GED0083

COLLEGE PHYSICS 2

FLUID MECHANICS
Engr. Karl Gallardo
 I. Density and Pressure
II. The Concept of Hydraulic Lift
Fluids III.Pascal’s Principle
IV.Archimedes’ Principle & Buoyancy
V. An Overview on Fluid Dynamics

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
Phases of Matter

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Fluid Mechanics

Fluid is any substance that can flow. A fluid can be a liquid or a gas.
Fluid Mechanics deals with the behavior of fluids (gases or liquids).
FLUID STATICS is the study of fluids
at rest or equilibrium situations.

FLUID DYNAMICS is the study of

fluids in motion.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Density
Density 𝝆 is the ratio of a body’s mass 𝑚 to its volume 𝑉, that is:

𝑚
𝜌=
𝑉
Units:
SI unit for large quantities: 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 or 𝑘𝑔/𝐿
SI unit for smaller quantities: 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 or 𝑔/𝑚𝐿
English unit: lb-m/in3

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
Density
Review of basic units:

1 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡 = 12 𝑖𝑛

For area conversion: (Just square the entire equation)

1 𝑓𝑡 2 = 12 𝑖𝑛 2
1 𝑓𝑡 2 = 144 𝑖𝑛2

For volume conversion: (Just cube the entire equation)

1 𝑓𝑡 3 = 12 𝑖𝑛 3
1 𝑓𝑡 3 = 1728 𝑖𝑛3

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
Density of Some Common Substances

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Density
1. The density of ethyl alcohol is 0.79 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 . Express in CGS and FPS systems.

a. CGS
𝑘𝑔 1000 𝑔 1 𝑚3
0.79 3 𝑥 𝑥 3 3
= 𝟕. 𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒈/𝒄𝒎𝟑
𝑚 1 𝑘𝑔 100 𝑐𝑚

b. FPS – foot-pound-second
𝑘𝑔 2.2 𝑙𝑏𝑚 1 𝑚3 2.543 𝑐𝑚3 123 𝑖𝑛3
0.79 3 𝑥 𝑥 3 3
𝑥 3
𝑥 3
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗 𝒍𝒃𝒎 /𝒇𝒕𝟑
𝑚 1 𝑘𝑔 100 𝑐𝑚 1 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑓𝑡

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Density
2. What is the mass of a solid copper ball of diameter 20.0cm and 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉
density of 8.9 x 103 kg/m3?

a. For V
Given: 4 4 1
1𝑚 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3 = 𝜋 0.1 𝑚 3 = 𝜋 𝑚3
𝑑 = 20 𝑐𝑚 𝑥 = 0.2 𝑚 3 3 750
100 𝑐𝑚
𝑟 = 0.1 𝑚
b. For m
𝜌𝐶𝑢 = 8.9 𝑥 103 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉
𝑘𝑔 𝜋
= 8.9 𝑥 103 𝑚3 𝑚3
750
= 𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝒈

0.2 𝑚

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Density (ASSIGNMENT: Short bond paper. NO
FIGURE, NO CREDIT)

SN, FN MI January 12, 2023

Section Engr. Karl Gallardo
Assignment in College Physics 2 Lec

3. A certain liquid is poured into a rectangular reservoir whose base has the
length 8 cm and width 3 cm. If the density of the liquid is 13.6 x 103 kg/m3 and
its weight in the reservoir is 22 N, find the height of the reservoir.

4. A cylindrical tube, 2.5 m high and 4.0 cm in diameter is filled with kerosene
(𝜌 = 820 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ). Assuming that the tube is full, how many kilograms of
kerosene does the tube hold?

