardware. There are several types of Operating Systems in which many of which are
mentioned below. Let’s have a look at them.

3.0 Action Plan:

Planned
Sr Planned Name of Responsible Team
Details of Activity Finish
No Start Date Members
Date
Topic Discussion
1 01/08/2023 04/08/2023
& Selection
2 Review of Literature 07/08/2023 14/08/2023
Aim/Benefits &
3 17/08/2023 25/08/2023
Importance
Chinmay Santosh Kadam
4 Resources Required 28/08/2023 30/08/2023
Analysis of Collected
5 01/09/2023 11/09/2023
Data
6 Design of System 15/09/2023 18/09/2023

7 Compilation of Report 25/09/2023 09/10/2023

Compilation of
8 10/10/2023 23/10/2023
Presentation
9 Presentation of Seminar 01/11/2023 08/11/2023

10 Final Submission 20/11/2023 30/11/2023

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Rohan Prajapati - 1520 [1900440052]

4.0 Resources Required:

Sr Name of
Specification Qty. Remarks
No Resource/Material

1 Hardware Resource Processor i3/HDD-1TB/RAM-8GB 1 Available

Microsoft Office 2010.Google Available

2 Software Resource 1
chrome.
3 Any Other Resource Printer 1 Available

Name of Team Members with Roll No’s:

Roll No Name of Team Members

38 Chinmay Santosh Kadam

Name & Signature of Course Teacher

(Prof O .K .Wadne)

Downloaded by Raj Kapoor ([email protected])

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INDEX

1 MicroProject Proposal

2 Introduction

3 Characteristics of hetnet

4 Advantages of hetnet

5 Hetnet architecture

6 Challenges and Issues

7 Applications

8 Future scope

9 Conclusion and Future Plans

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Heterogenous network

Introduction
In an era defined by the relentless pursuit of connectivity and the ever-
expanding role of wireless communication, the concept of
Heterogeneous Networks, often abbreviated as HetNets, has emerged as
a transformative force. HetNets represent a paradigm shift in the design
and deployment of wireless networks, offering a versatile and adaptable
approach to meeting the growing demands of our digitally connected
world.
This introduction provides an overview of HetNets, their significance,
components, and their role in shaping the future of wireless
communication. As we delve deeper into the world of HetNets, we will
explore the diverse elements that constitute these networks, their
advantages, challenges, applications, and the evolving trends and
technologies that promise to redefine the way we connect, communicate,
and innovate. HetNets are at the forefront of the wireless revolution, and
understanding their intricacies is essential for anyone seeking to navigate
the dynamic landscape of modern telecommunications.
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Characteristics of heterogenous
network

1. Architectural Changes

In HetNet, there are 5 basic access mechanisms that are defined by

the 3GPP standard. This includes pico cells, relay nodes, Wi-Fi
access nodes, Home NodeB and Home eNodeB. The Home NodeB
and Home eNodeB are connected to the core network through the
security gateways and Home eNodeB gateways. For the Home
eNodeBs, since the X2 interface used primarily for interference
control is optional, there is a dependency on the OAM (operations,
administration, and maintenance) and SON (self-organizing
network) functions to carry out the optimizations. For the Wi-Fi
access, there is a trusted and non-trusted model. In the trusted
model, the UE (user equipment) is transparently switched to the
Wi-Fi network since the access points will be trusted and verified
by the operator core.

2. Self-Organizing Networks (SON)

Self-Organizing Networks primarily consist of three mechanisms—
selfoptimization, self-healing, and self-configuration which are
components of an automated service assurance system. In a network
ecosystem like HetNet, it’s essential to leverage SON because traditional
monitoring and management might not be efficient and could lead to
high operational expenditures. For traditional service management
solutions, SON will be an enabler that impacts operational procedures
implemented by these solutions.
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3. Flexibility

One notable advantage of HetNet is the flexibility it offers in terms of

using multiple radio access technologies like 3G, LTE, Wi-Fi or traffic
rerouting/offloading options related to LIPA (Local IP Access), SIPTO
(Selected IP Traffic Offload) with or without mobile operator support.
With multiple access options available, 3GPP also offers a mobile IP
based network address assignment, which provides flexibility to
seamlessly switch from one access mechanism to another while ensuring
session mobility. This is going to impact service management systems
since the service can flow through any of the available access
mechanisms. Until the operator has visibility into all the supported
access options, there will be gaps in determining service quality

4. Deployment Model

With the heterogeneous network, multiple deployment options are

possible. Among the emerging deployment options are Femto as a
Service (FaaS) and Small Cell as a Service (SCaaS) where the
access terminals and antennae systems are owned by a hosting
provider (Home (e)NodeB Hosting Party) and multiple mobile
operators leverage the access infrastructure built by these hosting
providers. Similar characteristics exist in deployments having
Distributed Antennae System (DAS) owned by a hosting party or
the building infrastructure provider, which is shared by multiple
CSPs. RAN (radio access networks) sharing,
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Advantages of heterogenous network

 Improved Coverage: One of the primary advantages of HetNets is

their ability to enhance coverage in areas with poor signal quality
or high user density. Smaller cells, such as picocells and
femtocells, can be deployed to fill coverage gaps, ensuring that
users have access to a reliable connection, even in challenging
environments like urban canyons or indoor spaces.

