Title: How to Cite Websites in Your Literature Review

Writing a literature review is a crucial aspect of academic research, providing a comprehensive

Citing websites in a literature review requires careful attention to detail and adherence to specific
formatting guidelines, depending on the citation style preferred by your institution or publisher.
Whether you're following APA, MLA, Chicago, or another citation style, the basic elements of a
website citation typically include the author (if available), the publication date, the title of the
webpage or article, the URL, and the date accessed.

The difficulty in citing websites stems from the ever-changing nature of online content, as URLs
may change or pages may be updated or removed altogether. Additionally, determining the
credibility of online sources can be challenging, as anyone can publish content on the internet,
regardless of expertise or authority.

To ensure the accuracy and reliability of your literature review, it's essential to carefully evaluate the
websites you cite, considering factors such as the author's credentials, the publication or organization
behind the website, and the presence of citations or references to support the information provided.

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Provide website names in title case without italics after titles of work. If the literature review is part
of your dissertation or thesis, reiterate how your research addresses gaps and contributes new
knowledge, or discuss how you have drawn on existing theories and methods to build a framework
for your research. This can be especially helpful for students or scholars getting into a new research
area, or for directing an entire community of scholars toward questions that have not yet been
answered. Methods: Our study will have two parts: a scoping review and a Delphi study. This image
is not licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images
posted to the wikiHow website. Will the survey (or Delphi) be pilot tested for question and response
option clarity and language. But don’t be harsh without explanation: Smith (2014) found a return to
education in Atlantis exceeding 50%. Jennifer holds a JD from Indiana University Maurer School of
Law in 2006. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed
without permission. The literature review usually comes near the beginning of your thesis or
dissertation. Your literature review should be guided by your central research question. Our rationale
was that some appraisal tools may exist in the format of grey literature, such as agency reports and
technical support documents. Potential supplementary search methods include citation tracking,
contacting study authors or experts, handsearching, trial register searching, and web searching 10.
For instance, citation tracking may be especially beneficial in case of (i) complex searches (e.g. for
reviews on public health topics), (ii) searching for health outcome measurement instruments, or (iii)
research areas without consistent taxonomy, with vocabulary overlaps with other fields, or with a
lack of index terms in databases (e.g. methodological topics)'. Type out the first listed author’s last
name, then “and.” Next, write the second author’s last name and the pages you’re referencing. The
publisher, Twitter, is then listed in italics, followed by the date the tweet was posted in day, month,
year format. Tailored and evidence-guided recommendations concerning the use of citation tracking
are strongly needed. I wonder which of the two ways below provides in terms of the best
readability. Some useful databases to search for journals and articles include: Your university’s
library catalogue Google Scholar Project Muse (humanities and social sciences) Medline (life
sciences and biomedicine) EconLit (economics) Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)
You can also use boolean operators to help narrow down your search. Writing the Literature Review
by Sara Efrat Efron; Ruth Ravid. This image is not licensed under the Creative Commons license
applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. This step will help
you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable) show how your own research
will contribute to existing knowledge. This can be a section of a larger paper or article, or can be the
focus of an entire paper. Now I love houseguests. Usually. But when they arrived I discovered that
two of them couldn't even walk into the house. After round 1, what consensus rate (e.g., 75%) will
be used to drop an item from subsequent rounds. Work is underway to identify an assessment
process that is compatible with QESs that support decision-making. 41 For now the choice of a
checklist remains determined by interim Cochrane guidance and, beyond this, by personal preference
and experience. The section is currently vague on this critical issue. From the Online Library SAGE
Research Methods This link opens in a new window SAGE Research Methods is a web-based
research methods tool that covers quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods. If the review is
available online, a URL or DOI number will help your readers access it more easily. Literature
reflects our humanity Literature is A poem, novel, etc.
