Software Quality Assessment Using Flexibility: A Systematic Literature Review

A literature review is a critical component of any research project, providing a comprehensive

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The process of conducting a literature review on software quality assessment using flexibility
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topic. Once identified, these sources must be carefully analyzed and synthesized to extract key
findings, themes, and trends in the field. This requires a thorough understanding of the subject
matter and the ability to critically evaluate the quality and relevance of the literature.

Furthermore, conducting a systematic literature review requires adherence to rigorous

methodological standards to ensure the validity and reliability of the findings. This includes clearly
defining inclusion and exclusion criteria, conducting comprehensive searches across multiple
databases, and employing systematic techniques for data extraction and analysis.

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This research serves as a basis for future relevant studies. Few studies or sparse data, or both, may
lead to different groupings of interventions, populations or outcomes. Vote counting says that H0 is
rejected if ratio of the number of reported positive significant effect sizes and total number of
reported effect size are larger than 0.5. The table shows the result of hypothesis test for some metrics
in Fault proneness studies. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2008
Apr. A grade of the overall quality of the body of evidence for each outcome (which may vary by
outcome). Systematic Reviews: Step 7: Extract Data from Included Studies In this step of the
systematic review, you will develop your evidence tables, which give detailed information for each
study (perhaps using a PICO framework as a guide), and summary tables, which give a high-level
overview of the findings of your review. This slide presents the result of studies search and selection
process. Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD). The PACMAD’s usability model
contains error, measuring the error’s nature and frequency. The first one comprised nine keywords
related to the OEE formulation, availability, performance, quality, downtime, speed loss, etc.
Categories of service quality dimensions differ among scholars. This research aims to see the trend of
the model and the method of the measurement of the software in the last 10-year period. Overall
equipment effectiveness (OEE) application contribution by area. Implementation science training and
resources for nurses and nurse scientists. Prisma Flow Diagram This link will take you to
downloadable Word and PDF copies of the flow diagram. The purpose of this effort is ultimately to
develop a quantitative metric for software quality. Correlation analysis investigates the extent to
which changes in the value of a variable (such as value of complexity metric in a class) are associated
with changes in another variable (such as number of defect in a class). Usability can measure the
complexity of the contents of the mGovernment application and how it can be managed to fit with
the end-users’ general devices. The purpose of this study is to review and analyze the evolution of
OEE, present modifications made over the original model and identify future development areas. A
focused literature review generally will describe the implications of choosing a particular element of
past research, such as methodology in terms of data collection, analysis and interpretation. The
process used to undertake these steps is rarely described in reviews, yet can require many subjective
decisions about the nature and similarity of the PICO elements of the included studies. This can be a
new and potentially challenging experience for students and researchers who are used to just
repeating what is already in the literature. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management
19 ( 5 ): 474 - 494. It is intended to show the research process from search to abstract review to full
text selection. Third, identify patterns in approaches to your topic. This standardization includes
applying the labels and terminology used to articulate the PICO for each synthesis ( Chapter 3 ), and
structuring the description of PICO elements. Changes in approach over time can be seen after
publication information has been compared, so be sure to place the authors within their own
historical context too. It’s usually best to keep titles as short and descriptive as possible by following
this formula: Intervention for those with a disease (e.g., Dialectical behaviour therapy for adolescent
females with a borderline personality disorder). Corresponding author Correspondence to Matthew J.
Page. Ethics declarations Competing interests. Be sure to meet with a reference librarian if you are
unsure how to create an effective search strategy.
The number is up to you; again, you can alter this table by adding or deleting columns to match what
you're actually looking for in your analysis. Systematic Reviews: Step 7: Extract Data from Included
Studies In this step of the systematic review, you will develop your evidence tables, which give
detailed information for each study (perhaps using a PICO framework as a guide), and summary
tables, which give a high-level overview of the findings of your review. Reproducible research
practices are underused in systematic reviews of biomedical interventions. Digital Competence
Assessment Methods in Higher Education: A Systematic Literature Review. Consulting the
explanation and elaboration paper is recommended if further clarity or information is required.
Sitemap case study creative writing presentation problem solving rewiew prompts websites tips.