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Density (ASSIGNMENT: Short bond paper. NO
FIGURE, NO CREDIT)

3. A certain liquid is poured into a rectangular reservoir whose base has the
length 8 cm and width 3 cm. If the density of the liquid is 13.6 x 103 kg/m3 and
its weight in the reservoir is 22 N, find the height of the reservoir.
𝑚 Note: We do not round off
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑎. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝜌 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑉 the volume since it is not
𝑙 = 8 𝑐𝑚 = 0.08 𝑚 22 𝑁
𝑊 𝑚 the quantity being asked.
𝑤 = 3 𝑐𝑚 = 0.03 𝑚 𝑚 𝑔 9.81 2
𝑠 11
ℎ =? 𝑉= = = = 𝑚3 𝑜𝑟 1.648977634 𝑥 10−4 𝑚3 The fractional form or the
𝜌 𝜌 𝑘𝑔 66708
13.6 𝑥 103 long form is acceptable
𝜌 = 13.6 𝑥 103 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑊 = 22 𝑁 here.
𝑏. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚 = 𝑙𝑤ℎ
11
𝑉 𝑚3
66708
ℎ= = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟖𝟕 𝒎 𝑜𝑟 𝟔. 𝟖𝟕 𝒄𝒎 𝑨𝒏𝒔
𝑙𝑤 (0.08 𝑚)(0.03 𝑚)
ℎ=?
3 𝑐𝑚
8 𝑐𝑚

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Density (ASSIGNMENT: Short bond paper. NO
FIGURE, NO CREDIT)
4. A cylindrical tube, 2.5 m high and 4.0 cm in diameter is filled with kerosene
(𝜌 = 820 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ). Assuming that the tube is full, how many kilograms of Note: We do not
kerosene does the tube hold? round off the
4.0 𝑐𝑚 volume since it is
Given: not the quantity
𝑑 4.0 𝑐𝑚 being asked. The
𝑟= = = 2.0 𝑐𝑚 = 0.02 𝑚 a. Solving for V
2 2 𝜋 fractional form or
ℎ = 2.5 𝑚 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝜋 0.02 𝑚 2
2.5 𝑚 = 𝑚3 the long form is
1000
𝑘𝑔 acceptable here.
𝜌 = 820 3
2.5 𝑚 𝑚 b. Solving for m
𝑚 =? 𝑘𝑔 𝜋
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉 = 820 𝑚3 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝒈 𝑨𝒏𝒔
𝑚3 1000

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Density
Specific Gravity or Relative Density 𝝆𝒓 is the ratio of a body’s
density and density of pure water which is equal to 1.0 g/cc or
1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , that is:
𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝜌𝑟 =
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
If 𝜌𝑟 > 1, the object will sink.
Otherwise, the object will float.

Importance: Through specific gravity, one will know the nature of a substance.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
Which of the following will float/sink in water?

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Pressure
Pressure P is the ratio of force per unit area, that is:

𝑭
𝑷=
𝑨
❖ Where P is the pressure, F is the perpendicular force applied to a certain area A
❖ A scalar quantity since its directions act randomly throughout the container of the fluid

Units:
SI unit MKS: 𝟏 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐥 (𝑷𝒂) = 𝟏 𝑵/𝒎𝟐
SI unit: 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 (𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦)
English unit: 𝑙𝑏𝑓 /𝑖𝑛2 or psi

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
Pressure Units
Name of Unit Unit Conversion

Pascal Pa 1 N/m2

Bar Bar 100 kPa

Atmosphere atm 101 325 Pa

1
Millimeter of Mercury mmHg atm
760

Torr Torr 1 mmHg

Pound per Square Inch psi 1 lbf/in2

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
QUESTION!!

What’s the difference

when you feel
stressed and when
you feel pressured?

