Title: Mastering Your Literature Review on Shape Memory Polymers

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Typical polymers used are polyethylene (PE), multi-layer co-extruded polyolefin shrink film (POF),
oriented polystyrene (OPS), PET, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for heat shrink films and radiation cross-
linked EVA for heat shrink tubes. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best
experience. Semi-IPN or similarly structured EPs exhibited, however, triple-shape memory. In
general, there are four types of polymers: semi-crystalline polymers, liquid crystalline elastomers
(LCEs), multi-layered polymer composites, and interpenetrating polymers that consist of elastomeric
and crystalline networks, Figure 6. Shape memory polymers with novel functions: Electro-active,
magnetically-active, light-adaptive and phase change materials. For more information on the journal
statistics, click here. Electrospun Nafion nanofibers (ENNMs) showed some advantages compared to
films, such as large specific surface area, high aspect ratio (length to diameter ratio), strong and
mutual penetration of other substances, fine fabric structure, and high porosity (better adsorption and
filtration properties). Though the DA reaction is predestinated for this purpose, it is less explored for
combination with shape memory in EPs. Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses
article numbers instead of page numbers. In the former case both R f and R r were close to 100%.
International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM). This should be considered from the
conceptual and design stages, although possibly some specific aspects of these interactions between
materials and tissues can only be found along the validation and operation stages, during in vitro or
in vivo animal trials aimed at verifying devices’ compliance with the regulatory directives and
standards. The corresponding EP exhibited a very broad T g range allowing the authors to
investigate the SM behaviour below and above the T g at different temperatures. Find support for a
specific problem in the support section of our website. Surface modification of nanofillers may be
also a tool of tuning the SM properties. As depicted in Scheme 1, the developed hydrogel (PAAm-
CS) was prepared by free radical polymerization of acrylamide (AAm) in the presence of biopolymer
chitosan (CS). The appropriate theoretical models, probably based on the multi-scale modelling,
might help to gain the understanding the physics behind these structures. ISPRS International
Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI). They used a copolyester urethane network of poly(?-
pentadecalactone) and poly(?-caprolactone)(PPD-PCL 25:75 wt%), where PPD acts as the
geometry-determining domains (T m, SGD) while PCL provided the actuator domains (T m, AD).
After impact, the energy is released again by the reverse transformation. However, in order to
compete with other exciting or new technologies, we should pay more attention to the cost-
effectiveness of the SMP products in order to enhance the chance of their success in the commercial
market. One is easier to stretch more at high temperatures in SMPs, and the other is without the need
to keep stretching during fabrication. Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance
Medicine (JOHBM). International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP). The
bilayer system consisted of two EPs with different T g values which were hold together by cocuring.
Temperature of the EP curing occurred below T m of PCL. Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing
and Balance Medicine (JOHBM). Shape Memory Polymers as Smart Materials: A Review. Cracking
in hologram sticker upon heating. ( a ) Original label, in which no apparent crack can be observed
and the color appears vivid; ( b ) after heating by hair dryer, cracks are apparent and the color turns
dull; ( c ) removal at high temperatures results in tearing of the label. For the review process, to
complete a full analysis, the authors selected all studies (without blinding the names of the authors or
publication dates) which appeared to meet the inclusion criteria or had insufficient data in the title
and abstract to make a clear decision.
This was aimed at facilitating the infiltration by EP via reinforcing the nanoweb. In these systems,
heating generation is induced by molecular vibration, and energy magnitude is directly proportional
to the nanofillers’ concentration and particle size. Journal of Low Power Electronics and
Applications (JLPEA). The resulting SMEP was activated by electrical resistive heating (Joule effect)
and displayed very fast recovery. The damage development was assessed by ultrasonic C-scanning.
Subsequently, the sample is cooled to room temperature with the programming strain of ? pro fixed.
