Rates of Reaction o Level
Rates of Reaction o Level
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Rates of reaction
Rate of a chemical reaction:
Is the amount of a reactant used up or product produced in a reaction per unit time
There are about four factors that affect a chemical change/reaction. These are:
1. A catalyst
2. Temperature
3. Concentration
4. Pressure
5. Surface area of the reactants
1. Concentration:
If the concentration of the reactant is increased, frequent molecular collisions will
increase leading to increase in the rate reaction.
2. Temperature:
Increasing the temperature increases reaction rates because of the
disproportionately large increase in the number of high energy collisions. It is
only these collisions (possessing at least the activation energy for
the reaction) which result in a reaction.
3. Surface area:
Increasing the surface area of a solid reactant exposes more of its particles
to attack. This results in an increased chance of collisions between reactant
particles, so there are more collisions in any given time and the rate of
reaction increases. The surface of a solid can be increased by crushing a
substance into a powder or by reducing its particle size.
4. Pressure:
This affects gaseous reactions since gases unlike solids are compressible.
Increasing pressure on gases brings reactant particles close to each other increasing
the frequency of collision and hence the rate of reaction. Pressure can be increased by
decreasing the volume of the container. For example, in the Haber process, a large
yield of ammonia is obtained from high pressure as per the following reaction.
Mass of
calcium
carbonate P
time
To obtain curve Q, one would keep all conditions the same except
A. Increase the concentration of the acid
B. Increase the mass of the carbonate powder
C. Reduce temperature
D. Use the same mass of marble chips
2. The figure below shows the graphs obtained when equal amounts of marble chips
of different sizes were reacted with excess 2M hydrochloric acid at room
temperature.
Carbon dioxide (cm3)
II
IV I
III
Volume of
Time (s)
Which one of the graphs represents the reaction of marble chips with the smallest
particle size?
A. I
B. II
C. III
D. IV
Q
P
Volume of
Hydrogen
evolved
Time
Which one of the following is the best explanation for the
shape of the graph between P and Q?
A. A layer of insoluble oxide formed on zinc sulphate
B The reaction become faster
C. Sulphuric acid was used up
D. the catalyst was used up
4. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the
following equation
2H2O2(aq) 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
Which one of the following graphs represent, how the
concentration of the reactants varies with time during the
reaction?
Mass of
Flask and
its content
Z
Y
X
M
Time (min)
(a) (i) List three condition that were changed to obtain curve X (3marks)
(ii) State what point M represent ( ½ mark)
(b) Some conditions you have listed in (a)(i) were changed to
obtained curve Z.
(i) State the condition changed (01mark)
(ii) Give a reason for your answer
7. Sodium thiosulphate reacts with hydrochloric acid
according to the following equation
S2O32-(aq) + 2H+(aq) H2O(l) + SO2(g) +S(s)
(a) State what would be observed if dilute hydrochloric acid ( ½ mark)
is added to sodium thiosulphate solution
(b) The rate of reaction with dilute acids is affected by the
concentration of sodium thiosulphate.
(i) State one other factor other than concentration that can ( ½ mark)
affect the rate of reaction
10. (a) (i) Write an equation for the reaction between dilute nitric (1 ½ mark)
acid and calcium carbonate
(ii) State how temperature can affect the rate of reaction in (01mark)
(a)(i) above
(iii) Give a reason why a large surface area of calcium (2 marks)
carbonate can speed up rate of reaction in (a)(i)
(b) Magnesium can react with hydrochloric acid to form (2 ½ marks)
hydrogen. State the conditions and write equation for the
reaction
(c) The table below shows the volume of hydrogen evolved
when various lengths of magnesium ribbon were reacted
with fixed volume of hydrochloric acid
Length of ribbon (cm) 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 6.0
Volume of hydrogen 2.2 3.6 5.2 9.2 10.8
(cm3/min)
(i) Plot a graph of volume of hydrogen (vertical axis) against (5marks)
length of magnesium ribbon (horizontal axis)
(ii) Explain the shape of the graph you have drawn. (2marks)
(iii) Using your graph, determine the rate of reaction if 4.0cm (01mark)
of magnesium ribbon was used
11. Oxygen is formed from hydrogen peroxide in the
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presence of Manganese dioxide according to the
following equation
2H2O2(aq) MnO2 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
Volume of 0 20 35 46 56 72 79 79
hydrogen (cm3)
Time (s) 0 10 20 30 40 60 80 90
Volume of
Hydrogen
evolved
Time
(a) Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen ions that is
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contained in 100cm3 of
(i) A 0.5M H2SO4 (01mark)
(ii) A 1.0M H2SO4 (01mark)
(b) (i) Sketch on the same axes of the graph in figure above the (01mark)
graph that would be obtained if the same mass of
magnesium was added to 100cm3 of a 0.5M sulphuric
acid at room temperature.
(ii) Mark on the graph the times the two reactions have (01mark)
reached completion.