Therefore It could lead to an undesired software quality such as increased fault proneness or
reduced maintainability. This research presents three principal results: (1) The academic interest in
this topic has increased over the last five years and the keywords have evolved from being related to
maintenance and production, to being related to lean manufacturing and optimization; (2) A list of
authors who have developed models based on OEE has been created; and (3) OEE is an emerging
topic in areas such as logistics and services. The tables included information about authors, country,
purpose, study design, setting, sample characteristics, sampling technique, method of. Hence, several
authors have developed slight modifications to Nakajima’s model whereas others have developed
new indicators based on the originally formulated OEE. The results presented allow us to establish
the basic standards for teacher training in digital competence, in relation to three of the four
substantive functions: teaching, research, and management. They used an online survey to collect the
data from a group of experts to prioritize the service quality parameters of Indian mGovernment
services. Stand-alone literature reviews are the most common type of literature review and are
frequently assigned by professors. This article first explores Dewey as both an ally and a
problematic figure in feminist literature and then investigates the broader sphere of feminist
pragmatism and two central themes within it: (1) valuing diversity, and diverse experiences; and (2)
problematizing fixed truths. ( Vorsino, 2015 ). PDF Preparing Summary of Findings (SoF) Tables of
this document is to provide instructions for authors on preparing Summary of Findings (SoF) tables
in reviews. Presenting and summarising characteristics of studies contributing to a synthesis allows
healthcare providers and policy makers to evaluate the applicability of the findings to their setting.
Approximately 20% of the articles contributed scientifically to the modification or new development
of models based on the original OEE ( Figure 4 ). Journal of Relationship Marketing 17 ( 3 ): 229 -
255. Federal government websites often end in.gov or.mil. Before sharing sensitive information,
make sure you’re on a federal government site. Basantes-Andrade, A.; Casillas-Martin, S.; Cabezas-
Gonzalez, M.; Naranjo-Toro, M.; Guerra-Reyes, F. This may occur while users are trying to access
mGovernment services, or uploading or downloading files. In addition, most projects also publish
process-related artefacts, such as bug databases, mailing lists, and configuration management system
logs. However, in most areas, terminology is variable, making it difficult to compare the PICO of
each included study to the PICO for each synthesis, or to compare PICO elements across studies.
Patient and public involvement Patients and the public were not involved in this methodological
research. If you have identified articles through other sources than databases (such as manual
searches through reference lists of articles you have found or search engines like Google Scholar),
enter the total number of records from each source type in the box on the top right of the flow
diagram. Innovative: applies the knowledge of a wide variety of technologies in the design of
innovative learning settings and proposes solutions to problems identified in the context. What
standards, models, or frameworks are used as references to implement teacher training in digital
competence? RQ3. Writing a systematic review and meta-analysis will help identify a researcher’s
field of interest since they are published in high-impact journals and receive many citations (3). Some
methods of the software quality analysis have been tested in a different perspective, and we have
presented the software method in the point of view of users and experts. PRISMA is not inflexible; it
can be modified to suit the research needs of different people and, indeed, if you did a Google
images search for the flow diagram you would see many different versions of the diagram being
used.
The current literature review gives an overview of the constant development in the field of digital
competence assessment. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP). The authors
provided a rationale for the change and noted that it was a post-hoc decision. 9.3.5 Synthesize the
characteristics of the studies contributing to each comparison (step 2.5) A final step, and one that is
essential for interpreting combined effects, is to synthesize the characteristics of studies contributing
to each comparison. A graduate student might do an exploratory review of the literature before
beginning a synoptic, or more comprehensive one. Subsequently, using an Excel spreadsheet, articles
were filtered to eliminate duplicates. Using the method of Systematic Mapping Study, we did a
searching and filtering of papers using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. 42 relevant papers have
been obtained then. Figure 3 b presents the top 10 countries in terms of single country publication
(SCP) and multiple country publication (MCP). However, the checklist items are applicable to reports
of systematic reviews evaluating other. Here at UNC, we use a systematic review software called
Covidence. If you experience a barrier that affects your ability to access content on this page, let us
know via the Accessibility Feedback Form. Application of economic model in software maintenance
Application of economic model in software maintenance Supporting team coordination of software
development across multiple companies Supporting team coordination of software development
across multiple companies On the role of boundary spanners as a team coordination mechanism in
organisa. Aim of this review has been to present the current state of knowledge about the impact of
e-cigarette use on health, with an emphasis on Central and Eastern Europe. For any industry, whether
manufacturing or software invention, it is seen that the measurements of quality are driven by
business needs which in turn are driven by market or customer needs. Integrator: uses various
technological tools in educational processes, according to their role, training area, level, and working
context. Your research question tells you which findings are of interest in your research, so work
from your research question to decide what needs to go in each Finding header, and how many
findings are necessary. Abu-ELSamen et al. (2011) argue that the development of electronic services
according to users’ needs increases satisfaction. The funders had no role in considering the study
design or in the collection, analysis, interpretation of data, writing of the report, or decision to submit
the article for publication. Encourages communication and collaborative work through basic digital
communication and digital collaboration tools. The completed checklist can be exported to Word or
PDF. Four of these cases included a technological platform development as part of the research.
