Title: Unraveling the Complexity: Crafting a Literature Review on Public Participation Geographic

Information Systems

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It is essential to take the characteristics and types of data presented into consideration, as well as
their related technologies and the procedures used to gather, create and manage them. Each item is
listed along with the three main dimensions required in order to work on it and develop it when
designing a VGI system. Infrastructure: technology needed in order to ensure participation. The
evaluation and selection criteria are somewhat similar to the criteria adopted by different researchers
such as Chang (2010), Tang (2006), Zhao and Coleman (2006), Rinner (2006), and Ma (2006).
Cognitive skills (related) Understanding Understanding Remembering, Understanding, Applying
Remembering, Understanding, Analyzing Applying, Creating Understanding, Analyzing Evaluating
Background skills Common. To help divulge and fight against this vector of diseases and obtain a
participatory mapping of their distribution in Spain. (4) New York City Council Participatory
Budgeting (PB) Goal Description. Thus, a systematic approach to VGI becomes more important and
necessary. It enhances participant’s abilities in the municipality project standard and with their
available conditions and time. The different typologies introduced earlier can be useful in analyzing
and planning the types of crowdsourcing methods that can be used in a VGI project from the
perspective of the problem to be solved, to the use of cognitive abilities and, finally, the operational
modes of crowdsourcing. The latter facilitate continuous improvement by monitoring the evolution
and new requirements of any given component of the system. These concerns affect a project’s
adoption and the decision as to whether or not to participate in it. Regulations. The project operates
under the United Kingdom’s data disclosure principles. This gap as a potential score achievement
helps in designing methods to boost community-based participation from individuals by offering and
developing targeted motivations. The purpose of these partnerships is to engage with communities so
that residents become active partners in upgrading their built environment. The first level, identified
as Crowdsourcing, makes minimal cognitive demands and focuses on citizens as sensors and
volunteered computing. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD). Factors like
“successfully revealing and educating the public about the program before hearing, proper planning
and management of meeting, providing an understandable and media-rich demonstration of the
issues and organizing a proper follow up” are those factors upon the success of public meetings
depends. A project’s objectives are achieved by obtaining information or knowledge and the
contributions needed from volunteers. It begins with an explanation and overview of a Co-PPGIS
idea, which executes the role of a real-time synchronous and asynchronous participatory approach to
help the decision-makers to make decisions in assimilating the role of people at the time of a
municipal planning process. Volunteered geographic information: Key questions, concepts and
methods to guide emerging research and practice. The overall project planning and design phases
determine the structure of participation and the motivational factors for contributing; consequently,
the participation planning phase based on these motivators is the guide and input for designing
additional participation engagement strategies. To improve species management and minimize the
risk of disease transmission. International Journal of Geographic Information Science. 2001; 15
(5):439-434. In: Collaborative Geographic Information Systems. Hershey, PA: Idea Group
Publishing; 2006. pp. 85-102. Using this design methodology makes it possible to identify initial
processes and performance requirements that affect the information production goal in advance and
find potential difficulties or constraints early on, thus accelerating the development, implementation
and deployment of the system. Create a new form of spatial knowledge production, GI and content.
In addition to the type of data required and personal contributions necessary in order to collect and
manipulate it, the main differences to consider between VGI projects are the sorts of organization
and cognitive engagement required from volunteers in order for them to contribute. The motivation
to participate is determined by the way the organization operates (goal, vision and crowdsourcing
strategy being the most important aspects in this sense); but, also, in order to increase motivation
within a VGI project, it is possible to design engagement strategies to inspire participation and get
people involved, increasing their capabilities, learning and other aspects required in order to
participate, or that might act as constraints to participation. Task-cognitive engagement Cognitive
demand Low. Moreover, Figure 5 also synthetizes the importance attributed to each type of
participation (crowd vs. community). The scores serve as a reference tool to facilitate the planning
and design of a motivational engagement strategy in relation to a particular crowdsourcing process.
