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Post Independence Class Notes

The document discusses the merger of princely states with India after independence. It summarizes how Manipur, Bhopal and Jammu & Kashmir initially did not want to merge but eventually signed instruments of accession due to pressure from leaders like Nehru and Patel. It also discusses how territories occupied by France and Portugal were integrated into India between 1948-1961. Finally, it outlines some of the key problems faced by tribal communities in India and constitutional provisions made for their development and representation.

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19 views

Post Independence Class Notes

The document discusses the merger of princely states with India after independence. It summarizes how Manipur, Bhopal and Jammu & Kashmir initially did not want to merge but eventually signed instruments of accession due to pressure from leaders like Nehru and Patel. It also discusses how territories occupied by France and Portugal were integrated into India between 1948-1961. Finally, it outlines some of the key problems faced by tribal communities in India and constitutional provisions made for their development and representation.

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contactmeonline20
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Post Independence

Lecture - 02
Merger of Princely States
2

Merger of Princely States


Manipur
❖ It is situated in the north-eastern part of India.
❖ Maharaja of Manipur Bodhchandra Singh wanted to keep the State independent. Both Jawaharlal Nehru
and Sardar Patel pressured him to sign the Instrument of Accession but all in vain.
❖ A plebiscite was conducted and 99% of the population of the State voted in favour of the merger of State
with India.
❖ In September 1949, Manipur was finally merged with India.
Bhopal
❖ The Nawab of Bhopal Habibullah Khan wanted to keep the State independent. The Nawab was Muslim but
his maximum subjects were Hindus.
❖ He faced pressure from Patel and finally signed the Instrument of Accession in 1949 to join India.
Jammu & Kashmir
❖ It is situated in the northern part of India. It shares a boundary with China, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
❖ Its ruler Hari Singh was a Hindu, while nearly 75% of the population of the State was Muslim. He also did
not want the State to merge with India. But India wanted to conduct a plebiscite in the State.
❖ Meanwhile several Pathan tribesmen, led unofficially by Pakistani army forces, invaded Kashmir and
rapidly pushed towards Srinagar, capital of Kashmir. The Maharaja appealed to India for military
assistance.
❖ The Maharaja signed the Instrument of Accession in October, 1947 and India sent its army to defeat the
invaders.

Extra Edge:
❖ Fearful of the dangers of a full-scale war between India and Pakistan, the Government of India agreed,
on 30 December 1947, on Mountbatten's suggestion, to refer the Kashmir problem to the Security
Council of the United Nations, asking for a vacation of aggression by Pakistan.
❖ Nehru was to regret this decision later as, instead of taking note of the aggression by Pakistan, the Security
Council, guided by Britain and the United States, tended to side with Pakistan. Ignoring India's
complaint, it replaced the 'Kashmir question' before it by the 'India-Pakistan dispute'.
❖ It passed many resolutions, but the upshot was that in accordance with one of its resolutions both India and
Pakistan accepted a ceasefire on 3 December 1948 which still prevails and the state was effectively
divided along the ceasefire line.
❖ In 1951, the UN passed a resolution providing for a referendum under UN supervision after Pakistan had
withdrawn its troops from the part of Kashmir under its control.
❖ The resolution has remained infructuous since Pakistan has refused to withdraw its forces from what is
known as Azad Kashmir. Since then Kashmir has been the main obstacle in the path of friendly relations
between India and Pakistan.
3

Territories Occupied by French


❖ The French kept following territories of India under their control:
➢ Machilipatnam,
➢ Chandranagar,
➢ Puducherry,
➢ Karaikal,
➢ Yanam,
➢ Mahe.
❖ The French government surrendered these territories between 1948-54.
Territories Occupied by Portuguese
❖ The Portuguese establishments included Goa, Daman & Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
❖ The Portuguese did not want to vacate these areas.
❖ Operation Vijay was launched by the Government of India in December, 1961 and finally all the territories
of Portuguese were surrendered to India in 1961.
Integration of Tribals in India
Who were tribals?
❖ Tribals are a group of orthodox people who lived a primitive life.
❖ Tribals were called by different names:
➢ AV Thakkar or Thakkar Bapa, a social reformer in Gujarat, called them Adivasi.
➢ Gandhi called them Girijan.
➢ The Constitution of India refers to them as Scheduled Tribes.
❖ According to the Census of 2011, there are 104.28 tribal people living in India. They comprise 8.6% of the
total population of India.
❖ They are spreaded in 15% of the total area of India.
❖ They are spreaded in 500 districts of India.
Main Problems faced by Tribals in India
❖ AV Thakkar highlighted the problems of tribal people in his book Tribes of India (1950).
❖ The problems faced by tribal people include:
➢ Poverty
➢ Lack of health related services
➢ Lack of education
➢ Living primitive life
➢ Lack of mode of communication
➢ Poor administration
➢ Lack of leadership
➢ Trust issues
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➢ Unemployment
Nehru’s Stand to Solve Tribal Problem
❖ Tribals will progress by themselves therefore there is no need to interfere with them.
❖ Equality between tribal and non-tribal.
❖ Promotion of their traditional language.
❖ Recognition of their right on forest land.
❖ No need to over-administer them.
Constitutional Provisions
❖ Article 15 (4): Reservation in educational institutions for Scheduled Tribes.
❖ Article 16 (4): Reservation in public employment for Scheduled Tribes.
❖ Article 46: Promotion of economic and educational interests of tribal people.
❖ Article 243d: Reservation in Panchayats for Scheduled Tribes.
❖ Article 243t: Reservation in Municipalities for Scheduled Tribes.
❖ Article 330: Reservation in Lok Sabha for Scheduled Tribes.
❖ Article 332: Reservation in State Legislative Assemblies for Scheduled Tribes.
❖ Schedule 5: Administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes
❖ Schedule 6: Administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
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