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How to write Literature Review Here are some steps to follow when writing a literature review:
Define your research question or topic: Before starting your literature review, it is essential to define
your research question or topic. The methodology chapter is where you outline the philosophical
underpinnings of your research and outline the specific methodological choices you’ve made. By
analyzing and synthesizing the literature, you can identify areas where further research is needed and
where new insights can be gained. This can lead directly into your methodology section. Informing
research design and methodology: A literature review helps to inform research design and
methodology by identifying the most appropriate research methods, techniques, and instruments.
Review authors should consider the scope of the literature review when selecting a type and method.
For qualitative studies, common analysis methods include content analysis, thematic analysis and
discourse analysis. The search terms used, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and any limitations of the
search are described. Boyle and Tang read through the articles to decide if any more studies needed
to be excluded based on the selection criteria. Providing a comprehensive overview of the literature:
A literature review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on a topic,
allowing the researcher to identify key themes, debates, and areas of agreement or disagreement. As
you write, make sure to follow these tips: Summarise and synthesise: give an overview of the main
points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole. In the conclusion, you should
summarise the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasise their significance. A
good strategy is to begin by searching the USC Libraries Catalog for recent books about the topic
and review the table of contents for chapters that focuses on specific issues. Analysis: Explain what
information you’ll collect from the studies and how you’ll synthesize the data. The results of a
literature review may be an entire report or article OR may be part of a article, thesis, dissertation, or
grant proposal. Frodeman, Robert. The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity. At this point
consider: Does your study extend current research. If you’re not clear on this, take the time to get
clarity before you make any further methodological choices. Qualitative research, on the other hand,
often makes use of collection methods such as interviews, focus groups, participant observations,
and ethnography. They also collected data about possible sources of bias, such as how the study
participants were randomized into the control and treatment groups. The goal is to deliberately
document, critically evaluate, and summarize scientifically all of the research about a clearly defined
research problem. The methods section should be succinct but include all the noteworthy
information. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed
without permission. Here are some examples: Chronological: The simplest approach is to trace the
development of the topic over time, which helps familiarize the audience with the topic (for instance
if you are introducing something that is not commonly known in your field). Management
Information Systems Quarterly. 2002; 26 (2):11. Whitlock E. P., Lin J. S., Chou R., Shekelle P.,
Robinson K.A. Using existing systematic reviews in complex systematic reviews. My best regards. A
remarkably simple and useful guide, thank you kindly. It answers a clearly formulated research
question and explicitly states the methods used to arrive at the answer. However, particularly in the
social sciences, thinking about research problems from multiple vectors is a key strategy for finding
new solutions to a problem or gaining a new perspective. It is often used in fields where knowledge is
rapidly evolving, such as technology or medicine. Importantly, this chapter should comprehensively
describe and justify all the methodological choices you made in your study.
When searching for literature on research methodologies it is important to search across a range of
sources. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred. Reviewers also
report their assessment of the risk of bias due to missing outcome data, whether that is due to
participant drop-out or non-reporting of the outcomes by the study authors. It provides a holistic
approach combining and analysing the statistical data with deeper contextualised insights. You
should have a rough idea of your strategy before you start writing. Consult with a librarian about
identifying research databases in other disciplines; almost every field of study has at least one
comprehensive database devoted to indexing its research literature. If you don’t have enough data,
or the data from different studies aren’t comparable, then you can take just a narrative approach.
One of the most highly cited scoping reviews in the eHealth domain was published by Archer,
Fevrier-Thomas, Lokker, McKibbon, and Straus (2011). First, exhaustive coverage means an effort is
made to be as comprehensive as possible in order to ensure that all relevant studies, published and
unpublished, are included in the review and, thus, conclusions are based on this all-inclusive
knowledge base. Developing a robust search strategy will help reduce irrelevant results. Importance
of a Good Literature Review A literature review may consist of simply a summary of key sources,
but in the social sciences, a literature review usually has an organizational pattern and combines both
summary and synthesis, often within specific conceptual categories. The impact of patient,
intervention, comparison, outcome (PICO) as a search strategy tool on literature search quality: a
systematic review. JMLA. 2018;106(4):420. Ferrari R. Writing narrative style literature reviews.
