NAME: ADEYEMO ADEWALE ISAIAH

MATRIC NUMBER: 2203131004

COURSE: CPE 823 (ADVANCED BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING) ASSIGNMENT

LECTURER IN CHARGE: PROFESSOR OLADEJO DUDUYEMI

Fermentation, Relevance of Fermentation in Chemical Engineering and their Respective

Application.

FERMENTATION – Definition

Fermentation is an enzyme catalyzed, metabolic process whereby organisms convert starch or

sugar to alcohol or an acid anaerobically releasing energy. The science of fermentation is called

“zymology”.
Process of Fermentation

Fermentation is an anaerobic biochemical process. In fermentation, the first process is the same

as cellular respiration, which is the formation of pyruvic acid by glycolysis where net 2 ATP

molecules are synthesized. In the next step, pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid, ethanol or other

products. Here NAD+ is formed which is re-utilized back in the glycolysis process.

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide+Hydrogen (NADH)

• Homo fermentation: only one type of product formation

• Hetero fermentation: more than one product formed

On the basis of the end product formed, fermentation can be categorized as follows:

1. Lactic Acid Fermentation

Lactic acid is formed from pyruvate produced in glycolysis. NAD+ is generated from NADH.

Enzyme lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes this reaction. Lactobacillus bacteria prepare curd from

milk via this type of fermentation. During intense exercise when oxygen supply is inadequate,

muscles derive energy by producing lactic acid, which gets accumulated in the cells causing

fatigue.
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

2. Alcohol Fermentation

This is used in the industrial production of wine, beer, biofuel, etc. The end product is alcohol

and CO2. Pyruvic acid breaks down into acetaldehyde and CO2 is released. In the next step,

ethanol is formed from acetaldehyde. NAD+ is also formed from NADH, utilized in glycolysis.

Yeast and some bacteria carry out this type of fermentation. Enzyme pyruvic acid decarboxylase

and alcohol dehydrogenase catalyse these reactions.

Vinegar is produced by this process. This is a two-step process.

The first step is the formation of ethyl alcohol from sugar anaerobically using yeast.

In the second step, ethyl alcohol is further oxidized to form acetic acid using acetobacter

bacteria. Microbial oxidation of alcohol to acid is an aerobic process.

4. Butyric Acid Fermentation

This type of fermentation is characteristic of obligate anaerobic bacteria of genus clostridium.

This occurs in retting of jute fibre, rancid butter, tobacco processing and tanning of leather.

Butyric acid is produced in the human colon as a product of dietary fibre fermentation. It is an
important source of energy for colorectal epithelium. Sugar is first oxidized to pyruvate by the

process of glycolysis and then pyruvate is further oxidized to form acetyl-CoA by the

oxidoreductase enzyme system with the production of H2 and CO2. Acetyl-CoA is further

reduced to form butyric acid. This type of fermentation leads to a relatively higher yield of

energy. 3 molecules of ATP are formed.

Advantages of Fermentation:

Fermentation is suitable for all kinds of environments. It is one of the oldest metabolic processes

which is common to prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Fermentation is widely used in various

industries.
Using suitable microorganisms and specified conditions different kinds of fermentation products

are formed namely:

• Wine

• Beer

• Biofuels

• Yoghurt

• Pickles

• Bread

• Sour foods containing lactic acid

• Certain antibiotics and vitamins

Fermentation can make food nutritious, digestible and flavoured. There are many benefits

of consuming fermented food.

• It improves digestion and helps to maintain intestinal bacteria

• It has an anti-cancer effect.

• Improves immune system

• Reduces lactose intolerance

Other than the food industry, there are many other areas where the fermentation process is

used. Methane is produced by fermentation in sewage treatment plants and freshwater

sediments.
Relevance of Fermentation in Chemical Engineering and their Applications

Industrial fermentation is a chemical engineering term used to describe the processes that utilize a

chemical change induced by a living organism or enzyme, in particular, bacteria, yeasts, molds, or

fungi, that produces a specific product. Although in the biochemical context the word

“fermentation” describes the anaerobic metabolic process of partial oxidation of organic

compounds, in the industrial field it refers to either aerobic or anaerobic processes. The

fermentation technique was used long before humankind discovered, or understood, microbes, and

it was adopted mainly for the production of drinks containing the same active compound: ethanol.

Nowadays fermentation is a developed technology used in many sectors, such as food,

pharmaceutical, biofuel, and biopolymer production.

There are two main characters in industrial fermentation: the enzymes and the cell cultures.

Enzyme theory is mainly based on different physical reaction models that follow quite well all

experimental data. Cell theory, different from enzyme theory, is mainly based on experimental

tests followed by the ad hoc formulation of models. Engineers always work to make their life

easier, and the most-used expression adopted to describe cell population growth is suspiciously

similar to the one used for enzymes.

Enzymes

Enzymes are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts: they are able to increase the rate of

a chemical reaction without being consumed and without affecting the thermodynamic equilibrium

of the reaction itself.

Life requires adequate environmental conditions: in a cell culture the properties of the liquid

medium may be responsible of the life behavior of the cells themselves. To completely describe

the cellular kinetics is fundamental to recognizing that two interacting systems are involved:

Ideal bioreactors

A bioreactor is a process unit in which biochemical reactions occur. Commonly bioreactors are

isothermal. The meaning of the adjective ideal may be different depending on the reactor typology.

The most important reactors are the following.

The batch stirred tank reactor (BSTR) is a closed system; there are no mass flows entering of

coming out from it, but it can eventually exchange heat with the environment. An ideal BSTR has

the property of perfect fluid mixing

Bioethanol production

A typical example of employing both enzymatic and cellular technologies is the production of

bioethanol. Fossil fuel depletion has become a great concern as the world population is increasing

at an alarming rate. Current concerns such as global warming, depletion of fossil fuels, and

increasing price of petroleum-based fuels have forced the search for alternative and cost-effective

energy sources with fewer greenhouse gas emissions. Research into the development of renewable

and sustainable.
Polypropylene and polyethylene

These polymers are conventionally produced via petrochemical route and find numerous

applications in diverse sectors like automotive, building and construction, packaging, medical,

electrical and electronics etc.

Essential amino acids

These are another category of food-grade chemicals, which are produced commercially by

microbial fermentation.