First, the VGI system design methodology focused on the organization created in order to direct a
VGI project. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security
features of the website. Content Alerts Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access
especially from an IntechOpen perspective How it Works Manage preferences Contact Want to get
in touch. Among stakeholders filling a feedback form is a good example of indirect communication.
Based on their published data, we developed Figure 5 that summarizes the mean scores for each
motivational factor on a 7-point Likert-type scale, where the maximum score of 7 represents strong
agreement (and 1 is strong disagreement) with a given statement about a specific factor. ISPRS
International Journal of Geo-Information. 2016; 5(7):108. A General VGI (Volunteered Geographic
Information) System. Examples of VGI General Project Goals and Related Objectives. Also, the
latter determine what abilities are required from volunteers as well as the characteristics of the
necessary technological resources. In synchronous public participatory approach multiple
stakeholders can view each other participation at the same time, on real-time basis, on the dashboard,
white-board, and mapsharing environment. After 1980s first commercial GIS software (e.g. ArcInfo)
launched. As computing became more influential, Esri upgraded its software tools. VGI projects
employ a distributed and collective intelligence approach to crowdsourced GI. The first entails using
crowdsourcing to gather a large number of easy-to-submit contributions from unconnected
participants and having a centralized control organizational model, while the second involves
collaborations sourced from an interrelated community that depends on social interaction and norms
and follows a consensual control organizational model. In this sense, this approach could represent
the Holy Grail for the appropriation of satellite knowledge and technologies by local communities.
In this paper, we introduced the first insights obtained from the methodological proposal with
regards to the project’s initiation, planning and design, as well as some ideas on how to connect the
project organization with planning the necessary participation, focusing mainly on analyzing one
variable—motivation. What participation dynamic is required while the tasks are being performed
and during the overall execution of the VGI project. Of the 66 articles found, 16 presented 29
sociocultural quantitative indicators to be measured in the landscape (18 tangible and 11 intangible).
Thus, it is necessary to plan for recognizing participants’ motivations and the using these type of
tools, and this must be included in the VGI system’s design and development. The different
characteristics of the crowdsourcing methods have led us to identify an operational spectrum, from a
crowd-based to a community-driven approach, to use in designing the processes for managing
contributions. The first level, identified as Crowdsourcing, makes minimal cognitive demands and
focuses on citizens as sensors and volunteered computing. Taking these differences into account is
essential for the VGI project because they are key factors in designing the cooperative environment,
the participation structure and the engagement methods used to attract volunteers. Thus, any
component may operate as a design and experimental variable, although the structure of participation,
crowdsourcing strategy and technology might be more flexible, dynamic and apt for
experimentation, than the project itself. It acts as a summary guide to assist in designing the
crowdsourcing process and related participation characteristics within a VGI project. 3.3. Project
Design: Setting the Course for a VGI System With the input obtained through the previous project
steps, in this phase, we will work on building a tool to help design a crowdsourcing process.
Furthermore, in order to associate the dependency among processes, technology and contributions,
we performed an analysis of data and content as a design principle. Volunteered Geographic
Information System Design: Project and Participation Guidelines. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2016, 5,
108. Finally, we learnt that in some cases, the bi-directional condition of the crowdsourcing model
implies that, based on their expressed participation behavior and shared vision, the crowd and
community will generate different outcomes than expected—perhaps more related to the needs of
participants or the group, or more “democratic” needs. The process provides opportunities for public
input gathered through public meetings, telephone inquiries, letters, email, and faxes. In practical
terms, there are certain insights that may be obtained based on these motivational factors as inputs to
participation planning. This expression refers to a participatory approach to spatial planning aimed at
sharing spatial information and communications among people who share an interest on certain
places and assets. Scientific research practices using geographic crowdsourced data or Citizen
Science approach Weather, climate and hydrological data gathering and modeling, ecosystems and
environmental monitoring, fauna tracking, flora and species identification, conservation and
biodiversity studies, public health research, social and human behavior and interactions, sociopolitical
processes, etc.