Make a list of keywords Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research topic. Does the
work ultimately contribute in any significant way to an understanding of the subject? II. For
example, a review that examines literature supporting or refuting an argument, assumption, or
philosophical problem related to the research problem will also need to include writing supported by
sources that establish the history of these arguments in the literature. A clear research question will:
Allow you to more effectively communicate your research to other researchers and practitioners
Guide your decisions as you plan and conduct your systematic review A good research question for a
systematic review has four components, which you can remember with the acronym PICO:
Population(s) or problem(s) Intervention(s) Comparison(s) You can rearrange these four components
to write your research question: What is the effectiveness of I versus C for O in P. Inclusion and
exclusion criteria must be established to help researchers eliminate studies that are not aligned with
the research questions. Advantages of Literature Review There are several advantages to conducting
a literature review as part of a research project, including: Establishing the significance of the
research: A literature review helps to establish the significance of the research by demonstrating the
gap or problem in the existing literature that the study aims to address. If you’re writing a systematic
review as a student for an assignment, you might not have a team. Thematic: If you have found
some recurring central themes that you will continue working with throughout your piece, you can
organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic. Sometimes
in your literature review, you might need to discuss and evaluate relevant research methodologies in
order to justify your own choice of research methodology. The right sampling approach depends
largely on what you’re trying to achieve in your study. Conceiving the research question and
developing the study plan. Literature reviews can help researchers identify areas where more research
is needed and provide insights into the latest developments in a particular field. Edit and proofread:
Once you have written your literature review, edit and proofread it carefully to ensure that it is well-
organized, clear, and concise. A systematic review is secondary research because it uses existing
research. Rely heavily on the guidelines your instructor has given you. For qualitative studies,
common analysis methods include content analysis, thematic analysis and discourse analysis. An
example of this approach in the eHealth domain is offered by DeShazo, Lavallie, and Wolf (2009).
You should always look at examples from your own discipline and talk to professors or mentors in
your field to be sure you understand your discipline’s conventions, for literature reviews as well as
for any other genre.
Chapter 9 Methods for Literature Reviews Among other methods, literature reviews are essential
for: (a) identifying what has been written on a subject or topic; (b) determining the extent to which
a specific research area reveals any interpretable trends or patterns; (c) aggregating empirical findings
related to a narrow research question to support evidence-based practice; (d) generat. Give your
interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred (as mentioned previously, this may not
be appropriate in your discipline — check with a teacher or mentor if you’re unsure). Health
Sciences: In health sciences, literature reviews are used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments,
identify best practices, and determine areas where more research is needed. It is often assigned as
part of the research process for a paper. Related items that provide additional information, but that
are not key to understanding the research problem, can be included in a list of further readings.
Generally, you should use both approaches together whenever possible. Lockwood C, Porritt K,
Munn Z, Rittenmeyer L, Salmond S, Bjerrum M, Loveday H, Carrier J, Stannard D. Step 5: Extract
the data Extracting the data means collecting information from the selected studies in a systematic
way. In the video below, we explore some of the most common sampling strategies. Use of
descriptive headings keeps the writing on track and helps the reader get to key information quickly.
You don’t want to substitute a thorough review of core research literature in your discipline for
studies conducted in other fields of study. Also, make sure that when you write up your concluding
summary, you include only what you’ve already discussed in your chapter; don’t add any new
information. Development of the Literature Review Four Basic Stages of Writing 1. Let’s take a look
at the most common components you’ll likely need to cover. Literature search -- finding materials
relevant to the subject being explored. 3. Data evaluation -- determining which literature makes a
significant contribution to the understanding of the topic. 4. Analysis and interpretation -- discussing
the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature. A methodological scope will influence either the
types of documents in the review or the way in which these documents are discussed. Thematic
reviews are organized around a topic or issue, rather than the progression of time, although the
progression of time may still be incorporated into a thematic review. At this point consider: Does
your study extend current research. This saves time when you want to redo, or modify, the searches.
It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature and identify key themes and concepts.
By analyzing and synthesizing existing literature, researchers can identify the key concepts, theories,
and models that are relevant to their research. Literature Review Research Guide Literature Review -
Types Writing Guide and Examples January 4, 2024 by Muhammad Hassan Table of Contents
Literature Review Definition: A literature review is a comprehensive and critical analysis of the
existing literature on a particular topic or research question. Inductive research takes a bottom-up
approach, where the researcher begins with specific observations or data and then draws general
conclusions or theories from those observations. Similar to a systematic review, a scoping review is a
type of review that tries to minimize bias by using transparent and repeatable methods. It answers a
clearly formulated research question and explicitly states the methods used to arrive at the answer.
The methods are repeatable, and the approach is formal and systematic: Formulate a research
question. The content will look slightly different in each case, but the process of conducting a
literature review follows the same steps. A literature review may be a stand alone work or the
introduction to a larger research paper, depending on the assignment. In recent years, the number of
systematic reviews in the field of health informatics has increased considerably. Look for peer-
reviewed articles, books, and other academic sources that are relevant to your research question or
topic.