 Increased Capacity: HetNets offload traffic from congested

macrocells to smaller cells, which helps alleviate network
congestion and increase overall capacity. This results in better data
rates and improved network performance, especially during peak
usage hours and at crowded events.

 Enhanced Quality of Service (QoS): By optimizing resource

allocation, managing interference, and offering finer-grained
control over network parameters, HetNets can provide a higher
quality of service to users. This translates to improved voice call
quality, reduced latency for real-time applications, and faster data
transfer speeds.

 Energy Efficiency: Smaller cells typically operate at lower power

levels than macrocells. This reduced transmission power not only
conserves energy but also contributes to a smaller carbon footprint,
making HetNets a more environmentally friendly solution
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Heterogenous network architecture

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Challenges and Issues

Interoperability:
Different devices and technologies in heterogeneous networks may have
varying standards and protocols, making it challenging to ensure
seamless communication and interoperability.

Security:
Heterogeneous networks can be more vulnerable to security threats due
to the diversity of devices and technologies. Addressing security
concerns, such as data breaches and unauthorized access, is a critical
issue.

Quality of Service (QoS):

Ensuring consistent QoS across different network segments and
technologies is a significant challenge. Variability in network conditions
can affect the user experience.

Mobility Management:
Heterogeneous networks often involve mobile devices that need to
transition between different technologies and network types. Efficient
mobility management is crucial.
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Resource Management:
Managing network resources like bandwidth and spectrum efficiently in
a heterogeneous environment can be complex, particularly in scenarios
where multiple technologies are used simultaneously.

Energy Efficiency:
Heterogeneous networks may include power-constrained devices, such
as IoT sensors. Optimizing energy consumption and battery life is a
challenge in these networks.
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Applications of HETNET

 Urban and Suburban Areas:

Improved Mobile Broadband: HetNets enhance data connectivity in
densely populated urban and suburban areas, where traditional
macrocells might struggle to meet the high demand for data services.

 Indoor Coverage:
Office Buildings: HetNets ensure reliable wireless connectivity within
office buildings, improving productivity and facilitating communication.
Shopping Malls: Shoppers can enjoy seamless data access and
communication while indoors, enhancing their shopping experience.
Airports and Transportation Hubs: Reliable indoor coverage is crucial
for passengers to stay connected and informed while traveling.

 Public Spaces:
Stadiums and Arenas: HetNets are essential for providing connectivity to
thousands of spectators during sporting events and concerts.
Parks and Outdoor Venues: Public parks and outdoor event venues can
benefit from HetNets to support outdoor activities and events.
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 IoT (Internet of Things):

Smart Homes: HetNets ensure seamless connectivity for smart home
devices, improving automation and control.
Industrial IoT (IIoT): HetNets play a vital role in connecting sensors and
devices in industrial settings, enhancing automation, monitoring, and
control.

 Public Transportation:
Trains and Subways: Commuters on trains and subways can access
reliable wireless connectivity throughout their journeys.
Buses and Trams: HetNets support passenger Wi-Fi and real-time
information services on public transit vehicles.

 Rural and Remote Areas:

Digital Inclusion: HetNets can extend connectivity to remote and
underserved areas, bridging the digital divide and enabling access to
essential services like telemedicine and online education.
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Future scope and trends

5G NR (New Radio):
5G NR is a significant advancement in wireless technology, offering
higher data rates, lower latency, and massive device connectivity.
HetNets will play a crucial role in deploying and optimizing 5G
networks, ensuring seamless connectivity across different cell types.

Network Slicing:
Network slicing allows operators to partition their networks into virtual
networks tailored to specific use cases. HetNets will facilitate the
efficient deployment of network slices for applications like autonomous
vehicles, IoT, and mission-critical services.

AI and Machine Learning:

AI and machine learning will play a pivotal role in optimizing HetNet
operations. These technologies will enable predictive maintenance,
intelligent resource allocation, and network self-configuration,
improving efficiency and performance.

Millimeter Wave (mmWave) Deployment:

mmWave frequencies, which offer high bandwidth, will be integrated
into HetNets for ultra-fast wireless access, especially in dense urban
environments. Small cells and advanced beamforming will be employed
to manage mmWave propagation challenges.
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Conclusion

Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) represent a pivotal evolution in

wireless communication technology, poised to shape the future of
connectivity across diverse applications and industries. These networks
offer a versatile and adaptive solution to the ever-increasing demand for
reliable, high-speed wireless connectivity.
HetNets bring numerous benefits, including improved coverage,
increased capacity, enhanced quality of service, energy efficiency, and
scalability. They enable seamless transitions between different cell types
and technologies, providing users with uninterrupted connectivity,
regardless of their location or mobility.
As technology continues to advance, HetNets will play a central role in
deploying and optimizing emerging technologies such as 5G NR,
mmWave, edge computing, and AI-driven network management. They
will also support the proliferation of IoT devices, smart cities, and
critical applications like autonomous vehicles and augmented reality.