The SM behaviour of this SMEP composite was not influenced by the chemical structure of the
liquid crystalline EPs. In this procedure a solid tablet which contains the EP, its hardener and other
additives is overheated generating foaming associated with the curing of the EP. Though there is a
vast knowledge on SMEP-based composites it is still partly used for optimizing their SM
possibilities. Pisani, Silvia, Ida Genta, Tiziana Modena, Rossella Dorati, Marco Benazzo, and Bice
Conti. Alternative options for SMP-based actuators may rely on the use of the more recently
discovered triggering stimuli (i.e., water immersion, pH changes, application of UV light, electro-
magnetic fields, etc.), which may provide benefits in terms of final device size and homogeneity of
activation, while presenting new design challenges linked to the subsystems required for managing
the application of such stimuli. Two-way shape memory effect in SMPs at macroscopic level ( a ) and
at structure level for: ( b ) semi-crystalline polymers, ( c ) liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs), ( d )
multi-layered polymer composites, ( e ) interpenetrating polymers. Note that from the first issue of
2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. Photographs of selective shape
recovery demonstration because of the addition of photo-thermal fillers. ( a ) Irradiation using NIR
light of 980 nm first, then by 808 nm, ( b ) irradiation using NIR light of 808 nm first, then by 980
nm. However, these treatments can often generate the intermediate rhombohedral phase (R-phase),
which changes the path of the martensitic transformation from the austenite. Feature papers represent
the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature. Instead
of making use of reaction-induced phase separation, toughened SMEPs can be produced also by
incorporation of preformed rubbery nanoparticles. SMPs with different shape-memory effect (SME):
( a ) one-way (OWSME), ( b ) two-way reversible (TWSME) and ( c ) multiple-SME. These ranges
depended on the relative thickness ratio of the bilayer constituents. The mass fraction of Fe 3 O 4
particles was 40 wt%. Both foams had R r values higher than 98% after the second cycle. In
addition, the cited authors also proposed a shape memory performance map constructed by means of
the multi-branch model to allow an easy prediction of the shape memory behaviour of the amorphous
SMPs. The present study has presented a summary of challenges and good practices, leading to a
straightforward methodology or integration of strategies, for the development of “smart” actuators
based on shape-memory polymers. The manipulation of the single fiber can be realized through the
force induced on the tip of AFM. The nanocomposite generated higher recovery stress than the
unfilled matrix. Shape-Memory Polymers in Dentistry: Systematic Review and Patent Landscape
Report. The shape memory (SM) properties are typically quantified by the shape fixity ( R f ) and
shape recovery ratios ( R r ). In Figure 7, a very sharp blade is used to cut lines atop a piece of
commercial hologram sticker. As for semi-crystalline polymers, in the programming stage by heating
LCEs to a temperature higher than T trans and under application of a constant tension, the mesogens
will be oriented and aligned in the direction of the stress, which leads to a crystallization-induced
elongation process during the cooling process under a fixed strain. Moreover, they argued that the
prepared material had an improved tensile modulus because of the strong covalent bonds that were
formed by the esterification reaction of the carboxyl group on CA and the hydroxyl groups on PEG
and CNF cellulose, leading to a stability improvement in the molecular chain.
Engineered shape-memory electrospun scaffolds (E-SMESs). Previous Article in Journal Genome-
Wide Characterization and Expression Analysis of Pathogenesis-Related 1 ( PR-1 ) Gene Family in
Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) in Response to Blister-Blight Disease Stress. Subscribe
to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals. These technologies are
able to enhance the functions of the SMPs in many sensor applications. Diagram of the number of
documents regarding shape-memory fibers per year (Scopus Source). The percolated CB network
enabled to set the required T trans (above the T g of the EP) for temporary shaping via Joule heating
under dc current. For the sake of simplicity only an Arrhenius-type dependence of the shifting factor
on the temperature is involved in the simulation. Here the permanent shape is generated at or above
T p and fixed by cooling below T p. In Figure 4 I, the surface of a piece of polymer ( Figure 4 I(a))
is impressed to form an indent ( Figure 4 I(b)). That was because each patent may submit more than
one IPC. Acrylamide was polymerized in the presence of chitosan. SMPs have shown excellent
features such as multishape-memory effect, easy processing and large deformation. Validation of the
activation system of a SMP surgical pincer: Design carried out with the help of thermal finite-
element simulations and validation supported by IR-thermography for comparative purposes.
