INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDED SYSTEMS

PIC Controller Comparison:

Introduction:
 PIC controllers are microcontrollers designed by Microchip Technology, known for their
flexibility and ease of programming.
Features:
 PIC controllers like PIC16F630, PIC16F18324, and PIC16F1939 vary in program memory, I/O
pins, timers, A/D converters, EUSARTs, and oscillator type
3.Applications:
 These controllers are suitable for various applications due to their low power consumption,
support for software tools, and compatibility with interfaces like UART and SPI.
Ease of Use:
 PIC controllers are popular for their ease of programming, wide availability, lower cost, and
extensive user base
Conclusion:
 Understanding the differences in features among PIC controllers is crucial for selecting the right
controller based on project requirements and functionalities.

Difference Between CISC and RISC Processors:

1. CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing):
 CISC processors have many fancy instructions that can do lots of things at once.
 They are like a big box of tools that can handle complex tasks but may take more time and
power.
 CISC is good for a variety of jobs but can be a bit slower and more expensive.
2. RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing):
 RISC processors use simple instructions that do one thing at a time, like a single tool for each
job.
 They focus on doing tasks quickly and efficiently, saving power and cost.
 RISC is like having many simple tools that work fast and are great for specific tasks.
3. Comparison:
 CISC:
 Many complex instructions.
 Takes more time to decode instructions.
 Can handle various tasks but may use more power.
 RISC:
 Fewer simple instructions.
 Quick to decode instructions.
 Efficient for specific tasks, saving power and cost.
4. Conclusion:
 CISC is like having a big toolbox with many tools for different jobs, while RISC is like having a
few specialized tools that work quickly and efficiently. Choosing between CISC and RISC
depends on the job's complexity, speed requirements, and cost considerations.

Features of PIC Microcontrollers:

1. Introduction:
 PIC microcontrollers are like tiny brains in gadgets, helping them work and do cool stuff.
2. Design:
 They have Flash memory for storing instructions, RAM for temporary data, and EEPROM for
saving settings.
 PICs use the Harvard architecture to keep things organized and work efficiently.
3. Tools:
 PICs come with timers, ADC for converting signals, and communication modules like EUSART
and SPI.
 They have I/O pins grouped into ports for easy control and connecting to other devices.
4. Memory:
 They use Flash memory that's big and easy to erase, along with RAM and EEPROM for storing
data.
 This helps them remember instructions and settings even when turned off.
5. Uses:
 People love using PICs for fun projects because they're affordable, easy to use, and have lots of
features.
 From simple gadgets to big machines, PICs are great for all kinds of cool inventions.
1.
2. RAM (Random Access Memory):
 RAM is like a computer's short-term memory where it keeps things while it's working.
 It helps the computer run fast by storing information the brain (CPU) needs right now.
3. ROM (Read-Only Memory):
 ROM is like a computer's long-term memory where it stores important stuff that doesn't change.
 It holds things the computer needs to start up and work, like a special instruction book.
4. Data Bus:
 The data bus is like a road where information travels inside the computer.
 It carries data between different parts so they can talk to each other and work together.
5. Address:
 An address is like a unique code for each piece of information stored in the computer.
 When the computer needs something, it uses addresses to find where that thing is kept in its
memory.
6. Conclusion:
 RAM is short-term memory, ROM is long-term memory, the data bus is the road for information,
and addresses are like special codes for finding things in the computer's memory.
Understanding these terms helps us see how computers remember and use information to do
all their amazing tasks.

Instruction set architecture of (8085) Microprocessor

An abstract model of a computer defining instructions, data types, registers, memory
management, and input/output
More

Components
Instructions, data types, registers, memory management, addressing modes, virtual memory,
input/output model
Binary Compatibility
Enables multiple implementations of an ISA to run the same machine code, allowing easy
substitution of machines
Extensions
ISAs can be extended by adding instructions or capabilities, still maintaining backward
compatibility
 Instruction Set of a Microprocessor:
1. Data Transfer:
 These instructions move data around, like picking up toys and putting them in different boxes.
 They help the microprocessor handle information from one place to another easily.
2. Arithmetic Operations:
 These instructions are like math helpers, helping the microprocessor add, subtract, or count
things.
 They make it easy for the microprocessor to work with numbers and do calculations.
3. Logical Operations:
 These instructions are like puzzle solvers, helping the microprocessor make decisions and solve
problems.
 They work with data to compare, combine, or rearrange information as needed.
4. Branch Control:
 These instructions are like traffic signs, telling the microprocessor where to go next in a
program.
 They help the microprocessor navigate through different parts of a task or program.
5. Conclusion:
 The instruction set of a microprocessor is like a set of tools that help it do different tasks.
 By using these instructions, the microprocessor can move data, do math, make decisions, and
follow the right path in a program.