Sitemap case study creative writing presentation problem solving rewiew prompts websites tips. The
literature represents background and research developments related to a specific research question,
interpreted and analyzed by you in a synthesized way. To describe experts’ characteristics, we will
collect sociodemographic data, i.e. professional education and background, current field of work as
well as years of experience in literature searching and citation tracking. This is not true. ALWAYS
CITE in the following cases. The discussion section addresses the implications and explanation of
the results. Alan M. Rubin suggests including information about the contribution of knowledge to
knowledge and practice, the impact of the results on theory, and explanations related to unexpected
or contradictory findings. You should cite whenever you: use a direct quote use facts or statistics
that are relatively less known or relate directly to your argument. For votes whose results are
available or can be converted into numbers, we will use descriptive statistics. Use a superscript
number at the end of any sentence in which you refer to the review. We added methodological
details of the Delphi study and we now specify the number of rounds we expect to perform, the
consensus rate, anonymity of participants, and expected non-response. Plan Your Literature Review
Identify a Research Gap Define Your Research Question Search the Literature Analyze Your
Research Results Manage Research Results Write the Literature Review What is a Literature
Review. Dissemination of results Our dissemination strategy uses multiple ways to share our study
results with academic stakeholders. Reverse the order from the first author, typing their first name
followed by their last name. Reviewer comment: I had more difficulty understanding the proposed
survey. It provides a digital canvas where users can create and manipulate nodes representing
concepts or topics, and connect them with lines to show relationships and associations. The data
items included publication year, tool format (eg, checklist or rating scale), targeted study design (eg,
all NRSIs, cohort studies, etc), target interventions (eg, all or surgical interventions), originality (ie,
whether a tool was developed based on an existing tool) and scope. Analyzing Your Research
Results You have completed your research and discovered many, many academic articles on your
topic. Citing a Book. When quoting a book in a paper, you must cite the author’s name and page
number. It is how you give credit to the author for their creative and intellectual works that you
referenced as support for your research. Purpose: It serves to provide a comprehensive overview of
the current state of knowledge within a particular field. Eligibility criteria for articles and grey
literature to identify relevant tools An article or grey literature document was included if it described
one or more appraisal tools. Read and summarize each source with an eye toward analyzing
authority, currency, coverage, methodology, and relationship to other works. However, none of the
tools addressed concerns in all items, not even briefly. Include each of the key concepts or variables
you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list as you
discover new keywords in the process of your literature search. Have your voice and perspective at
the forefront rather than merely summarizing others' work. Select Process, Cycle, Hierarchy, or
Relationship to see templates. The title of the web page or article is placed in quotation marks with a
period before the end quotation. Data analysis. We will use descriptive statistics for votes for which
results are numeric or can be converted into numbers. Geared towards the needs of nurses and
medical professionals. What is the author's purpose in writing this article. For example co-citation is
searched alone and in combination with other terms - it only needs to be searched alone.
Studies without an explicitly specified research context are also eligible. ' This seems contradictory.
The Hornet Style Book is a condensed summary of research and documentation guidelines.
Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Flow chart for the inclusion and exclusion
of appraisal tools for non-randomised studies of interventions Characteristics of appraisal tools As
shown in table 1, 18 (37%) tools were published between 2002 and 2010, while 31 (63%) tools were
published thereafter. A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. If you
need help figuring out key terms and where to search, ask us. After this, type the italicized book title,
capitalizing only the first words of the title and subtitle. That is, it represents a synthesis of the
evidence that provides background information on your topic and shows a association between the
evidence and your research question. Dissemination of results - it might be useful to also to try to
present results at conferences of systematic review experts - Cochrane Colloquium and the Health
Technology Assessment International (HTAi) conferences. You can use our free APA Reference
Generator for quick, correct, consistent citations. In-Text Citations. Must correspond to the Works
Cited page. Add a comma after the parentheses, type out the page numbers, and then close the
citation with a period. It aims at identifying references cited by a seed reference - which can easily
be achieved by checking the reference list. Citation tracking may be an effective way to complement
electronic database searches and to broaden the scope of possible findings. For each publication, ask
yourself: What question or problem is the author addressing. D’Andrea et al identified 44 tools
evaluating the comparative safety and effectiveness of medications, and only assessed whether or
not these tools addressed methodological quality in eight domains. 13 In another review, Ma et al
elaborated for what types of study design a tool was suited. 46 For example, for cohort studies, they
encouraged using five tools, while discouraged the use of another two. We will therefore not apply
for ethical approval of the expert Delphi study. Chronological The simplest approach is to trace the
development of the topic over time. He holds a law degree from UC College of the Law, San
Francisco, and a BA in Political Science from the University of California-Berkeley. If the journal
has a volume number, add it after the title with no intervening punctuation. Introduction: 'health-
related systematic literature searching'. Referencing your sources means systematically showing.