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Stress vs. Pressure
Stress Pressure
𝑭 𝑭
𝝈= 𝑷=
𝑨 𝑨

Source: Physics LibreTexts

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Pressure
1. The two feet of a 70.0 kg person covers an area of 6.00 x 102 cm2.
a. Determine the pressure exerted by his two feet on the ground in kPa.
Given:
𝑚 = 70.0𝑘𝑔
𝑚
𝑤 = 70.0𝑘𝑔 9.81 = 686.7 𝑁
𝑠2
1 𝑚2
𝐴 = 6.00 𝑥 102 𝑐𝑚2 𝑥 1002 𝑐𝑚2 = 0.06 𝑚

𝐹 686.7 𝑁 1 𝑘𝑃𝑎
∴ 𝑃=𝐴= = 11445 𝑃𝑎 𝑥 1000 𝑃𝑎 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝑷𝒂
0.06 𝑚

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Pressure
1. The two feet of a 70.0 kg person covers an area of 6.00 x 102 cm2.
b. If the person stands on one foot, what will the pressure be under that foot?
Given:
𝑚 = 70.0𝑘𝑔
𝑚
𝑤 = 70.0𝑘𝑔 9.81 2 = 686.7 𝑁
𝑠
𝐴 = 0.03 𝑚

𝐹 686.7 𝑁 1 𝑘𝑃𝑎
∴ 𝑃= = = 22890 𝑃𝑎 𝑥 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝑷𝒂
𝐴 0.03 𝑚 1000 𝑃𝑎

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Pressure
2. Tsabellita notices that when she stood on the beach sand, she felt she was being
dragged down by the sand. But when she lay her whole body down, she didn’t feel
the same phenomenon. Why is that?

Ans. Her feet carry her whole mass and weight hence the
pressure will be greater in her two feet, but if she lies down the
sand, her weight (downward force) will be distributed all
throughout the surface, exerting an amount of pressure much
less than that compared to when she’s standing.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Pressure
3. Calculate the maximum force in N exerted by the blood on an aneurysm, or
ballooning, in a major artery, given the maximum blood pressure for this person is
150 mmHg and the effective area of the aneurysm is 20.0 cm2. Note that this force is
great enough to cause further enlargement and subsequently greater force on the
ever-thinner vessel wall.
Given:
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 101 325 𝑃𝑎
𝑃 = 150 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 = 19998.35526 𝑃𝑎
760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚

2
1 𝑚
𝐴 = 20 𝑐𝑚2 𝑥 2 2
= 2 𝑥 10−3 𝑚2
100 𝑐𝑚

∴ 𝐹 = 𝑃𝐴 = 19998.35526 𝑃𝑎 2 𝑥 10−3 𝑚2 = 𝟒𝟎 𝑵

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Pressure
When weight is spread over a
small area, it exerts a high
pressure.
Source: https://www.medic.com

When weight is spread over a

large area, it exerts a low
pressure.

Pressure tells us Source: High Street Journal

how concentrated
a force is.
Source: Britannica Encyclopedia

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Fluid Pressure
A liquid or gas cannot sustain a shearing stress—it is only
restrained by a boundary. Thus, it will exert a force
against and perpendicular to that boundary.

The force F exerted by a fluid on

the walls of its container always
acts perpendicular to the walls.

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/nosuhaila/chapter2-24683465

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Fluid Pressure
Water seeks its own level, indicating that fluid pressure
is independent of area and shape of its container.

At any depth h below the

surface of the water in any
column, the pressure P is the
same. The shape and area
are not factors.
Source: https://www.slideshare.net/nosuhaila/chapter2-24683465

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Pressure in Fluids

1. Atmospheric Pressure (𝑷𝒐 𝒐𝒓 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎 )

❖ Also called as barometric pressure or air pressure
F
❖ 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101 325 Pa
❖ Average air pressure at sea level (1 atm)
A ❖ Comparable to 𝒈 used as a unit of acceleration due to gravity
h but it is not constant due to differences in altitude

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkDhlzA-lwI

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Pressure in Fluids
1. Atmospheric Pressure (𝑷𝒐 𝒐𝒓 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎 )

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Pressure in Fluids

2. Gauge Pressure (𝑷𝒈 )

❖ computed pressure at a specific depth in the fluid or
F
the measured pressure in the container

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Gauge Pressure
Suppose we have a tank filled with fluid with density ρ.
The tank is filled up to a height “h” with a cross-sectional area “A”

The pressure in a static fluid arise from the weight

F and level of the fluid, given by the expression:
Recall:

