Lab Report 02: Screw Gauge

Course Code: PHY-102

Course Name: Physics Laboratory

Lab Section: 01

Group: 05

Instructor: Anika Bushra

Written by:

Jannatul Kawnine Ikra– Id: 233022712

Group Members:

1) Misbah Uddin Saad – Id: 233022312

2) Fabiha Ayman – Id: 233023512

3) Dhruba Sarkar – Id: 233006112

4) Amir Hossain – Id: 233003112

5) Tajrian Mahbub Tahin – Id: 233009112

Date: 24/02/24
Experiment No: 01
Experiment Name: To measure (a) diameter of a given wire (b) cross-sectional
area of the wire using screw gauge.

Introduction: A screw gauge, also known as a micrometer, is a precise instrument

used for measuring small distances with high accuracy. It consists of a calibrated
screw mechanism with a spindle and anvil, along with a thimble and sleeve to
facilitate precise readings. Screw gauges are commonly used in engineering,
manufacturing, and scientific applications where precise measurements are
essential. They provide measurements typically in increments of 0.01 mm or even
smaller, allowing for precise determination of dimensions such as thickness,
diameter, or depth.

Equipment:
1. Screw Gauge
2. Any Wire
3. pin
Pitch of the Screw Gauge
The pitch of a screw gauge refers to the distance between adjacent threads on the
screw. It's typically measured in millimeters or inches, depending on the system of
measurement being used. The pitch determines the sensitivity and precision of the
screw gauge in measuring small distances or thicknesses.
If the distance d is 3 mm The pitch can be represented as:
Pitch(p)= Distance moved by the screw No. of full rotations given
= d/3
=1mm/1
=1mm
Least Count of the Screw Gauge:

The thimble features a circular scale that is segmented into either 50 or 100 equal
sections. In our case, we’re utilizing a screw gauge that has 100 of these circular
divisions. The term “Least Count” (LC) refers to the displacement of the screw’s
tip when the screw is rotated by one division on the circular scale.
pitch
Least count (LC) = Total number of divisions on the circular scale(N )

1
= 100

=0.01mm

Determination of Zero Error:

In our experiment, we explored the concept of zero error in a screw gauge. Ideally,
when the stud and spindle make contact, the circular scale's zero should align with
the main scale's reference line, indicating no zero error. However, if the circular
scale's zero doesn't match the main scale's reference line, the screw gauge has a
zero error. Positive zero error occurs when the circular scale's zero is below the
reference line. This results in systematically larger readings than the actual value.
To correct for this error, subtract the error amount from the observed readings.
Conversely, negative zero error happens when the circular scale's zero is above the
reference line, leading to systematically smaller readings. In this case, add the error
amount to the observed readings. To determine the error, bring the spindle in
contact with the stud and record the readings on both the linear and circular scales.

If the linear scale reading is 'x' and the circular scale reading is 'n,' then the zero
error is given by ± (x + n × LC). Zero correction (e) is always the negative of zero
error. Therefore, the actual reading can be calculated as the measured reading
minus (±e) .

Thus, the actual reading is obtained by subtracting the measured reading from (±e).
Actual reading = Measured reading – (±e)

Procedure:
1. Determine the value of one linear scale division (L.S.D.).
2. Calculate the pitch and least count of the screw gauge.

Measurement of Diameter of the Wire:

1. Bring spindle B in contact with stud A and assess the zero error. If there is no
zero error, record zero error as nil.
2. Move face B away from face A. Position the wire lengthwise over face A (as
shown in Fig. 2.5) and move face B towards face A using the ratchet head R. Stop
when R turns (slips) without moving the screw, producing a click sound.
3. Note the number of divisions on the main scale reading (M.S.R) visible before
the edge of the circular scale.
4. Record the number (n) of divisions on the circular scale lying over the reference
line.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 after rotating the wire by 90° to measure the diameter in a
perpendicular direction.
6. Repeat steps 3, 4, 5, and 6 for five different positions equally spaced throughout
the length of the wire. Record observations in Table 1.1.
7. Determine the observed diameter and apply zero correction in each case.
8. Calculate the mean of different values of the actual diameter.

Measurement of Diameter of the Pin:

1. Bring spindle B in contact with stud A and assess the zero error. If there is no
zero error, record zero error as nil.
2. Move face B away from face A. Position the pin lengthwise over face A (as
shown in Fig. 2.5) and move face B towards face A using the ratchet head R. Stop
when R turns (slips) without moving the screw, producing a click sound.
3. Note the number of divisions on the main scale reading (M.S.R) visible before
the edge of the circular scale.
4. Record the number (n) of divisions on the circular scale lying over the reference
line.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 after rotating the wire by 90° to measure the diameter in a
perpendicular direction.
6. Repeat steps 3, 4, 5, and 6 for five different positions equally spaced throughout
the length of the pin. Record observations in Table 1.2.
7. Determine the observed diameter and apply zero correction in each case.
8. Calculate the mean of different values of the actual diameter.
Calculation of least count:

1 L.S.D = ................ mm
Total Divisions on the Circular Scale, N = ..........
Distance Covered by the Screw in 3 Rotations, d = .............. mm
Pitch of the Screw, p = 3/d = ........... mm
Consequently, Least Count (L.C.) = p/N = .................. mm

Table 1.1 Measuring the diameter of the wire:

L.S.R No of Observed Diameter Actual Diameter

Circular
No of (M) scale division D0 = M + n × LC D = D0 – (±e)
Obs. of the
mm reference line mm mm
(n)
1 0 mm 80 0.80 mm

2 0 mm 58 0.58 mm

3 0 mm 75 0.75 mm

Dw = (D1 + D2 + D3) / 3 = (0.8 + 0.58 + 0.75) mm / 3 = 0.71 mm

 L.S.R No of Observed Diameter Actual Diameter
Circular
No of (M) scale division D0 = M + n × LC D = D0 – (±e)
Obs. of the
mm reference line mm mm
(n)
1 0 mm 88 0.8 mm

2 0 mm 93 0.93 mm

3 0 mm 99 0.99 mm

Table 1.2 Measuring the diameter of the pin:

Dp = (D1 + D2 + D3) / 3 = (0.8 + 0.93 + 0.99) mm / 3 = 0.93 0mm

Data & Calculation:

D
Cross-sectional area, A = πr2 = π( 2 ¿2

Dw 2
1. Area For wire, A= π( ¿ mm
2
2
0.71
= 3.1416 ×( )
2
= 0.395 mm2

Dp 2
2. Area For pin, A= π( ¿ mm
2
2
0.93
= 3.1416 ×( )
2
= 0. 679 mm 2