Basantes-Andrade, A.; Casillas-Martin, S.; Cabezas-Gonzalez, M.; Naranjo-Toro, M.; Guerra-Reyes,
F. They can provide syntheses of the state of knowledge in a field, from which future research
priorities can be identified; they can address questions that otherwise could not be answered by
individual studies; they can identify problems in primary research that should be rectified in future
studies; and they can generate or evaluate theories about how or why phenomena occur. Study —An
investigation, such as a clinical trial, that includes a defined group of participants and one or more
interventions and outcomes. This document provides authors with template for writing about their
systematic review. Behaviour and Information Technology 30 ( 5 ): 629 - 642. Positive impact means
the increase in value of one variable will lead to the increase in value of another variable. SQ2- What
kind of complexity metrics is most frequently used in literature? This master thesis address the main
research question: What is the impact of design complexity on software quality. Different templates
are available depending on the type of review (new or updated) and sources used to identify studies.
The analyzed proposals describe the state of digital competence assessment we face today, and
highlight the importance of systematic and repetitive processes in the context of digital competence
assessment in higher education.
Content from these tools can often be exported to spreadsheet or database software as well.
Feedback was received from 15 individuals and considered by the first author, and any revisions
deemed necessary were incorporated before the final version was approved and endorsed by all co-
authors. The PRISMA 2020 checklist includes seven sections with 27 items, some of which include
sub-items (Table 1 ). PRISMA is not inflexible; it can be modified to suit the research needs of
different people and, indeed, if you did a Google images search for the flow diagram you would see
many different versions of the diagram being used. Complete the boxes documenting your database
searches, Identification of studies via databases and registers, according to the PRISMA flow
diagram instructions. To enhance accessibility of PRISMA 2020, several translations of the guideline
are under way (see available translations at the PRISMA statement website). This tool allows you to
produce a flow diagram for your own review that conforms to the PRISMA2020 Statement. We
encourage journal editors and publishers to raise awareness of PRISMA 2020 (for example, by
referring to it in journal “Instructions to authors”), endorsing its use, advising editors and peer
reviewers to evaluate submitted systematic reviews against the PRISMA 2020 checklists, and
making changes to journal policies to accommodate the new reporting recommendations. Using the
Research Table This is an example of a research table, in which you provide a basic description of the
most important features of the studies, articles, and other items you discover in your research. Each
table contains a PRISMA checklist item that should be written about in that section, the matching
PRISMA Item number, and a box where authors can indicate if an item has been completed. A
simple mGovernment service procedure can encourage all users with a different experience of online
services to use this type of governmental service. Summarizes previous studies while also showing
how the body of literature could be extended and improved in terms of content and method by
identifying gaps. Look for patterns in authors’ approaches or in their methodological handling of the
topic. In this study, a systematic review was performed through a rigorous and transparent
methodology to organize existing information. The proposal for the ICT teacher training program is
based on the development of four competency dimensions through three phases: Design. Based on
the need for scalable digital competence assessment methods we focused on analyzing how the
studies have introduced validity argument in the research and what were the main reliability
evidence provided. The Impact of Software Complexity on Cost and Quality - A Comparative
Analysi. Digital Literacy. Low level, has no digital awareness or competence. The professional
development of the university faculty is directly articulated to the four functions of higher education:
teaching, research, management, and community engagement. The data are not publicly available due
to the length of the study. Throughout 2019 and 2020, we circulated an initial draft and five
revisions of the checklist and explanation and elaboration paper to co-authors for feedback. Fourth,
analyze the patterns you noted by considering similarities and differences between sources. Journal
of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA). Thus, it was important to introduce and develop
an innovative way to measure the level of such skills that would be internet-delivered and
computerized. We will explore these topics more in the next chapters. Search Process Checklist
Systematic Searches Video Series This series of videos was created by librarians at Yale University.
This will include synthesis of study characteristics and, potentially, statistical synthesis of study
findings. International Journal of Mobile Communications 14 ( 6 ): 568. Evidence shows that an
increasing number of journals are focusing on sustainability, business, logistics, mining, etc. European
Journal of Operational Research 156 ( 3 ): 628 - 642.
PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-SCR): checklist and explanation. The results
should not be generalized or extrapolated without considering the characteristics of the educators
and the context for which they work. 6. Limitations and Future Lines of Research A wide coverage
of studies that address university professors’ training based on digital competence standards are
presented here. The largest number of metrics is coupling metrics and followed by scale, inheritance
and cohesion. Must include a team of at least 2-3 and includes the critical appraisal of the literature.
In this case, the number of studies included in the review is one, whereas the number of reports of
included studies is two. Instead of for use in production, the new models were built to measure the
effectiveness in areas such as transportation, sustainability, mining, electricity and resources (human
and monetary). Systematic reviews. 2021;10(1):117-117. Sohrabi C, Franchi T, Mathew G, et al. The
literature review is an iterative process because you will do at least two of them: a preliminary search
to learn what has been published in your area and whether there is sufficient support in the literature
for moving ahead with your subject. Financial Disclosure: The author declared that this study has
received no financial support. Reporting guidelines: doing better for readers. BMC Med.
2018;16:233.. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Epidemiology and
reporting characteristics of systematic reviews. PLoS Med. 2007;4:e78.. Liberati A, Altman DG,
Tetzlaff J, et al. For example, the Iowa Implementation Model for Sustainability Framework
provides an organized approach for selecting an implementation strategy based upon phases of
implementation. 33 For example, after nurses have obtained knowledge about a practice change,
audit and feedback may be one implementation strategy to promote adoption. Supplementary
Guidance for Inclusion of Qualitative Research in Cochrane Systematic Reviews of Interventions
(Cochrane Collaboration Qualitative Methods Group) Look for an existing extraction form or tool to
help guide you. Aims to identify nature and extent of research; preliminary assessment of size and
scope of available research on topic. Available evidence shows that the use of e-cigarettes may result
in acute lung function responses (e.g., increase in impedance, peripheral airway flow resistance) and
induce oxidative stress. Sections of a Scientific Manuscript Scientific articles often follow the
IMRaD format: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. I would recommend printing the
diagram off and writing on it as you complete the PRISMA process. The authors used the field study
to investigate the usability of end-users’ perceptions while using the different websites. Hence,
several authors have developed slight modifications to Nakajima’s model whereas others have
developed new indicators based on the originally formulated OEE. Stewart EPPI-Centre, UCL
Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK James Thomas Li Ka Shing
Knowledge Institute of St. Deriving satisfaction criteria from other online services and applying
them to the mGovernment context leads to more difficulties and conflicts since they are two
different contexts. For more information on the journal statistics, click here. The literature review
focuses on minimizing the possibility of bias in research as the conclusions and decisions are drawn
from a vast amount of diverse research findings. The studies in a table can also be grouped in terms
of applied intervention type, type of outcome measure, the type of participants, the study design etc.
Ng Corrales, L.d.C.; Lamban, M.P.; Hernandez Korner, M.E.; Royo, J. This will ensure continued
use of mGovernment services. The bias in study selection is one threat to validity due to a single
reviewer. Digital transformation has enabled information to be obtained quickly to accommodate the
market changes. Meta analysis are applied here to quantify and synthesize reported Spearman
coefficient in different study. SLRs are a research method used to write an entire journal article.
Management Explorer: organizes activities related to professional work with the use of ICT. All
authors were involved in revising the article critically for important intellectual content. These
elements can guide the service provider to detect how the end-users are satisfied with the type of the
services, the classifications of services, the support provided for mobile users, and ability of perform
the entire service requirements through mobile devices. The aforementioned arguments frame the
lack of and need for systematic digital competency assessment methods and, furthermore, tools that
can be implemented in consideration of the particular field of expertise. To document other sources
search, download the flow diagram template version 1 PRISMA 2020 flow diagram for new
systematic reviews which included searches of databases, registers and other sources or the version 2
PRISMA 2020 flow diagram for updated systematic reviews which included searches of databases,
registers and other sources. During the process all studies which included the context of higher
education and presented digital competence assessment as the core topic were included in the next
round of analysis. Among the substances inhaled by the e-smoker, there are several harmful
products, such as: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acroleine, propanal, nicotine, acetone, o-methyl-
benzaldehyde, carcinogenic nitrosamines. The 21st century skills and digital competence are seen as
important future skills in a knowledge-intensive society, although the relationship between those
concepts is unclear. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of
studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. The results table mostly
contains outcomes, outcome measures, study results, etc. In order to guide the formulation of newer
models so they can be acceptable by practitioners, there is need for clear discrimination of the
existing models based on their specific properties. Gather your completed data tables and PRISMA
chart. As the focus on digital competency assessment has been on general education it is vital to
provide adaptable solutions for digital competency assessment in higher education based on the
research results in current studies. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
(US); 2008 Apr. The completed checklist can be exported to Word or PDF. Overall equipment
effectiveness (OEE) application contribution by area. They used an online survey to collect the data
from a group of experts to prioritize the service quality parameters of Indian mGovernment services.