A = 16 𝑷𝒈 = 𝝆𝒈𝒉 𝒎 = 𝝆𝑽
and
h=4
Derivation: 𝑽 = 𝑨𝒉
F mg 𝜌Vg 𝜌𝑔 (𝑨ℎ)
𝑃𝑔 = = = = = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
A 𝐴 𝐴 𝑨

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Pressure in Fluids

3. Absolute Pressure (𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔 𝒐𝒓 𝑷𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 )

❖ Also called total pressure
F
❖ When any pressure is detected above the absolute zero of
pressure, it is labelled as absolute pressure.
A ❖ Symbolically,
h

𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝑷𝒐 + 𝝆𝒈𝒉

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Pressure in Fluids
1. Compare the total pressure at the bottom of a swimming pool of
depth 3.00m if it’s filled with fresh water and seawater.
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝑘𝑔 a. For the freshwater
𝜌𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1000 3 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝑚 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 101 325 𝑃𝑎 + 1000 𝑚3 9.81 𝑠2 3 𝑚 = 130 755 𝑃𝑎
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1030 3
𝑚
ℎ =3𝑚 b. For the seawater
𝑃𝑜 = 101 325 𝑃𝑎
𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 101 325 𝑃𝑎 + 1030 3 9.81 2 3 𝑚 = 131 637.9 𝑃𝑎
𝑚 𝑠

Based on the computed values, the pressure at the bottom of the

seawater is greater than that of the freshwater in the pool. The denser
the fluid, the greater pressure.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Pressure in Fluids
2. What is the water pressure at the bottom of the Marianas trench
which is 11.3 km deep?
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝜌𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1030 3 𝑃𝑔 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 1030 9.81 11300 𝑚 = 114 178 590 𝑃𝑎
𝑚 𝑚3 𝑠2
1000 𝑚
ℎ = 11.3 𝑘𝑚 𝑥 = 11300 𝑚
1 𝑘𝑚

Note:
Air is absent at the deepest parts of the ocean, hence there is no atmospheric
pressure. Marine scientists use highly protective and adaptive underwater
vehicles and equipment that can handle this high pressure below sea level.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 GED0083
COLLEGE PHYSICS 2

PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE
Engr. Karl Gallardo
The Concept of Hydraulic Lift

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDlIshNfHZA

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE

Blaise Pascal
❖ June 19, 1623-August 19, 1662
❖ French mathematician, physicist, religious philosopher, and
master of prose
❖ Laid the foundation for the modern theory of probabilities
❖ Formulated what came to be known as Pascal’s
principle of pressure
❖ Propagated a religious doctrine that taught the experience of God
through the heart rather than through reason.

Source: www.britannica.com

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE
Pascal’s Principle states that an external pressure exerted to an
enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished and uniformly to
every point of the fluid and to the walls of the confining vessel.

𝑃1 = 𝑃2

𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝐴1 𝐴2
Image source: www.studiousguy.com

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE 𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝐴1 𝐴2
e.g.
1. The large piston in a hydraulic lifter has a radius of 20cm. What force must be applied to the small piston
of radius 2 cm to raise a car of mass 1500 kg?
Given: a. Solving for area of the smaller piston:
𝑟1 = 2 𝑐𝑚 = 0.02 𝑚 A1 = 𝜋𝑟12 = 𝜋 0.02 2 = 4𝑥10−4 𝜋 𝑚2
𝑟2 = 20 𝑐𝑚 = 0.2 𝑚 b. For 𝐴2
𝑚
𝐹2 = 𝑚𝑔 = 1500 𝑘𝑔 9.81 𝑠2 = 14715 𝑁 A2 = 𝜋𝑟22 = 𝜋 0. 2 2 = 0.04 𝜋 𝑚2
𝐹1 = ? c. For 𝐹1
𝐹2 𝐴1 (14715 𝑁)(4𝑥10−4 𝝅 𝑚2 )
𝐹1 = = = 𝟏𝟒𝟕. 𝟏𝟓 𝑵 𝑨𝒏𝒔
𝐴2 0.04 𝝅 𝑚2

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE

Assignment: (Pls copy and answer) - For TN31 and TN33 only
1. A small piston exerted 6800 N to lift a 3500-kg car. If the diameter of the large piston is 0.9 m,
calculate the diameter of the small piston.