Another finding of our research was that whether and to what extent a quality concern was
addressed by a tool partly depended on the tool purpose. Next, add a comma and type out the next
author’s name, first name first, last name second. Therefore, tool users who assess NRSIs beyond
methodological quality or reporting should consider criteria in addition to those mentioned in our
study, for selecting a tool. Finally, tailored and evidence-based recommendations concerning the use
of citation tracking for systematic literature searching may guide future steps in semi-automated and
automated literature retrieval methods 43, 44. The authors propose using appropriate methods (and
reporting) for conducting the scoping review. For instance, citation tracking may be beneficial in
research areas that require complex searches such as reviews of complex interventions, mixed-
methods reviews, qualitative evidence syntheses, or reviews on public health topics. The Conclusion
section usually addresses bigger picture. You should cite whenever you: use a direct quote use facts
or statistics that are relatively less known or relate directly to your argument. What would you have
done if you'd been in my place.
Be selective. Highlight only the most important and relevant points from a source in your review.
This includes but isn't limited to books, journal articles, web pages, reports, data, statistics, speeches,
lectures, personal interviews, etc. Data charting process: I realise it is difficult to know what will
happen but the authors description is not very clear about their plans 'We aim for an iterative data
extraction process, but in the final publication, we will provide a detailed overview of extracted data
items.' What is an 'iterative data extraction process' - what might it look like and what does it
involve. Here are some basic rules: (Rephrased from University of Essex material, as seen in
Department of Economics, EC100 Economics for Business Handbook 2017-18, accessed on 20 July
2019, pp. 15-16) Do not submit anything that is not your own work. Snowballing In the second
approach, we searched for published reviews on appraisal tools for NRSIs. It aims at identifying
references cited by a seed reference - which can easily be achieved by checking the reference list.
Annotated bibliography components: A citation for the information source A summary of the source
A reflection on how you think you will use the source in your project Annotated bibliographies look
at individual sources. The UMN Center for Writing also has online help and consultations. Examples
of academic journals that contain scholarly articles: Define your research question Selecting a
research topic can be overwhelming. WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPIC Rapid
Qualitative Evidence Synthesis (QES) is a relatively recent innovation in evidence synthesis and few
published examples currently exists. All other authors (IS, JN, CH, FC) contributed to revisions of
the document. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach.
Potential supplementary search methods include citation tracking, contacting study authors or
experts, handsearching, trial register searching, and web searching 10. It was intended to provide
style and format guidelines for editors of peer-reviewed biology journals. You should aim to read
and cite peer-reviewed articles in reputable economics journals. (Journals in other fields such as
Finance, Marketing and Political Science may also be useful.) These papers have a certain credibility
as they have been checked by several referees and one or more editors before being published. (In
fact, the publication process in Economics is extremely lengthy and difficult.) Which journals are
“reputable”. Writing literature reviews is a particularly important skill if you want to apply for
graduate school or pursue a career in research. This occurs three times and for each occurrence I
suggest rewording as follows for clarity: 'literature searching for systematic reviews of health and
health-related topics'. Just invert the first and last name of the first listed author. If you are writing
the literature review as part of your dissertation or thesis, reiterate your central problem or research
question and give a brief summary of the scholarly context. Your literature review should explain:
what has been done already to address your topic and related questions, putting your work in
perspective, and what techniques others have used, what are their strengths and weaknesses, and
how might they be relevant tools for your own analysis. Figure 4.2: Take notes on this as you read,
and write them up. 4.2 What previous work is relevant. The discussion section addresses the
implications and explanation of the results. Alan M. Rubin suggests including information about the
contribution of knowledge to knowledge and practice, the impact of the results on theory, and
explanations related to unexpected or contradictory findings. Type the last name of the author of the
review, followed by a comma. In order to reference these sources properly, you’ll need to know how
to cite them in bibliographies (also called Works Cited or reference lists), as well as parenthetical in-
text citations or footnotes. Current research is built upon past research findings and discoveries. The
team could limit data extraction to minimal essential items. They may also consider re-using
descriptive details and findings previously extracted within previous well-conducted QES ( table 2,
item R14). Be clear: which part of your paper is your own work and what is cited from others.
Reviewer comment: Box 1 - it might be helpful in the absence of subject headings and the focus on
searching mainly in titles to also search the author keywords field. If it has a subtitle place a colon
and capitalize the first word of the subtitle. Step 3: Read Critically Before reading the article, ask
yourself the following: What is my research question. Synthesis Matrix Template (VCU Libraries) A
word document from VCU Libraries that will help you create your own Synthesis Matrix.
A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and theses)
related to a specific topic or research question. The literature review is a written explanation by you,
the author, of the research already done on the topic, question or issue at hand. All of these might be
useful to cite, however. ? False. You need to cite any content and ideas that are not your own. ?