The type of crowdsourcing method utilized, the mode of participation and the flexibility intrinsic to
the project’s start determine these levels of control, which can also be readjusted as the project
evolves. Although now geographical information system and PPGIS are not prototype to assist
multiuser associations, many approaches may require group-based involvement for decision-making.
In order to undertake synchronous conferencing, the GeoMeeting server application employs a push
technology procedure like real-time instantaneous messaging which is a typical example of push
services. Read More Articles about Business Outline Templates. In broad terms, we propose
differentiating crowdsourcing methods by classifying them into different modes of organizing
people. Also, the possibility of choosing tasks and thematic or geographic areas of interest ( freedom
to express ) and a trustworthy system to manage contributions and efforts are central considerations
in designing and developing a VGI system in order to engage participation. This classification points
to certain differences in terms of the intellectual involvement required for solving the problem, being
more demanding as we get closer to the latter method. To publish the results in academic journals and
elsewhere. (3) AtrapaelTigre.com Goal Description. Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry
(JPBI). To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few
seconds to upgrade your browser. For example, an object which is geographic can associate many
argumentation components, and an argumentation component can be associated by many objects
that are geographical. Design Criteria of the Central Crowdsourced Processing Unit and Strategy of
a VGI Project. Another variable to consider in a VGI project and its crowdsourcing process design is
the type of contributions (data or content) that must be obtained from or managed by the crowd or
community. The proposed multi-criteria design tool presents a procedure for characterizing and
designing the required central crowdsourced processing unit for a particular stage of a VGI project.
What participation dynamic is required while the tasks are being performed and during the overall
execution of the VGI project. Also, we proposed the use of the participants’ perceived importance in
order to foster different kinds of contributions, to plan a crowdsourcing strategy using different
motivators at different stages in the project depending on how participation is expected to evolve.
We presented some insights on how these factors serve as inputs to help plan the participation,
design the engagement strategies and technology necessary in order to support the required
participation dynamic and workflow of a VGI project. To help divulge and fight against this vector
of diseases and obtain a participatory mapping of their distribution in Spain. (4) New York City
Council Participatory Budgeting (PB) Goal Description. This is based on an analysis of differences
among volunteers’ participatory behaviors and the associated set of factors motivating them to
contribute, whether on a crowd or community-sourced basis. At the first end are located the projects
whose primary mode of participation is based on individual and more independent actions, such as
enabling the execution of a software to collect data automatically, as in the case of Argus and
OpenSignal projects. The process is driven by the use of the perceptual and cognitive abilities of a
large distributed group of individuals who participate (especially online) in problem-solving and data
management tasks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH).
The characterization of VGI systems helped us understand the individual components and their
attributes as well as the existing relationships and interdependency among them, as determined by
the system as a whole. Each item is listed along with the three main dimensions required in order to
work on it and develop it when designing a VGI system. Some examples are real-world objects,
such as a restaurant, street, neighborhood or national park, in which cases gazetteers and topographic
databases with inventoried places may be helpful as references; but, also, new geographic places
may be created as defined by contributors wherever they may decide to attach an experience or
human-related attribute of interest. This classification points to certain differences in terms of the
intellectual involvement required for solving the problem, being more demanding as we get closer to
the latter method. With regards to these ideas, this work presents a methodological proposal with
some preliminary results, considerations and tools, as well as a description of steps to follow for
designing a VGI system. A review of existing PPGIS prototype to support public participation
frameworks reveals that they all focus on using GIS as a supporting tool to facilitate the public input
process (Evans et al. 1999; Ventura et al. 2002), including augmented forums to support multiway
communications among the participants, such as Argumentation Map (Rinner 1999). Since
agriculture is globally responsible for 70% of water use, the SIRIUS project aimed at using data from
European satellites (from the Copernicus constellation, at the time called GMES) to assess irrigation
water requirements, taking into account the interrelated economic, environmental, technical, social
and political dimensions of the food-water challenge. In addition, the municipal participatory
planning process is a local community-based planning process with citizen’s involvement, which
benefits from the insights, knowledge, and support of local residents.