ARM Programs in Embedded Systems:

1. ARM Assembly Language:
 ARM processors speak a special language with about 30 main commands they understand.
 Learning this language helps us talk to ARM processors and make them do what we want.
2. Getting Started:
 To work with ARM programs, we need a computer with an ARM processor and some special
software.
 This software helps us write programs that the ARM processor can understand and follow.
3. Future of ARM Programming:
 In the future, we might learn even more about ARM programming, like using new tools and
tricks.
 These new things will help us make programs that work even better on ARM processors.
4. Why ARM is Important:
 ARM processors are like superheroes in small devices because they use less power and work
efficiently.
 Learning how to program them helps us make cool gadgets like phones and games that run
smoothly.
5. Conclusion:
 Understanding ARM programming is like learning a secret language to talk to special
computers.
 By mastering this language, we can create amazing programs for devices that use ARM
processors, making them work smarter and faster.

Application Program Status Register (APSR):

1. What is the APSR?:
 The APSR is a special box in the ARM Cortex-M processor that holds flags about math results.
 It keeps track of things like positive, negative, zero, or too much numbers.
2. Why is APSR Important?:
 APSR helps the processor make smart decisions based on the numbers it works with.
 It's like having a superhero guide to handle different math situations.
3. How APSR Works:
 When the processor does math, it updates flags in the APSR to remember what happened.
 These flags are like clues that tell the processor what to do next.
4. Using APSR:
 Programmers can check these flags to decide what actions to take next in their programs.
 It's like having a secret code that helps the processor know how to deal with different math
results.
5. Conclusion:
 The APSR is a helpful guide for the ARM Cortex-M processor in making decisions based on
math results.
 Understanding and using the APSR well helps programmers create clever programs that make
the processor do awesome things.
 ARM and Thumb Instruction Sets:
1. ARM Instruction Set:
 ARM instructions are like big Lego blocks that tell the processor what to do in a 32-bit way.
 They are detailed and powerful, allowing the processor to handle complex tasks efficiently.
2. Thumb Instruction Set:
 Thumb instructions are like smaller Lego pieces that represent a simpler version of the ARM
instructions in just 16 bits.
 They help the processor work faster and save space by using shorter commands.
3. APSR Register:
 The APSR is like a special box in the processor that holds important information about its mode
and status.
 It also has a Thumb status bit that tells the processor if it should use ARM or Thumb
instructions.
4. Switching Modes:
 When the processor sees a Thumb instruction, it switches to Thumb mode to follow those
shorter commands.
 If it needs to go back to using bigger ARM instructions, it switches back to ARM mode.
5. Conclusion:
 ARM and Thumb instruction sets are like different sizes of building blocks that help the
processor work efficiently.
 By understanding how these sets work and using the APSR register, programmers can create
smart programs that make the processor do amazing things.

Types of Communication in Embedded Systems:

1. Point-to-Point Networks:
 Point-to-point networks are like direct phone calls where each device talks only to one other
device.
 It's simple and reliable, just like having a private chat with a friend.
2. Shared Media Networks:
 Shared media networks are like a group chat where all devices share the same line to talk.
 It's like passing a talking stick around in a circle, where everyone can hear the conversation.
3. Why It Matters:
 Understanding these network types helps devices decide how to talk to each other effectively.
 It's like choosing between talking directly to someone or joining a group discussion when
sharing information.
4. Everyday Comparison:
 Just as we choose how to communicate with others, devices in embedded systems decide how
to exchange data.
 Knowing about these communication types helps devices share information efficiently and make
sure messages reach the right destination.
5. Conclusion:
 Learning about point-to-point and shared media networks in embedded systems is like
discovering different ways devices can communicate.
 By understanding these communication types, we can create systems that communicate well
and share information smoothly among devices.

Arduino Uno Pin Structure and Functions:

1. Digital Pins:
 Arduino Uno has 13 digital pins (D0-D12) that can be used to control things.
 These pins can be set to be inputs or outputs.
 For example, to set pin 13 as an output, use pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
2. Analog Pins:
 Arduino Uno has 6 analog pins (A0-A5) that can read signals from sensors or other devices.
 These pins can be read using analogRead(A0);
3. PWM Pins:
 Some digital pins (D3, D5, D6, D9, D10, and D11) can be used as PWM pins to control the
brightness of LEDs.
 PWM pins can be set as outputs and controlled using pinMode(9, OUTPUT) and pinMode(9,
PWM_OUTPUT);
4. Serial Communication:
 Arduino Uno has a built-in way to send and receive data between devices.
 Serial communication can be started using Serial.begin(9600);
5. Interrupts:
 Arduino Uno has 2 digital pins (D2 and D3) that can generate interrupts when a signal is
detected.
 Interrupts can be set up using attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(2), myFunction, RISING);
By understanding these pin functions, you can control lights, buttons, sensors, and more with
Arduino Uno!