Modification of EP with carboxyl-terminated PU yielded reduced T g and enhanced ductility, similar
to CTBN. Extensive work has been conducted to identify network design principles that can tune
polymer chemistries for a variety of applications, with increasing effort towards understanding SME
and biological response to these materials. Their range covers nonwoven mats, different woven
structures and fabrics with unidirectional (UD) fibre alignment. An example of multiple-SME is
Nafion, a commercial thermoplastic polymer, used as SMPs in bulk film form. Therefore, to obtain
electrically conductive polymer composites, it is necessary to add electrically conductive fillers, such
as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, carbon black, and metallic fillers, to the polymer matrix to
prepare a percolated electric conductive polymeric composite that leads to a uniform heating through
the polymer volume when an electrical voltage is applied. SMA presents a well-defined transition
temperature, while for polymers it can be tailored through different approaches. Sun L, Wang TX,
Chen HM, Salvekar AV, Naveen BS, Xu Q, Weng Y, Guo X, Chen Y, Huang WM. As schematically
depicted in Figure 2 a, a straight stripe sample was deformed into a “U” shape and immersed into
NaOH solution (75 mM), the temporary shape can be fixed within 1 min due to the rapid formation
of CS microcrystalline crosslinks. A high recovery strain indeed results in cracking of the elastic layer
in the transverse direction due to over stretching during shape recovery in the SMP substrate, and
both the shape fixity ratio and shape recovery ratio are not necessary to be very high. They observed
that the graphene concentration affected, in a non-monotonous way, the electrospinning process: at
low concentrations, greater fiber stretching and lower fiber diameter were observed, whereas, at
higher concentrations, the diameter of the fibers increased. Shape changes can be also modulated at
the microscopic level; Zhang et al. Summary of typical conceptual geometries for reliable actuators
based on shape-memory polymers. Like all polymers, also SMEPs are viscoelastic materials. In this
technique (see Figure 4 a), the initiator material(s) together with the monomer(s) flows into the
vacuum chamber, where they interact with the heated filaments. In case of the martensitic wires most
likely their effect on the internal stress state of the composites was the research target (explained
below), though not mentioned explicitly. A Brief Review of the Shape Memory Phenomena in
Polymers and Their Typical Sensor Applications. To produce SMEPs novel preparation techniques,
such as electrospinning, ink printing, solid-state foaming, were tried.
Accordingly, the SMEP foam is compressed until a given strain at temperatures slightly below or
above the T g, then this temporary shape is fixed by cooling below T g and kept there eventually for
longer time (“cold hibernated elastic memory”). Next Article in Special Issue A Study of Laser
Micromachining of PM Processed Ti Compact for Dental Implants Applications. Journal of Low
Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA). The preparation, characterization, and modelling of
SMAs, especially the NiTi-based ones in the form of thin film, and SMPs are given in Section 3,
Section 4 and Section 5. This can be considered as the maximum strain threshold. However, in some
cases, special resources and tools are required for changing from the original to the temporary shape.
To produce SMEPs novel preparation techniques, such as electrospinning, ink printing, solid-state
foaming, were tried. As mentioned in the introduction the actuality of this survey was also reasoned
by novel preparation techniques. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA). Editors
select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be
particularly. In the initial stage the stress is increasing owing to axial deformation and bending of the
cell wall struts. This review focuses on the main properties of SMPs, their classification and shape-
memory effects. However, it is still a challenge to evaluate their effect in vivo, for example in bone,
neural tube and skin tissue regeneration. The same decision has to be made when benefiting from 4D
printing approaches, as the final device may be made of a passive structure with some active zones,
if multi-material printing is employed. The digital light projector flashes the image of the single layer
to a built platform submerged in a tank with resin; therefore, this technique is relatively fast (i.e., the
entire single layer is created at once) and can be used to fabricate highly detailed structures.