In general, projects that focus exclusively on collecting data require lower cognitive engagement and
less or no collaboration at all among volunteers, particularly when these projects rely on passive
crowdsourcing that takes advantage of the instrumental resources of mobile digital devices without
significant human intervention. Connections and Trust: it is critical to develop trust in the project.
The second is called Distributed Intelligence and is associated with volunteered thinking, which
involves citizens as basic interpreters and in which participants’ cognitive abilities are required in
order to offer simple interpretations. The project was started with Oxford University’s open call to
run climate models on their participants’ computers. The participation behavior of volunteers is
determined by three dimensions: (i) the knowledge of what to do and why; (ii) the capabilities
required to complete a task or collaborate; and (iii) the desire to perform a task or
collaborate—motivation. To enable a grassroots democratic process that promotes transparency and
allows community members to participate directly in public budgeting. Finally, after all system
components have been designed, it is then possible to implement the project and the technology
(development and deployment). A new real-time map discussion class was introduced in this model,
which provided the functionality of real-time geochatting in connection with every graphic-related
object. In addition, the VGI project organization defines the initial goal, objectives and principles
that determine the project’s identity, people?s understanding and commitment and the procedures
and capabilities necessary in order to achieve its objectives. Some (main) key design issues related to
technologies used during the development of the prototype describe as follows. To address a
meeting physically, it is difficult for everyone nowadays. One advantage of this design model is that
it is based on continuous variables that make it possible to apply thresholds in order to discretize
them into sections of processes, thus facilitating a modular crowdsourcing strategy design. Shared
Control. A Council staff member manages logistics and planning of the overall process, but the
community has full control of idea collection, project development, voting and evaluations. Journal
of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD). Crowd-Based and Community-Driven
Approaches to a VGI Project. Since the potential uses and value of the local data, knowledge and
experiences of individuals who are specialized in their own local environment, and the online
organized communities are gaining increased recognition, there is a constant growth in the number of
new geographic open-participation projects being created. Unifying the chat with discussion elements
gives a flexible and a powerful way of managing discussions that are geographically referenced, but
participants should train themselves with this function that is amalgamation which get advantage
from this reliability. It is key to define the goals and nature of a VGI project so as to determine the
level of participation, cooperation strategies and crowdsourcing processes required. As we move up
in this typology, projects require higher levels of participation and greater use of cognitive abilities,
and their success depends on a strong and well-organized interdependent community. Some
examples are real-world objects, such as a restaurant, street, neighborhood or national park, in which
cases gazetteers and topographic databases with inventoried places may be helpful as references;
but, also, new geographic places may be created as defined by contributors wherever they may
decide to attach an experience or human-related attribute of interest. Web-based GIS used to
enhance public democratic involvement. Then, the processes are implemented using a crowdsourcing
strategy that includes the design of a task with particular levels of participation, levels of thinking
and skills, as well as the characteristics of the data and content that must be obtained. This design
criterion is one of the most important, not only for the crowdsourcing process, but also for the entire
VGI system, because it affects the way that volunteers are organized and the tools used to achieve a
desired level of participation. This is based on an analysis of differences among volunteers’
participatory behaviors and the associated set of factors motivating them to contribute, whether on a
crowd or community-sourced basis. Then, visibility, feedback, relationships and interactions with
other community members facilitate personal enrichment and learning. VGI projects employ a
distributed and collective intelligence approach to crowdsourced GI. Moreover, the type of data and
content that will be managed affects the way the crowdsourcing processes for the project are
designed. The actual progression of the methodology presented at this stage begins by setting up a
project, establishing how it is to be managed within an online organization, defining its goals and
deciding the crowdsourcing strategy. Also, in addition to describing the project goal for each case,
we focus on defining the VGI project goals and objectives in following the crowdsourcing
characterization developed and VGI functionalities and goals, and establishing the rationale behind
the project’s organization and scope. To investigate and reduce uncertainties about climate change
and its immediate and long-term effects.