Their methods are transparent, so they can be scrutinized by others. Methodological A
methodological approach focuses on the methods utilized by the researcher. You may want to
consider the publication date, author’s credentials, and the journal or book publisher. It provides an
overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the
existing research. You can use our free APA Reference Generator for quick, correct, consistent
citations. The authors conducted a comprehensive search on multiple databases to identify eligible
reviews and subsequently used a validated instrument to conduct an in-depth quality appraisal. It
should also reiterate the importance of the research question or hypothesis and the contribution of the
literature review to the overall research project. Get material not at RMIT Further help What are
research methods. A clear research question will: Allow you to more effectively communicate your
research to other researchers and practitioners Guide your decisions as you plan and conduct your
systematic review A good research question for a systematic review has four components, which
you can remember with the acronym PICO: Population(s) or problem(s) Intervention(s)
Comparison(s) You can rearrange these four components to write your research question: What is the
effectiveness of I versus C for O in P. In: Encyclopedia of Evidence in Pharmaceutical Public Health
and Health Services Research in Pharmacy. Recapitulate important features of a research study, but
then synthesize it by rephrasing the study's significance and relating it to your own work and the
work of others. Like any other academic text, your literature review should have an introduction, a
main body, and a conclusion. Does the work ultimately contribute in any significant way to an
understanding of the subject? II. Systematic mapping of existing tools to appraise methodological
strengths and limitations of qualitative research: first stage in the development of the CAMELOT
tool. It’s very important to keep a meticulous record of why you included or excluded each article.
Purpose of Literature Review Some of the specific purposes of a literature review are as follows: To
provide context: A literature review helps to provide context for your research by situating it within
the broader body of literature on the topic. Receive feedback on language, structure, and formatting
Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on: Academic style Vague sentences
Style consistency See an example A systematic review is a good choice of review if you want to
answer a question about the effectiveness of an intervention, such as a medical treatment. Thematic:
If you have found some recurring central themes that you will continue working with throughout
your piece, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of
the topic. University of Toronto; Writing a Literature Review. In order to minimize the risk of
omitting eligible studies not captured by the original search, they supplemented all electronic
searches with manual screening of trial registers and references contained in the included studies.
Reviewing research methodologies Research methodology is the specific strategies, processes, or
techniques utilised in the collection of information that is created and analysed. Informing research
design and methodology: A literature review helps to inform research design and methodology by
identifying the most appropriate research methods, techniques, and instruments. You will often see
the terms “the research,” “the scholarship,” and “the literature” used mostly interchangeably. For
example, a review of the Internet’s impact on American presidential politics could focus on the
development of online political satire. In this section, you’ll want to concisely summarise what
you’ve presented in the chapter. In this section of your methodology chapter, it’s also important to
discuss how you prepared your data for analysis, and what software you used (if any). What sources
have they cited to support their conclusions. If you’re a student, you should narrow the scope of
your systematic review and stick to a tight schedule. In the video below, we explain each of these in
plain language. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation.
Examples of quantitative research designs include: surveys or questionnaires observation document
screening experiments (3) Mixed method research Mixed Methods research integrates both
Qualitative research and Quantitative research. A clear research question will: Allow you to more
effectively communicate your research to other researchers and practitioners Guide your decisions as
you plan and conduct your systematic review A good research question for a systematic review has
four components, which you can remember with the acronym PICO: Population(s) or problem(s)
Intervention(s) Comparison(s) You can rearrange these four components to write your research
question: What is the effectiveness of I versus C for O in P. If you need a helping hand with your
research methodology (or any other component of your research), be sure to check out our private
coaching service, where we hold your hand through every step of the research journey. Therefore
these studies tend to be confirmatory in approach. Thank you so much!. justdoing my research now,
thanks for the guidance. It’s very important to keep a meticulous record of why you included or
excluded each article. Yet Another Writing Tip When Do I Know I Can Stop Looking and Move On.
Chapter 9?Methods for Literature Reviews - Handbook of eHealth Evaluation: An Evidence-based
Approach Your browsing activity is empty. Using Mixed Methods also enables triangulation, or
verification, of the data from two or more sources. Many systematic reviews, but not all, use
statistical methods to combine the results of independent studies into a single quantitative estimate
or summary effect size. Organize your sources: Group the sources by theme, method, or research
question. Lit reviews can also be standalone pieces, either as assignments in a class or as
publications. Create a matrix of the studies for easy analysis, and synthesis, across all of the studies.