Waterborne EPs were only recently used to prepare SMEP formulations. This design, which
incorporates the nanoparticles made of functional materials into the printed SMPs, may be applicable
in flexible electronics, biomedical sensors, or robotics. 4. Characterization of SMAs and SMPs Thin
Films and Heterostructures The shape memory effect (shape memory effect and superelasticity), and
the changeable mechanical and physical properties in SMPs (SMAs) thin films or heterostructures
depends on the prepared polymer network (material composition). At lower impact energies, the
damage area was comparable with that of the reference composite. International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). Their aim was to fabricate a biodegradable,
crosslinkable, and electrospinnable thermoplastic PU with two-way reversible SM behavior. As
shown in Figure 2 b, the shape fixity ratio increases with increasing fixity time and reaches about
95% after immersing into NaOH solution (75 mM) for 10 min. Feature papers are submitted upon
individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive. The other part
(transition part) is able to change its stiffness, depending on whether the right stimulus is applied,
and after programming, the deformation is plastic or quasi-plastic. Blending with PCL reduced the T
g of the corresponding EPs. Next Article in Journal Poly-Gamma-Glutamic Acid Functions as an
Effective Lubricant with Antimicrobial Activity in Multipurpose Contact Lens Care Solutions.
Foams are classified according to their cell structure: (i) open cell (permeable), (ii) closed cell
(impermeable) and (iii) coexistence of open and closed cells. Feature papers represent the most
advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature. Journal of
Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER). Main challenges and solutions in
the manufacturing and validation stages for the development of “smart” systems based on shape-
memory polymers. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English.
The straight stripe of hydrogel was dyed in pink and green at the ends. Find support for a specific
problem in the support section of our website. The main aim of the SMPCs preparation is to improve
the electrical and thermal conductivity of SMPs without a perceptible decrease in their mechanical
properties, by adding fillers into the polymer matrix, such as carbon fillers and metals. During triple-
shape tests the R f and R r data, measured for the second shape, were lower than for the first one.
Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA). In addition, a programmable triple
shape memory performance was successfully achieved by combining the two physical interactions.
Briefly, when an electric field is applied between a needle and a collector, surface charge is induced
on the polymer fluid deforming a spherical pendant droplet to a conical shape (Taylor’s cone). Figure
19 II shows that the depth of the water-mark is less than 0.1 mm as expected. Flexibility is highly in
demand in many types of non-rigid sensors, such as stick-type of labels, in order to avoid the
problem of easy fracture, which is indeed a major problem in the SMP label reported in Figure 5.
Electrospinning for example was not yet used for SMEPs. However, their long-term repeatability,
e.g., over 1000 s of thermal cycles or more, needs to be carefully examined. 5. Conclusions As
discussed in this brief review, the SME, which is different from the SCE, has many potential
applications. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. International Journal of
Translational Medicine (IJTM). In this short review on the different modelling approaches we focus
exclusively on the behaviours of the thermally activated SMPs especially those of the epoxy-based
ones. In general, the PU-PLGA scaffold presented the best features in terms of mechanical
properties while both materials are suitable as drug delivery systems for rapamycin (Rap), revealing a
controlled release over 45 days with therapeutic dosage. 3.3. Wound Dressing Among the various
biomedical applications, SMPs as wound dressings have also been studied. Section 4 is a summary,
which includes the different approaches to utilize the SME in polymers for sensor applications, some
typical commercially available SMPs and their suppliers, together with the major concerns in their
real engineering applications and outlook for future developments. As shown, after heating, both
codes become readable and indicate void when scanned to show that both labels have been tampered
by heating. Shape-memory performances were evaluated and the fibers showed excellent shape-
memory properties with an R r value above 94% and an R f value above 98%. Next Article in
Special Issue Can Supramolecular Polymers Become Another Material Choice for Polymer Flooding
to Enhance Oil Recovery. Subsequently, the sample is cooled to room temperature with the
programming strain of ? pro fixed. After deformation of the material, due to temperature changes,
the provisional crown binds the abutment firmly, without further adaptation of the material.