Next Article in Special Issue Evaluating Trade Areas Using Social Media Data with a Calibrated
Huff Model. All GIS-based systems designed to enhance the public participatory approach in the
planning and development-related discussions. Local governments are required to provide more
resources to prevent urban insecurity, violence and environmental deterioration. A new real-time map
discussion class was introduced in this model, which provided the functionality of real-time
geochatting in connection with every graphic-related object. These systems also comprise two
distinct social levels: individuals (personal level) and the community level, driven by a virtual
collaborative environment enabled by an organization and by social interactions. Limiting Factors.
Volunteers’ learning and knowledge in order to better recognize a tiger mosquito. Process. Citizens
using the Tigatrapp mobile app report their discovery of tiger mosquitoes and potential breeding
sites, including location and response to a questionnaire, photos and notes. GeoMeeting provides
real-time map sharing among multiusers or participants. Students would then actively create
knowledge through their own GIS experiences as a result of the learner-centred teaching methods.
These factors determine the use of different (geospatial) web tools and infrastructure and demand a
different task-cognitive engagement of the participants in addition to requiring differing levels of
participation by mode of organization. Gomez-Barron, Jose-Pablo, Miguel-Angel Manso-Callejo,
Ramon Alcarria, and Teresa Iturrioz. Finally, there is “ Extreme Citizen Science ”, which is a
completely integrated participatory activity that consists of defining the problem, collecting and
analyzing data with both professional and non-professional scientists in the role of experts, and
which is also open to the possibility of doing community work without professional scientists.
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currently unavailable. Place-based contributions rely on geographic features normally represented by
or associated with a linear or polygon area. Annals of the Association of American Geographers.
2001; 91 (1):48-70. They must agree to the AtrapaelTigre privacy policy. Altruism, the perceived
significance of a project goal to be achieved for a common good, and the belief in the high value of
people’s local knowledge contributions are the prime motivating factors to rely on to inspire
involvement and participation. In: Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE International Symposium on
Assembly and Task Planning; 21-24 July 1999. pp. 424-429. First, using the project initiation
guidelines, we offer a structured description of some of the most important factors in establishing a
VGI project’s organization. Next, we highlighted an advantage of this design approach, which is that
it enables a modular crowdsourcing process, thus facilitating disaggregation so that different types of
contributions and contributors may be funneled to selected project areas or stages as needed.
Literature review outline template Literature Review Template Definition: A literature review is an
objective, critical summary of published research literature relevant to a topic under consideration for
research. This paper presents our first partial results of a long-term research study on the design of
VGI systems. Until all the proposed phases have been completed, the practical use of our
methodological approach in designing and developing a VGI project from the start will serve as
additional empirical validation. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our
website. The current teaching approaches used fail to propel GIS to better learning and
understanding by the learners. Consequently, the main interdependent components of VGI systems
are the technology, the people who act as participants and the set of actions and processes required
to accomplish organizational goals. Even if the relevance and diffusion of GIS in the educational and
pedagogical fields are increasing, their potential is still under-explored in the development of
empowerment for participatory planning. These scores can determine the usage trend of a motivation
associated with a VGI project’s crowdsourcing approach (crowd-based, community-driven or a
combination thereof) in order to encourage, obtain or segment different types of participants. Feature
papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A
Feature. Gomez-Barron J-P, Manso-Callejo M-A, Alcarria R, Iturrioz T. In particular, we identified
that VGI projects are clearly differentiated by: (i) the way people interact within a network or virtual
community enabling different types of cooperation (see Figure 3 and Case Study 1) and (ii) the
cognitive abilities required in order to make a contribution. Taking these differences into account is
essential for the VGI project because they are key factors in designing the cooperative environment,
the participation structure and the engagement methods used to attract volunteers.