2. The area of the small piston of a hydraulic lifter is one-fourth of that of the large piston. If 1200 N
is exerted to the small piston to lift an equipment and if the diameter of the large piston is 10 cm,
find the mass of the equipment.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 GED0083/L
COLLEGE PHYSICS 2
& LAB

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
Engr. Karl Gallardo
 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

Archimedes
❖ 287 BCE—died 212/211 BCE
❖ Important for his discovery of the relation between the surface and
volume of a sphere and its circumscribing cylinder.
❖ Known for his formulation of a hydrostatic principle (known
as Archimedes’ principle)
❖ Known for the device for raising water, still used, known as
the Archimedes screw.

Source: www.britannica.com

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
What is a buoyant force?

https://www.chrispiuma.com/crosswords/2020/9/23/blinkingguygif

The force that pushes the ice and the ship upwards is the BUOYANT FORCE.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
Archimedes’ Principle states that a body wholly or partially immersed in a liquid is buoyed up by a
force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. This is the buoyant force.

How did Archimedes come up to this principle?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijj58xD5fDI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05WkCPORlj4

https://sites.google.com/site/cnuzumphysics/fluid-mechanics/fluids-and-buoyant-force

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
Buoyant Force (Fb) is the net upward force that a fluid exerts on an immersed object, floating, or submerged.
This is also the apparent loss in weight of the object.

𝐹𝑏 = 𝑚𝑓 𝑔 Where 𝑚𝑓 = mass of the displaced fluid

However, the mass of a fluid could be difficult to

𝐹𝑏 = 𝜌𝑓 𝑉𝑓 𝑔 measure, hence the mass’s equivalent through the
fluid’s density and volume would be used.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
Buoyant Force derived from pressure
The buoyant force 𝐹𝑏 is also due to the difference of
pressure Δ𝑃 between the top and bottom surfaces of
the submerged block.
𝐹𝑏
Δ𝑃 =
𝐴
𝐹𝑏
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 =
𝐴
𝐹𝑏
𝜌𝑔ℎ2 − 𝜌𝑔ℎ1 = https://www.slideshare.net/johnryanrizal/chapter15-a?qid=783b9047-7f59-405c-8a1e
𝐴 629327afd5ba&v=&b=&from_search=7

𝑨 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 𝜌𝑔 = 𝐹𝑏
𝑽𝜌𝑔 = 𝐹𝑏 𝐹𝑏 = 𝜌𝑓 𝑉𝑓 𝑔

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
On the figure, the cubic block is completely submerged. Hence,

𝑉𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 = 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡

Also the weight of the object is:
𝑤𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 𝒎𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝑔 = 𝝆𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝑽𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝑔

Dividing 𝐹𝐵 by 𝑤𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 , we obtain:

𝐹𝑏 𝜌𝑓 𝒈 𝑽𝒇
=
𝑤𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝒈 𝑽𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 https://www.slideshare.net/johnryanrizal/chapter15-a?qid=783b9047-7f59-405c-8a1e-
629327afd5ba&v=&b=&from_search=7

𝜌𝑓
𝐹𝑏 = 𝑤𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
𝜌𝑓
𝐹𝑏 = 𝑤𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
Types of Buoyancy
1. Positive Buoyancy. If 𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 < 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 , the object will float since 𝐹𝑏 will be greater than or equal to 𝑤𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 .
Example: 𝑭𝒃 > 𝒘𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 : of wood in water (partially submerged);
𝑭𝒃 = 𝒘𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 ∶ Leaf on water
2. Negative Buoyancy. If 𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 > 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 , the object will sink since 𝐹𝑏 will be less than 𝑤𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 .
Example: Rock in oil
3. Neutral Buoyancy. If 𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 , the object will be in equilibrium at any depth.
Example: Submarines

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 SUMMARY
Formula 1: Given the densities of the fluid and object, and the weight of the object

𝜌𝑓
𝐹𝑏 = 𝑤𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
Formula 2: Given the density of the fluid and volume of the object. Note that 𝑣𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 𝑣𝑓 if the object is fully submerged.