Transducers in Embedded Systems:

1. What are Transducers?:
 Transducers are like magical devices that can change one type of energy into another.
 They can turn things like movement or sound into electrical signals that we can use.
2. Example of an Accelerometer:
 An accelerometer is a special transducer that feels how things move and turns that movement
into electricity.
 It works like a tiny dancer that tells us when things are shaking or vibrating.
3. How Transducers Work:
 Imagine a tiny magnet and a little carrier that dance together when there's movement.
 When they move, they create electrical signals that tell us about the motion happening around
them.
4. Using Transducer Signals:
 The electrical signals from transducers can be used in devices like microphones to capture
sound or speakers to play music.
 It's like turning dance moves into music notes that we can hear and enjoy.
5. Importance of Transducers:
 Understanding transducers helps us convert real-world actions into signals that computers and
devices can understand.
 They are like translators between the physical world and the digital world, making
communication between them possible.

Light Sensitive Sensor and Ultrasonic Sensor in Embedded Systems:

1. Light Sensitive Sensor:
 A light sensitive sensor is like a tiny eye that sees how bright or dark it is.
 It helps devices decide when to turn lights on or off based on the amount of light around.
2. Ultrasonic Sensor:
 An ultrasonic sensor is like a bat that uses sound waves to "see" things instead of light.
 It can find objects even in the dark by sending out sound waves and listening for echoes.
3. How Ultrasonic Sensors Work:
 Ultrasonic sensors work by sending sound waves that bounce off objects and come back.
 By timing how long it takes for the sound to return, the sensor can tell how far away things are.
4. Uses of Ultrasonic Sensors:
 Ultrasonic sensors are handy for measuring distances, finding objects, and avoiding collisions in
robots.
 They work well in different places and can detect things no matter what they look like.
5. Importance in Embedded Systems:
 Knowing about light sensitive and ultrasonic sensors helps us make smart systems that react to
light changes and find objects using sound.
 These sensors turn light and sound into signals that devices understand, making them essential
for smart technology.

One-Way and Partial Communication in Embedded Systems:

1. One-Way Communication:
 One-way communication is like sending a message without expecting a reply.
 It's like talking to a friend who listens but doesn't talk back.
2. Partial Communication:
 Partial communication is when devices share some information but not everything.
 It's like telling a secret to a friend but not sharing all the details.
3. Example of One-Way:
 A sensor sending temperature data to a display is a one-way communication.
 The sensor shares information, but the display doesn't send anything back.
4. Example of Partial:
 When a remote control tells the TV to change channels, it's partial communication.
 The remote sends specific commands, but the TV doesn't share all its information.
5. Importance in Embedded Systems:
 Understanding one-way and partial communication helps devices work together efficiently.

GPRS and WiFi in Embedded Systems:

1. GPRS:
 GPRS is a way to access the internet on your phone or device.
 It's like having a special phone line that lets you send and receive messages, but also use the
internet.
 GPRS works on mobile networks and is an upgrade from older systems.
 It's like adding a new feature to your phone without replacing the old one.
2. WiFi:
 WiFi is a way to connect devices to the internet without cords.
 It's like having a magic connection that lets your phone or tablet talk to the internet without
touching it.
 WiFi works on the same network as your phone calls, but it's for internet use only.
 WiFi is like a special signal that your devices can use to talk to the internet.
3. Importance in Embedded Systems:
 Understanding GPRS and WiFi helps devices connect to the internet and share information with
each other.
 It's like knowing how to use different phone lines or magic signals to talk to friends and family.

LAN, MAN, WAN, Bluetooth, Zig-Bee in Embedded Systems:

1. LAN (Local Area Network):
 LAN is like a small network for devices in one place, such as a home or school.
 It helps devices like computers and printers talk to each other easily.
 LAN is like having a special club for devices in the same building.
2. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):
 MAN is like connecting neighborhoods in a city, allowing devices to share information.
 It's bigger than LAN but not as large as WAN.
 MAN is like linking different parts of a city together.
3. WAN (Wide Area Network):
 WAN is like connecting cities or countries with a big network.
 It helps devices from different places communicate, like the Internet.
 WAN is like a giant web connecting people all around the world.
4. Bluetooth:
 Bluetooth is like magic that lets devices talk to each other without wires.
 It's used for connecting things like phones and speakers wirelessly.
 Bluetooth is like having a secret language for gadgets to share music and messages.
5. Zig-Bee:
 Zig-Bee is like a special network for smart devices in homes or buildings.
 It helps things like lights and thermostats communicate with each other.
 Zig-Bee is like having tiny messengers that make homes smarter and more efficient.