Additional information on the phase structure was deduced from DMA. Subscribe to receive issue
release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals. In this case, the prestressed SMA wires,
embedded in laminate composites, undergo the phase transformation from martensite to austenite
upon curing of the composite and tend to contract. Heat-shrink films and tubes are commercially
available with different activation temperatures and mechanical properties. Review of Progress in
Shape Memory Epoxies and Their Composites. It is noteworthy that the actuation of NiTi SMA
micropumps still requires an external energy input via the electrical wires complicating their
integration into lap-on-chip devices. Among the material’s proprieties, the modulus of elasticity has
a great significance since a multiplicity of clinical settings requests a diversified range of wire
flexibility. One of the early toughening strategies was to generate rubber particles which are micron-
or nano-scaled dispersed in the EP. Next Article in Journal Metal Free Reversible-Deactivation
Radical Polymerizations: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities. Journal of Pharmaceutical and
BioTech Industry (JPBI).
For polymers with covalent permanent netpoints the crosslinking density plays an important role,
which can be quantified by means of swelling experiments or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
methods. Shape Memory Polymers as Smart Materials: A Review. During electrospinning, the fibers
underwent deformation followed by a contraction due to the decreased molecular mobility caused
by the rapid solvent evaporation, thus the electrospinning process was identified to be like the
programming cycle, while the contraction effect was identified as the recovery phase. When it is
impregnated by an SMEP the electric resistive heating of this graphene oxide paper, possessing
excellent heat conductivity, may overtake the trigger function for SM effect. All articles published
by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special.
Bruni, Alessandro, Francesca Giulia Serra, Andrea Deregibus, and Tommaso Castroflorio. Figure S9:
Cycled multiple shape memory behavior of the PAAm-CS hydrogel via CS chain-entanglement
crosslink interaction. Needless to say that for this purpose nanoparticles seem to be the right choice.
Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA). One-way shape memory effect in SMPs at
macroscopic level ( a ) and at structure level ( b ). One of the preferred thermoplastic modifier is
poly(?-caprolactone) (PCL). When the external magnetic field is applied, the resonant circuit is
heated and subsequently, the bond SMP material layer is deformed. Again, the critical bending strain
for SM testing was highly reduced by the reinforcement. Depending on the type of the polymer
structure, T trans can be the temperature of the glass transition (T g ) for the amorphous polymers or
the melting temperature (T m ) for semi-crystalline polymers and copolymers, and covalently cross-
linked polymers. The search for a single material with ideal surface properties and necessary
mechanical properties is on-going, especially with regard to cardiovascular stent materials. Due to the
gradual remodelling of alveolar bone in edentulous patients, complete dentures often require relining
their internal surface to improve their stability and adaptation to the residual ridge. It appears that at
room temperature, memory foam has the SCE. Multiple requests from the same IP address are
counted as one view. Silane surface treatment served for a better dispersion of CNF in the EP
matrix. Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI
journals from around the world. These original results indicated that a polymer without (or with
partial) shape memory effect may be transformed into a shape memory polymer without any
chemical modification. Until recently, to describe the behaviour of the SMPs three main constitutive
modelling approaches based on micro-, meso- and macro-level have been emerged and adopted. A
piece of dried glue strip ( Figure 23 I(a)) is impressed using a coin at high temperatures ( Figure 23
I(b)). They also demonstrated that the local tensile and local shear strain cumulative probabilities
versus compressive strains obey the lognormal distributions. In order to improve the heat
conductivity of the buckypaper or the corresponding nanocomposites BN was also incorporated or
blended into the EP, respectively. For more information on the journal statistics, click here. Typical
procedures for training the shape-memory of a polymeric device, involving the change from the
original or “permanent” shape to the temporary geometry, include heating processes using ovens,
hot-air guns and immersion in hot water. For example, PLA may undergo morphological changes
after gamma ray treatment such as the appearance of rougher surfaces due to cleavage. They
produced EP bilayers exhibiting triple shape memory performance. One of the early toughening
strategies was to generate rubber particles which are micron- or nano-scaled dispersed in the EP.