Answers: 1, 5, and 6. This allows a flexible and study-specific data extraction process, e.g. by adding
previously neglected data extraction items that might contribute to the overall body of knowledge to
the data extraction form.’ Reviewer comment: Data collection 'preferred taxonomy' - again, I suggest
the word you mean is 'terminology' not 'taxonomy'. Should the tool prove to be beneficial for
reducing the screening load, we will consider conducting a more sensitive database search at a later
stage and screen additional results with ASReview. We hope our revisions now fully meet your
concerns. Publication Type cannot be 'Any' when there are publication types listed as ineligible. Take
notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review. Is this correct? I confirm
that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm
that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined
above. We will iteratively repeat citation tracking on newly identified records to include until no
further eligible references will be identified. Keep careful notes so that you may track your thought
processes during the research process. Economists spend a lot of time thinking about how to rank
and compare journals (there are so many papers written about this topic that they someone could start
a “Journal of Ranking Economics Journals”. Cite Resources When to cite: You must cite the source
for any information or ideas that are not your own. However, be careful not to take material from
course notes without properly citing it. (Better yet, try to find the original paper that the course notes
are referring to.) Textbooks serve as another extremely useful jumping off point. This is the order that
the authors have agreed to, and whose name is listed first is important. For votes whose results are
available or can be converted into numbers, we will use descriptive statistics. Type the last name of
the author of the review, followed by a comma. For example, a tool addressing concerns on RoB
may focus less on Study objective, which is relatively more difficult to be directly linked to a well-
defined type of bias. Some databases to search for journals and articles include: Your university’s
library catalogue Google Scholar Project Muse (humanities and social sciences) Medline (life
sciences and biomedicine) EconLit (economics) Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)
You can use boolean operators to help narrow down your search: Read the abstract to find out
whether an article is relevant to your question. In contrast, forward citation tracking or chaining aims
at identifying citing references, i.e. references that cite a seed reference 19. Since footnotes are full
bibliographic citations, all the information you need is already there. For example, if you are
reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key themes might include
healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.
STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY This literature review identified 49 appraisal
tools for non-randomised studies of interventions, through both the systematic approach (ie,
database search) and the non-systematic approaches (ie, snowballing and grey literature search). It
can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography, where you compile full citation information and
write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. For these sources, you’ll write out the
last names and initials of the first 6 authors listed on the title page. The introduction section focuses
on setting up the problem. It is copying half of one sentence and pasting it with half of another
sentence. If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you
to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. Some useful databases to search for journals
and articles include: Your university’s library catalogue Google Scholar Project Muse (humanities
and social sciences) Medline (life sciences and biomedicine) EconLit (economics) Inspec (physics,
engineering and computer science) You can also use boolean operators to help narrow down your
search. According to current recommendations, systematic search approaches should include both
electronic database searching and one or several supplementary search methods 9.
The purpose of a literature review is to offer a comprehensive review of scholarly literature on a
specific topic along with an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of authors' arguments.
Reviewer comment: For the survey, do the authors have an estimated sample size they are aiming
for. Identifying the inquiry and stating the problem (Practical Researc. Chapter 2. Identifying the
inquiry and stating the problem (Practical Researc. Types of reviews 1. Define your research question
2. Design Literature review through three approaches: systematic search of journal articles,
snowballing search of reviews on appraisal tools and grey literature search on websites of health
technology assessment. Subjects include medical, nursing, and healthcare specialties. An rQES
typically focuses on direct evidence, except when only indirect evidence is available 28 ( table 2,
item R4). Furthermore, we found that appraisal tools designed for specific interventions had
potential to be transferred for general interventions. Reviewer comment: Introduction: current
'topical reviews' - suggest replacing with 'recent reviews on this topic'. Just including papers where
the topic is not clear seems arbitrary when there may be much to learn from a paper even if it has an
engineering topic, say. Conclusions Missing pertinent evidence might have an impact on the validity
of systematic reviews and, consequently, on the quality of health care 40, 41. Madaus University of
Connecticut Presentation at the Association on Higher Education and Disability Annual Conference
Baltimore, MD July 11, 2013. However, recent guidance suggests that a combination of several
methods (e.g., tracking cited, citing, co-cited and co-citing references) may be the most effective
way to use citation tracking for systematic reviewing 10. APA 7th Edition by Chelsea Post Last
Updated Feb 14, 2023 1421 views this year Chicago Notes-Bibliography Guides This is a great
guide to look at when creating a citation in the Chicago style. He holds a law degree from UC
College of the Law, San Francisco, and a BA in Political Science from the University of California-
Berkeley. In these cases, you can assume that the publisher also authored the web page (like the
example above). Backward citation tracking is the oldest form of citation tracking. After identifying
the eligible studies, one researcher (MH) extracted the name of the tools and downloaded them by
tracking study citations. Real world examples of common source types in Chicago style. Type the
name of the publisher after the author's last name, followed by a comma. Our recommendations
derive from current QES guidance, 5 evidence on modified QES methods, 8 13 and practical
experience. 14 15 This paper presents an overview of considerations and recommendations as
described in table 2. Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that changed
the direction of the field. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological
approach. Unleashing the Power of AI Tools for Enhancing Research, International FDP on.