Cite this Scribbr article If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click
the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Turney, S. (2023, November 20). How To Write The Methodology Chapter (With Examples) How to
write and structure the chapter Methodology chapter example Essential takeaways What (exactly) is
the methodology chapter. Writing a Literature Review For instance, in the humanities, authors might
include more overt argumentation and interpretation of source material in their literature reviews,
whereas in the sciences, authors are more likely to report study designs and results in their literature
reviews; these differences reflect these disciplines' purposes and conventions in scholarship. This will
help you identify similarities and differences among the literature, and provide a structure for your
literature review. There is no preconceived plan to systematically review all of the literature although
this can be done. Note Generative AI tools like ChatGPT can be useful at various stages of the
writing and research process and can help you to write your systematic review. Experimental
research makes use of the scientific method, where one group is the control group (in which no
variables are manipulated ) and another is the experimental group (in which a specific variable is
manipulated). Your protocol should include the following components: Background information:
Provide the context of the research question, including why it’s important. Selecting studies,
extracting data, and assessing risk of bias in a duplicate manner using two independent reviewers to
avoid random or systematic errors in the process. Ethnographic research, on the other hand, involves
observing and capturing the experiences and perceptions of participants in their natural environment
(for example, at home or in the office). If the same thing is being said, just by different people, then
this likely demonstrates that the research problem has hit a conceptual dead end. The conclusion of
the literature review should summarize the main findings, identify any gaps in the literature, and
suggest areas for future research. You will often see the terms “the research,” “the scholarship,” and
“the literature” used mostly interchangeably. How to write Literature Review Here are some steps to
follow when writing a literature review: Define your research question or topic: Before starting your
literature review, it is essential to define your research question or topic. Some databases to search for
journals and articles include: Your university’s library catalogue Google Scholar Project Muse
(humanities and social sciences) Medline (life sciences and biomedicine) EconLit (economics) Inspec
(physics, engineering and computer science) You can use boolean operators to help narrow down
your search: Read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question. Thematic:
If you have found some recurring central themes that you will continue working with throughout
your piece, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of
the topic. This may include empirical studies or conceptual papers that initiated a line of
investigation, changed how problems or questions were framed, introduced new methods or
concepts, or engendered important debate ( Cooper, 1988 ).
ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. Br Med J.
2016;355 Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, et al. The choice you make here depends again on your
research aims, objectives and research questions. In order to minimize the risk of omitting eligible
studies not captured by the original search, they supplemented all electronic searches with manual
screening of trial registers and references contained in the included studies. Therefore, this section of
your methodology chapter is where you’ll discuss the trade-offs you had to make, and why these
were justified given the context. Meta-analyses are regarded as powerful tools for deriving
meaningful conclusions. If the same authors, books or articles keep appearing in your reading, make
sure to seek them out. A flawed research design or methodology would mean flawed results. Yuan Y,
Hunt RH. Systematic reviews: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Use your literature review to inform
your research questions and hypotheses for your thesis. The authors identified six main ways which
represent “educated guesses” to be tested against the data in the evaluation studies. For example,
what might cultural anthropologists say about the continuing conflict in the Middle East. You should
apply the selection criteria in two phases: Based on the titles and abstracts: Decide whether each
article potentially meets the selection criteria based on the information provided in the abstracts. If
you don’t have enough data, or the data from different studies aren’t comparable, then you can take
just a narrative approach. They provide detailed and very helpful instructions on how to conduct
each step of the review process. Doing a Literature Review: Releasing the Social Science Research
Imagination. Receive feedback on language, structure, and formatting Professional editors proofread
and edit your paper by focusing on: Academic style Vague sentences Style consistency See an
example A systematic review is a good choice of review if you want to answer a question about the
effectiveness of an intervention, such as a medical treatment. The methodology chapter is where you
outline the philosophical underpinnings of your research and outline the specific methodological
choices you’ve made. By statistically combining data from multiple studies, meta-analyses can create
more precise and reliable estimates of intervention effects than those derived from individual studies
alone, when these are examined independently as discrete sources of information. Specifically,
whether you trying to develop findings that are generalisable to a population or not. Make sure your
research question is not too broad or too narrow. Their in-depth analysis of the literature signalled
that there is little solid evidence from randomized controlled trials or other studies through the use of
phr s. Conversely, d eductive research takes a top-down approach, where the researcher starts with a
theory or hypothesis and then tests it using specific observations or data. Conduct a comprehensive
search: Use databases and search engines to find relevant literature. Read them to get a sense of the
types of themes you might want to look for in your own research or to identify ways to organize
your final review. You don’t want to substitute a thorough review of core research literature in your
discipline for studies conducted in other fields of study. Whether the search is comprehensive or not,
whether it involves a methodical approach for data extraction and synthesis or not, it is important that
the review documents in an explicit and transparent manner the steps and approach that were used in
the process of its development. If there are conflicting studies, why do you think that is. The Writing
Center University of Winconsin-Madison. The question needs to be about a topic that’s previously
been studied by multiple researchers. Establishing the significance of your research: A literature
review helps to establish the significance of your own research by placing it in the context of existing
research.