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER). The dissociative
covalent adaptive network is best represented when it contains thermally reversible Diels-Alder (DA)
groups. Shape Memory Polymers as Smart Materials: A Review. For a more realistic description of
the thermomechanical and SM effect of the SMP systems, the multi-branch rheological model can be
considered with an indefinite number of Maxwell elements, i.e., with an array of relaxation times,
characterized by the relaxation time spectrum. A further tool of network flexibility is given by
changing the stoichiometric ratio. International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power
(IJTPP). The specimen with higher PCL M n (4000 g mol ?1 ) with higher hard segment content (33
wt.%), which showed an R f value of 86% and an R r value of 85%, was chosen to fabricate the
ESW, revealing good moisture and air permeability due to the high porosity when kept in its
expanded state below the transition temperature. The majority of the SMPs can be fabricated by 3D
printing technologies such as the fused deposition modelling, digital light processing,
stereolithography, or polyJet. For thermosets, such as epoxies (EP), the transformation temperature is
the T g. Until recently, to describe the behaviour of the SMPs three main constitutive modelling
approaches based on micro-, meso- and macro-level have been emerged and adopted. Figure 2 gives
an impression on the temperature range in which the viscoelastic properties ( T g, glassy and rubbery
storage moduli: E g. Thermally induced SMPs’ mechanism based on T m is typical of chemically and
physically crosslinked polymers. All the patents tabulated below provided the use of a SMPs as
primary or auxiliary component in their embodiments. Please note that many of the page
functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. This can be considered as the
maximum strain threshold. T trans may be, however, at the vicinity or even below that of T g. The
SM behaviour of this SMEP composite was not influenced by the chemical structure of the liquid
crystalline EPs. Apart from 1W, also two-way (2W) SMP systems, featuring a reversible shape
change on the basis of “on-off” switching of the external stimulus, exist, as introduced later. The
authors found that the “packing” temperature had negligible effect on the unconstrained recovery but
a significant change was observed in constrained conditions. The shape memory effect (SME) in a
commercial Fresnel lens. ( a ) Surface profile of Fresnel lens after indentation. Research on modelling
of SMPs has been motivated not only by scientific interests but the design of such polymers to
specific applications can also benefit from the results obtained by various modelling approaches. A
couple of commercial products relevant to sensor applications are listed here. The material is able to
fix and recover the temporary and permanent shapes even when high deformation was applied
(100%). Sun, Li, Tao Xi Wang, Hong Mei Chen, Abhijit Vijay Salvekar, Balasundaram Selvan
Naveen, Qinwei Xu, Yiwei Weng, Xinli Guo, Yahui Chen, and Wei Min Huang. International
Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(3):1290. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information
(IJGI). A Brief Review of the Shape Memory Phenomena in Polymers and Their Typical Sensor
Applications. Thermoset SMPs have higher stiffness and dimensional stability and have better
environmental durability compared to thermoplastic SMPs. This is very surprising considering the
fact that such full-IPN systems have a broad T g range, sometimes even with two peaks due to
incompatibility. The cross-section presented in Figure 14 c reveals that the fluctuation in the depth of
our finger print (adult) is about 70 ?m, which is slightly less than that in bank coins and the
commercial anti-counterfeit label as shown in Figure 5.