Participants will not receive an incentive for participation. Also explains how a literature review
differs from an annotated bibliography, in that an annotated bibliography lists and evaluates sources
individually, whereas a literature review is a synthesized analysis of sources. Reviewer comment:
Introduction: 'However, recent guidance suggests that combining several citation tracking methods
(e.g. screening cited, citing, co-cited and co-citing references) may be the most effective way to use
citation tracking for systematic reviewing.' Please cite the guidance. He recived a MA in Secondary
Education and Teaching from Stanford University’s Graduate School of Education. It is also helpful
to consult module (course) notes and syllabi from the relevant field. Economists have long debated
the nature of this “Phillips curve” relationship.
A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. Two reviewers will
independently perform study selection. Then, type the name of the publisher of the larger work,
followed by a comma. This can be a section of a larger paper or article, or can be the focus of an
entire paper. All of these might be useful to cite, however. ? False. You need to cite any content and
ideas that are not your own. ? Answers: 1, 5, and 6. This means drawing connections between
sources to create a picture of the scholarly conversation on a topic over time. Include the authors last
name year of publication and specific part usually page number for a quote. This feature can be used
to broaden search results, although some results may not be relevant. ASReview combines machine
(deep) learning models on a set of eligible studies with active learning on manual selections during
title-abstract screening to generate a relevancy-ranked abstract list and to save screening time. To
provide context to your research and demonstrate that your paper is well-researched. She has worked
in digital marketing, libraries, and publishing. Box 1 - with the focus on searching in the titles, the
use of such close adjacency does not seem warranted - it would be more sensitive to use AND for
title searching. If the website or webpage truly does not have an author substitute the title of the
page for the author in the in-text citation and reference list entry see this post on missing reference
pieces for examples of how to do this. Rich studies are often found in specialist qualitative research
or social science journals. For the website used in the example above, the in-text citation would be
written as follows. Natural language words or short phrases that describe a concept or idea Can
retrieve too few or irrelevant results due to full-text searching (What words would an author use to
write about this topic?) Provide flexibility in a search Must consider synonyms or related terms to
improve search results TIP: Build a Keyword List Example: The keyword list above was developed
to find resources that discuss how texting while driving results in accidents. Literature Review
Citation Styles What is a citation. We expect that experts will invest around 30 to 90 minutes per
Delphi round depending on the underpinning aim of the Delphi round as well as experts’ familiarity
and experiences with the topic. A literature review is a summary of the published work in a field of
study. EBSCO ProQuest The short video below provides a demonstration of how to use limiters to
refine a list of search results. For example, the guidelines manual of the National Institute for Health
and Care Excellence (NICE) stated that: “The study addresses an appropriate and clearly focused
question”. 41 The tool did not explain the standard of appropriateness and clearness. You might
argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to
create a framework for your research. Type the last name of the author of the essay, followed by a
comma. The project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and
innovation programme under grant agreement No 825162. This will allow a flexible and study-
specific data extraction process, e.g., by adding previously neglected data extraction items that might
contribute to the overall body of knowledge to the data extraction form. Session Overview. What are
annotated bibliographies and literature reviews. Given the heterogeneity of tools, we suggest users
following a two-step approach when selecting a tool. To screen the results of the citation tracking
step, we will consider ASReview, particularly if the number of references exceeds 1000. Annotated
Bibliography and Literature Reviews (Stetson Writing Center) This Writing Center handout describes
annotated bibliographies and literature reviews and how to write them. 17 - what is a literature
review from Joshua Vossler on Vimeo. Overall, I think more details are required for the proposed
Delphi methods.