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Unit5 Part 1

Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between systems due to a temperature difference. There are three main mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of kinetic energy through particle collisions within a material or between materials in contact. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the circulation of fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation involves the emission and absorption of electromagnetic waves. The amount of heat required to change an object's temperature is quantified by its heat capacity, while the heat required per unit mass is given by specific heat capacity. Thermal expansion is the change in size of materials in response to temperature changes, and can occur linearly, in surface area, or in volume.

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35 views

Unit5 Part 1

Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between systems due to a temperature difference. There are three main mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of kinetic energy through particle collisions within a material or between materials in contact. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the circulation of fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation involves the emission and absorption of electromagnetic waves. The amount of heat required to change an object's temperature is quantified by its heat capacity, while the heat required per unit mass is given by specific heat capacity. Thermal expansion is the change in size of materials in response to temperature changes, and can occur linearly, in surface area, or in volume.

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Johannes
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UNIT –5 HEAT CONDUCTION AND CALORIMETRY

The Concept of Heat


Introduction
Heat: is a measure of change, never a property possessed by an object or system.
It is classified as a process variable.
 Heat is energy which is in transit from one body to another as the result of a difference
in temperature.
Temperature: is a fundamental physical quantity which is a measure of the average kinetic
energy of particles of the substance.
What is heat?
 If two objects at different temperatures are brought in thermal contact, energy flows
spontaneously from the hotter object to the cooler one.
 The spontaneous transfer of energy from hotter region to cooler region is called heat.
 Since heat is energy, its SI unit is joules (J).
 When temperatures of the system and that of the surrounding air balance out, we say thermal
equilibrium is reached.
 At thermal equilibrium, the two regions may exchange energy, but no net heat transfer
occurs.

Heat, internal energy and thermodynamic work


work and heat: are closely related.
 Both can change the temperature of a substance, and heat can be turned into work and work
can be turned into heat
 Heat and work are two different ways of transferring energy from one system to another.
 Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between systems, while work is the transfer of
mechanical energy between two systems.
 If heat is supplied to an enclosed gas, the temperature of the gas increases by then increasing
its internal energy.
 If the gas is closed by a movable piston as shown in fig, work is done by the expanding gas in
raising the piston up. Thus, the heat supplied is converted partly into internal energy and
partly into work done.

Internal energy is equal to the sum of internal kinetic energy due to molecular motion
(translational, rotational, and energy of vibration) and internal potential energy due to
molecular attractive forces.

Figure: Relationships between heat, work and internal energy

Heat transfer mechanisms


Heat transfer mechanisms: are the ways by which thermal energy can be transferred between
objects.
Heat transfer occurs in three different ways: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Conduction is the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between
neighboring atoms or molecules.
I n conduction, no actual drift of molecules in the direction of heat flow is happening.

Fig: Heat transfer by conduction

 Materials such as metals that conduct heat very well are called good conductors.
 Some substances are very bad at transferring heat, and these are called insulators.
 Good insulators are, therefore, very poor conductors.
? Do you know why your metal pots have wooden handles?
II. Convection(or convective heat transfer) is the transfer of heat from one place to another due to the
movement of fluid.
Convection happens in all fluids like the air in your environment, water in a sea and so on.
When a fluid is heated, the molecules at the bottom gain energy and begin to move faster (fig).

Figure: Heat transfer byconvection


III. Radiation: heat transfer occurs via electromagnetic waves.
Unlike conduction and convection radiation does not need a medium for transmission
Heat transferred by radiation is called radiant heat.

Fig: Summarizes the three heat transmission mechanism

Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Capacity


Heat capacity: is defined as the amount of heat required to change the temperature of a given
amount of matter by lºC or by lK.
The mathematical form of this definition is given by;
C = Q/ T
where Q is heat transferred to the object, ΔT is change in temperature of the object and C is heat
capacity of the object.
The SI unit of C is joule per kelvin (J/K); where l J/ K= l J/ 0C.

Specific heat capacity: is defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of
1kg of the substance by 1 , or 1 K.
The specific heat capacity, c, of a substance of mass, m, and heat capacity, C, can be defined as

 The SI unit of specific heat capacity is J/kg.0C, or J/kg.K.


 Specific heat is a property that is specific to a given type of matter, and substances vary in
their specific heat.
 Metals tend to have low specific heat.
 water has very high specific heat compared to most other substances
Ex1: Calculate the heat energy transferred if the temperature of 600 g of lead is raised from 20oC
to 100oC.
Thermal expansion: is the change in size of matter in response to a change in its temperature.
 Except in some cases, most substances expand when heated and contract when cooled.
 Thermal expansion is also affected by the properties of the substance.
 For example, solids expand very less as compared to liquids and gases. Gases expand much
more than liquids and solids.
 Thermal expansion can be classified in to three: linear expansion, surface (area) expansion
and volume expansion.

Linear expansion
If the change in length is along one dimension (length) over the volume due to a change in
temperature, it is called linear expansion.

Suppose an object has an initial length of L0 at some initial temperature T0 . Let the length be
changed to L when the temperature is changed to T.
Experiments show that if the change in temperature (ΔT) is not too large, the change in length
(ΔL) is directly proportional to ΔT and L0 . Then, the change in length is defined as

where,
ΔT = T - T0
ΔL = L - L0 is the change in temperature, is the change in length,
α is the linear coefficient of thermal expansion, which has the unit 0C-1, or K-1 , and
L0 is the original length.

Figure: Linear expansion

 Each substance has a unique linear expansion coefficient; i.e., different substances expand in
different amounts for the same temperature change.
Ex2: A steel bridge is built in several segments, each 20 m long. The bridge was constructed
when the temperature was 20 0C. If a gap of 4 cm is left between neighboring segments what
would be the maximum temperature that the bridge can manage before buckling?

Area expansion
Consider the plate of surface area A0 at a temperature T0 , as shown in Figure. For a small
change in temperature of T, the change in area A, is given by
A = A0 T
where  is called the coefficient of surface (area) expansion, and it can be measured
by the unit 0C-1 , or K-1.

Fig : Area expansion

Note that:
Volume Expansion
the expansion of the object in three dimensions.
The length, the width and the thickness of the object are equally significant changes with a
change in temperature.

Fig: Volume expansion

Change in volume V of an object subjected to a small temperature change T, is given by


V = V0 T
where is the coefficient of volume expansion.
The final volume, V, is, then
V = V0 (1 + T)
Both and have the same units as ; that is, °C-1, or K-1 .
Note that:
Ex3: A 200 liter aluminum cylindrical reservoir is filled with Ethyl alcohol ( c = 112 x 10-5 K-1 at
the temperature of 200C. What volume of alcohol will overflow if the system is heated to 1000C.
Ex4: While working in the laboratory, you fill water in a glass flask that holds exactly one litter at
temperature 100C. You heat the flask, raising the temperature of the water and flask to 300C.
Which material expands more; the glass or the water? The information you need for deciding is
the coefficient of expansion. (take cw = 207x10-3 K-1 for water and cg = 3 = 2.7x10-5 K-1 for glass)

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