These systems also comprise two distinct social levels: individuals (personal level) and the
community level, driven by a virtual collaborative environment enabled by an organization and by
social interactions. Public role is very essential in the development of projects, and its importance
was not perceived in the last few decades, whereas community is now playing its essential role in
making the decision-making process transparent and better. These opposite crowdsourcing strategies
differ as to the type of participation and demand different rationales from the volunteers who
become involved in a project. The different typologies introduced earlier can be useful in analyzing
and planning the types of crowdsourcing methods that can be used in a VGI project from the
perspective of the problem to be solved, to the use of cognitive abilities and, finally, the operational
modes of crowdsourcing. We examined and synthesized a set of motivators for contributing to VGI
projects in order to attract and manage the required participants for a crowdsourcing process.
Gomez-Barron, J.-P.; Manso-Callejo, M.-A.; Alcarria, R.; Iturrioz, T. How? By making research easy
to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.
Qureshi, Muhammad Kashif Nazir and Amer Masood Submitted: 08 May 2018 Reviewed: 06 June
2018 Published: 28 November 2018 DOWNLOAD FOR FREE Share Cite Cite this chapter There
are two ways to cite this chapter: 1. Figure 3 illustrates these three main levels and their related
processes or modes of organization: Contributory (or Non-Collaborative Participation), Collaborative
(Collaboration) and Participatory (Co-Creation) processes. Consequently, this Co-PPGIS framework-
based GeoMeeting provides an interactive interface to have geo-enabled collaborative participatory
discussion platform among decision-making authorities and common people. Journal of
Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI). Collaborative map sharing with necessary GIS
functions allows participants to collaboratively explore the planning scenarios with the required
spatial contexts. The latter helps to increase self-efficacy, self-actualization and self-image with
respect to participants’ abilities as members of a crowd, thus motivating a change in the contribution
behavior towards a collaborative participation in developing the community. Or, is it possible to
solve the geographic crowdsourced task or problem with independent individual contributions. Also,
developing metrics to monitor, evaluate and control the performance of a VGI project and taking the
entire system into consideration is a study area that needs improvement and will have to be
addressed. This methodology helps establish the initial requirements for a VGI system, and, in its
current state, it mainly focuses on two components of the system: project and participants.
Volunteered Geographic Information System Design: Project and Participation Guidelines. The two
criteria proposed with regards to designing the crowdsourcing process must lead us to formulate and
answer different design questions, such as: What level of complexity, cognitive demands and
participants’ skills are needed to perform a task or solve a problem. Citizens share ideas on a map
and provide feedback before in-person workshops. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Annual PPGIS
Conference of Urban and Regional Information Systems Association; Madison, United States. 2004.
pp. 71-83. Finally, the framework follows agile and adaptive principles that should be applied in the
implementation phases in response to changes in demands for participation and technological tools.
These scores can determine the usage trend of a motivation associated with a VGI project’s
crowdsourcing approach (crowd-based, community-driven or a combination thereof) in order to
encourage, obtain or segment different types of participants. Specified with reference to a common
coordinate system Spatial features can be represented as. In Section 2, we characterize a VGI
system, analyzing how it works and describing its components. These initial stages employ and
focus especially on the process of crowdsourcing as a linking structure that links system components
and acts as the core interface for managing system inputs, obtaining system outputs and directing the
overall VGI system design and development. 3.1. Project Initiation: Defining the Nature and Scope
of a VGI System Organization. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available
worldwide under an open access license. No special. These projects also rely on a more collaborative
environment. Furthermore, by analyzing the graph, it is possible to identify some factors with wider
score gaps between the crowd and community aspects of participation. The design is structured
around the characterization of different ways of participating, and the task cognitive demand of
working on geo-information management, spatial problem solving and ideation, or knowledge
acquisition. Accordingly, this helps improve the community’s identity and engagement with project
goals and maximizes value creation by improving participation and collaborative synergies adapted to
change over time.