𝐹𝑏 = 𝜌𝑓 𝑉𝑓 𝑔
Formula 3: Given the object’s weight in the air and in the fluid. By definition, buoyant force is the apparent
loss in weight of the object when immersed in fluid.

𝐹𝑏 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Air Buoyancy
Hot air balloons experience a positive buoyant force
where its own weight is being overpowered by the
weight of the fluid it displaces.

What is that fluid?

A balloon has a maximum height it can reach

depending on the maximum air it can handle.

Source: Encyclopedia Britannica

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
FORMULAS
1. A 2-kg brass block is attached to a string and submerged underwater. Find the buoyant
𝑘𝑔 𝜌𝑓
force and the tension in the rope. The density of brass is 8.6 𝑥 103 3 . 𝐹𝑏 =
𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑤𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑚
Given: Since the forces are in equilibrium, 𝐹𝑏 = 𝜌𝑓 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑔
𝑚 = 2 𝑘𝑔
𝑻 + 𝑭𝒃 = 𝑾
𝜌𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 8.6 𝑥 103 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 𝐹𝑏 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

a. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑏 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡

𝑇 𝐹𝑏 Using formula#1
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑓 1000 𝑚
𝐹𝑏 = 𝑤𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 𝑚3 2𝑘𝑔 9.81 = 2.281395349 𝑁
𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑘𝑔 𝑠2
8.6 𝑥 103 3
𝑚

Using formula#2 (Since the object is submerged, 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 . )

𝑘𝑔 2 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝑊 𝐹𝑏 = 𝜌𝑓 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑔 = 𝜌𝑓 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗 𝑔 = 1000 3 𝑘𝑔 9.81 = 2.281395349 𝑁
𝑚 8.6 𝑥 103 3 𝑠2
𝑚

b. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑇
𝑚
𝑇 = 𝑊 − 𝐹𝑏 = 2 𝑘𝑔 9.81 𝑠2 − 2.281395349 𝑁 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟑𝟒 𝑵

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
FORMULAS
𝜌𝑓
𝐹𝑏 = 𝑤𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡

𝐹𝑏 = 𝜌𝑓 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑔

What if the block of brass was 𝐹𝑏 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡

not fully submerged?
Will the buoyant force be the
same?

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 FLOATING OBJECTS
RECALL: FORMULAS
𝜌𝑓
Positive Buoyancy. If 𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 < 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 , the object will float since 𝐹𝑏 will be greater than or equal 𝐹𝑏 =
𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑤𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
to 𝑤𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 .
𝐹𝑏 = 𝜌𝑓 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑔
Example: 𝑭𝒃 > 𝒘𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 : block of wood in water (partially submerged);
𝐹𝑏 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑭𝒃 = 𝒘𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 ∶ Leaf on water
𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡

𝑭𝒃 = 𝒘𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 → 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 FLOATING OBJECTS
FORMULAS
𝑭𝒃 = 𝒘𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝐹𝑏 =
𝜌𝑓
𝑤𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡

𝜌𝑓 𝑉𝑓 𝒈 = 𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗 𝒈 𝐹𝑏 = 𝜌𝑓 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑔

Dividing both sides of the equation by 𝜌𝑓 and 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗 : 𝐹𝑏 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
For fully submerged objects:

𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡

= For floating objects:

𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗

𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗 𝜌𝑓 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑉𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗
=
𝜌𝑓

Note that here, 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 ≠ 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 since the object is not fully submerged,
but 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑉𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 .