(iii) Compare the time the reaction took to reach completion (01mark0
when 0.5M sulphuric acid was used to that when 1.0M
sulphuric acid was used
14. (a) Describe an experiment to show how surface area can 11 ½
affect the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and
2M hydrochloric acid. Your answer must include:
A labelled diagram of apparatus
Sketch of expected graph
Mention how the graph can be used to reach a
conclusion.
(b) Briefly explain why, when 4M hydrochloric acid was (2½ marks)
used instead of the 2M acid, the rate of reaction was
faster. Explain this observation.
(c) State one other factor than mentioned above that can (01mmark)
affect the rate of reaction between hydrochloric acid and
calcium carbonate
15. (a) What is meant by the rate of reaction? (02marks)
(b) State how the following factors affect the rate of a
chemical reaction:
(i) Temperature
(ii) Surface area of the reactants
(c) The table below shows the volume of hydrogen collected
at various time intervals when magnesium was reacted
with a 2M hydrochloric acid
Time (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Volume of 0 25 45 60 70 75 77 77
hydrogen
collected (cm3)
(i) Plot a graph of volume of hydrogen versus time (04 marks)
(ii) Determine the rate of reaction at 3 seconds (02marks)
(iii) Determine the volume of hydrogen evolved at 3.5 seconds (01mark)
(d) State how the rate of reaction at 3 seconds would be (02marks)
affected if a 1M hydrochloric acid was used
16. When a certain volume of 0.1M hydrochloric acid was
reacted at room temperature with excess iron fillings,
120cm3 of the gas were produced.
(a) Draw a labelled diagram to show how the rate of reaction
was determined
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10. (a) (i) CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3 (aq) Ca(NO3)2(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(ii) Temperature increases the rate of reaction
(iii) Increase in surface area increases the rate of reaction by increasin the
probability of contact between the liquid and the solid
(b) (i) Heat
Contentration of hydrogen
(c) (i)
Frictionless piston
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(b)
undiluted H2O2
Vol
of O2 Diluted H2O2
time
Note that dulution of hydrogen peroxide reduces the rate of production
of oxygen and the maximum volume of oxygen produced.
(c) Mole of hydrogen peroxide =
Moles of hydrogen produced
2mole of hydrogen peroxide produce 1 mole of oxygen
0.1 mole of hydrogen peroxide produce
Mole of magnesium that reacted
2Mg(s) + O2 (g) 2MgO(s)
From equation
2 mole of O2 react with (2x24 = 48g of magnesium
0.05mole of O2 react with
12 (a) Rate of reaction is the amount of products produced per unit time
(b)
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(d) (i) At 20 second
Rate =
At 60 seconds
Rate =
Vol
of H2 0.5M H2SO4
time
(i) The reaction with 0.5M sulphuric acid takes longer because the reaction is
slower. Since the concentration of aicd is lower.
14 Experiment set up is shown below
Calcium carbonate
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measured.
A plot of the graph of the volume of carbon dioxide by calcium carbonate
chips and calcium carbonate powder with time is given below
Time (s)
Conclusion
The graphs whow that the rate of reaction is higher with calcium
carbonate poweder than with chips.
(b) The rate of reaction is higher with 4M hydrochloric acid than 2M
hydrochloric acid because high concentration of the acid increases the rate
of collision between calcium carbonate molecules and acid molecules.
(c) Catalyst
15 (a) The rate of reaction produce in a unit time
(b) (i) Temperature
Increasing the temperature increases reaction rates because of the
disproportionately large increase in the number of high energy collisions.
It is only these collisions (possessing at least the activation energy for
the reaction) which result in a reaction.
(ii) Surface area:
Increasing the surface area of a solid reactant exposes more of its particles
to attack. This results in an increased chance of collisions between
reactant particles, so there are more collisions in any given time and
the rate of reaction increases. The surface of a solid can be increased by
crushing it into a powder.
(c) (i)
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(ii) Rate at 3.0 s =
(d) Would decrease
16 (a) Experiment set up is shown below
Hydrochloric acid
Frictionless piston
Iron fillings
Rate =
(b) Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq) FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(c) (i) Moles of HCL that reacted
24000cm3 at room temperature of hydrogen require 2 moles of hydrogen
120cm3 of hydrogen will require
Volume of hydrochloric acid
Remember that molarity is the moles in 1000 cm3
0.1moles of HCl are contained in1000cm3
And 0.01mole of HCl will be in
Volume of
Hydrogen
evolved
Time
(e) The rate increases
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17 (a) - temperature
- concentration
- catalyst
- surface area
(b)
1M HCl
2M HCl
Note that the rate is slower with 1M HCl due to reduced concentration.
18 (a) (i) The rate of reaction is the amount of product produced or amount of
reactants used up in agiven time
(ii) The smaller the particle sizes, the bigger the surface area and the faster the
reaction due to increased chance of collision between the reactant.
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(b)
(iii) The rate of reaction increase to increase in surface area and chances of
collision of ractants
(b) (i)
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(ii) Determine the gradient of the targent drawn at 12 minutes
i.e
(iii) The rate of reaction is higher at 12 minutes than at 20 minutes because at
20 minutes the amount of reactants has decreased
(iv) Became constant because the reactants are used.
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