UNC Libraries HSL Academic Process Systematic Reviews Step 7: Extract Data from Included
Studies Systematic Reviews: Step 7: Extract Data from Included Studies Created by health science
librarians. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017; 2: CD001055. The PRISMA 2020
statement has been designed primarily for systematic reviews of studies that evaluate the efects of
health interventions, irrespective of the design of the included studies. In order to be human-
readable, please install an RSS reader. Over time, industries have adapted OEE to their needs.
PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-SCR): checklist and explanation. The
corresponding author attests that all listed authors meet authorship criteria and that no others
meeting the criteria have been omitted. Summary descriptions of studies included in the systematic
review. The authors of the studies analyzed in this systematic review coincide that it is necessary to
identify the level of knowledge that professors have in relation to the dimensions of competence and,
after that, define the standards and the training approach. International Journal of Contemporary
Hospitality Management 28 ( 8 ): 1676 - 1701. Consequently, the literature screening process
revealed 40 suitable studies which make up the literature used in the systematic review. Find support
for a specific problem in the support section of our website. In some cases, the research question will
drive the type of literature review that is undertaken.
The intensity of the correlation is called effect size. This question (RQ) is divided into five sub
questions (SQ). The Cochrane Review defines the “summary of findings table” as a structured
tabular format in which the primary findings of a review, particularly information related to the
quality of evidence, the magnitude of the effects of the studied interventions, and the aggregate of
available data on the main outcomes, are presented. In this case, devote most of your space to
explaining the connections between sources, but you must also include a thesis and a conclusion,
even though they will be brief. Train the review team on the extraction categories and what type of
data would be expected. Basic standards for teacher training in digital competence. Pedagogical
Explorer: identifies new strategies and methodologies mediated by ICT, as a tool for their
professional performance. The content and materials of the MOOC served to form a bank of
knowledge and contextualized ideas in the form of nodes, with these, they changed the rules and
turned the MOOC into an xMOOC, a MOOC focused on experts, where the teacher directs the
knowledge that the participants will obtain (the teacher is the central figure of learning). Make sure
that you record the number of results that you found per database (before removing any duplicates)
as per the filled in example. We calculate ve value for each suspect moderator variable and for each
design metric. However, open source development projects by definition allow anybody to read, and
therefore evaluate their source code. The corresponding author attests that all listed authors meet
authorship criteria and that no others meeting the criteria have been omitted. Using different quality
measurement scales ( i.e., e-commerce, eGovernment) for mobile government services can lead to
inaccurate results and a more complex measuring process due to the unique characteristics that differ
mobile government services from other measurement scales. The second question resulted in a
compilation of models developed based on OEE; the results presented a framework of areas or
sectors where the indicator was applied. International Journal of Bank Marketing 31 ( 2 ): 115 - 125.
PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting
systematic reviews. Bmj. 2021;372:n160. Radua J. PRISMA 2020 - An updated checklist for
systematic reviews and meta-analyses. You can provide the numbers in the data entry section of the
'Create flow diagram' tab (click on the button at the top of the page). Scoping review on
interventions to improve adherence to reporting guidelines in health research. BMJ Open.
2019;9:e026589.. Charters E. The use of think-aloud methods in qualitative research: an introduction
to think-aloud methods. I would recommend printing the diagram off and writing on it as you
complete the PRISMA process. Loder Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana
University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA Evan Mayo-Wilson
Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Luke A.
Tabulation of study characteristics aids the examination and comparison of PICO elements across
studies, facilitates synthesis of these characteristics and grouping of studies for statistical synthesis.
Vote counting is selected to answer the sub question 3. The way researchers have built their samples
has also contributed to the mixed results with different project properties being considered and
ignored. Currently, they are related with terms such as lean manufacturing, improvement,
implementation, reliability, design and optimization. The most represented county was Spain, with
nine instances, which is affected by the national level policies which state the importance of
supporting the development of digital competence in higher education. Tetzlaff Clinical Research
Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Health Research Methods,
Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Elie A. Careful planning
will also help you to provide insightful analysis. The paper provides an overview of the field of
digital competence assessment methods, instruments and tools in higher education using a systematic
literature review of digital competency assessment practices and conceptions focusing on the
instruments used for digital competence assessment. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. There are a number of tools that
can be used to ensure compliance with reporting guidelines.