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
FORMULAS
1. A 2-kg brass block is attached to a string and half of it is submerged underwater (pure
𝜌𝑓
water). Find the buoyant force and the tension in the rope. The density of brass is 𝐹𝑏 =
𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑤𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑘𝑔
8.6 𝑥 103 3 . Given: 𝐹𝑏 = 𝜌𝑓 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑔
𝑚
𝑚 = 2 𝑘𝑔 Since the forces are balanced or in equilibrium,
𝜌𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 8.6 𝑥 103 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑻 + 𝑭𝒃 = 𝑾 𝐹𝑏 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

a. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑏 For fully submerged objects:

𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑇 𝐹𝑏
Using formula#2 (Since the object is partially submerged, 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑉 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 . )
𝑘𝑔 1 2 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝐹𝑏 = 𝜌𝑓 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑔 = 𝜌𝑓 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗 𝑔 = 1000 3 ∙ 9.81 = 1.14069765 𝑁
𝑚 2 8.6 𝑥 103 𝑘𝑔 𝑠2
𝑚3

b. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑇
𝑚
𝑊 𝑇 = 𝑊 − 𝐹𝑏 = 2 𝑘𝑔 9.81 𝑠2 − 1.14069765 𝑁 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟒𝟖 𝑵

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 FLOATING OBJECTS
FORMULAS
𝜌𝑓
2. A cork, with a volume of 4.5 𝑐𝑚3 and a density of 211 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 floats on water. How 𝐹𝑏 = 𝑤𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
much of it is submerged in %?
𝐹𝑏 = 𝜌𝑓 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑔
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
3
1 𝑚3 Solution#2 (Let x be the %) 𝐹𝑏 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 4.5 𝑐𝑚 𝑥 3 3
= 4.5 𝑥 10−6 𝑚3
100 𝑐𝑚
𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 211 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 Note: 𝑥= ∙ 100%
𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑉𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑉𝑓 = ?
211 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗 = ∙ 100%
1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
=
𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗 𝜌𝑓 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟏% For fully submerged objects:
𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗 (211 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )(4.5 𝑥 10−6 𝑚3 )
𝑉𝑓 = = 3
= 9.495 𝑥 10−7 𝑚3 The relationship
𝜌𝑓 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 For floating objects:
can be used in all 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗
=
Solving for the % (Let x be the %) liquid objects 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗 𝜌𝑓
(medium).
9.495 𝑥 10−7 𝑚3
𝑥= ∙ 100% = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟏%
4.5 𝑥 10−6 𝑚3

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 FLOATING OBJECTS
3. 25% of a filled bottle is immersed in kerosene while the rest is floating. (𝜌𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 820 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ). FORMULAS
What is the density of the filled bottle? 𝜌𝑓
𝐹𝑏 = 𝑤𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡

𝐹𝑏 = 𝜌𝑓 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑔

𝐹𝑏 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗
𝑥= 𝑥 100%
𝜌𝑓 For fully submerged objects:
𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗 = 𝑥 ∙ 𝜌𝑓
For floating objects:
𝑘𝑔 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗
=
= 0.25 820 3 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗 𝜌𝑓
𝑚

= 𝟐𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
FLOATING OBJECTS
FORMULAS
𝜌𝑓
𝐹𝑏 = 𝑤𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡

𝐹𝑏 = 𝜌𝑓 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑔

𝐹𝑏 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

For fully submerged objects:

𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡

For floating objects:

𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗
=
𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗 𝜌𝑓

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 FLUID DYNAMICS (an overview)
- Study of fluids in motion
Concepts:
1. A fluid in motion has a flow rate equal to volume per elapsed time.
2. Viscosity is the fluid’s resistance to flow due to its molecules’ friction.
3. The Law of Conservation of Energy is also applied to fluid dynamics through Bernoulli’s Principle.
4. The density of the emerging liquid will not dictate its flow speed but the altitude of the outlet—Torricelli’s Principle.
5. An ideal fluid is steady, incompressible, irrotational, and non-viscous.

Source: gfycat.com

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department