LECTURE 2

Chapter 2
Matrices

2.0 Type of Matrices

2.1 Operations with Matrices
( Addition, scalar multiplication and
subtraction)
MATRICES

Definition
• A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers.
• The numbers in the array are called the elements of the
matrix.

Matrices
gements
w
 7 1 3 5 6 
 2 3  4
A  B   0 5 C  0  2 5 
 7 5  1  8 3 8 9 12 
am
L

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Row and Column 2 3  4 2Rows
A  3Columns
7 5  1

 2 3   4
2 3  4 7 5  1 7 5   1
     
row 1 row 2 column 1 column 2 column 3

Submatrix Hiss
submatri
submatrics
1 7 4   1 7 7 
1 4
A  2 3 0  P  2 3 
Q   3 R 
5  2 
5 1  2  5 1 1
matrix A submatrice s of A

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 Size and Type
 2 5 7 8 
 1 0 3  9 0 1   3
 2 4 5   4 3 8 5  
    3 5 8  2
39 mns 3Row columns fowflu.mn columns
Size : 2  3 3  3 matrix 1 4 matrix 3  1 matrix
a square matrix a row matrix Ra column matrix
Location 681s iwis
 2 3  4 The element aij is in row i , column j
A  a13  4, a21  7 The element in location (1,3) is 4
 7 5  1
Identity Matrices 923 1
diagonal size
Identitymatrices 1 0 0
I2   1 0  I 3  0 1 0 
0 1
0 0 1
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 Properties:
•A specified number of rows and a specified number of
columns
•Two numbers (rows x columns) describe the dimensions
or size of the matrix.
2
Examples:
3x3 matrix
3 3
1 2 4  2 43 1 2
2x4 matrix
4  1 5 1 1
  
 3
 1  1
1x2 matrix 3 3 3 0 0 3 2 

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A matrix is denoted by a bold capital letter and the elements
within the matrix are denoted by lower case letters
e.g. matrix [A] with elements aij
pelements
ATAX
Amxn=
 a11 a12 ... aij ain 
a a22 ... aij 
a2 n 
 21
n
mA

     
 
am1 am 2 aij amn 
i goes from 1 to m
j goes from 1 to n 7/30
TYPES OF MATRICES

1. Column matrix or vector:

The number of rows may be any integer but the number of
columns is always 1

1   a11 
4 1  a21 
   3  
 2     
am1 

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TYPES OF MATRICES

2. Row matrix or vector

Any number of columns but only one row

1 1 6 0 3 5 2

a11 a12 a13  a1n 

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TYPES OF MATRICES

3. Rectangular matrix
Contains more than one element and number of rows is not
equal to the number of columns

1 1 
3 7  1 1 1 0 0 
   2 0 3 3 0
7  7   
 
7 6 
mn
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 TYPES OF MATRICES

4. Square matrix
The number of rows is equal to the number of columns
(a square matrix A has an order of m)
mxm

1 1 1 Amorder in
1911 1
9 9 0
3 
0  
 6 6 1
922
11 1
The principal or main diagonal of a square matrix is composed of all
elements aij for which i=j

I 11/30
 na
TYPES OF MATRICES

misms
5. Diagonal matrix
maindiagnole11 156
A square matrix where all the elements are zero except those on
the main diagonal

3 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 
0 2 0   3 0 0
  0 0 5 0
0 0 1  
0 0 0 9
i.e. aij =0 for all i = j
aij = 0 for some or all i = j

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TYPES OF MATRICES

6. Unit or Identity matrix - I

A diagonal matrix with ones on the main diagonal

1 0 0 0 is
0 1 0 
0 www.a
 aij 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 
  0 1  0 
aij 
0 0 0 1   

i.e. aij =0 for all i = j

aij = 1 for some or all i = j
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 TYPES OF MATRICES

7. Null (zero) matrix - 0

All elements in the matrix are zero

0  0 0 0 
0  0 0 0 
   
0  0 0 0

aij  0 For all i,j

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 TYPES OF MATRICES

8. Triangular matrix
A square matrix whose elements above or below the main
diagonal are all zero

1 0 0  1 0 0  1 8 9
 2 1 0  2 1 0 0 1 6 
     
5 2 3 5 2 3 0 0 3

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TYPES OF MATRICES

186181

III
8a. Upper triangular matrix
A square matrix whose elements below the main
diagonal are all zero
1 7 4 4
aij aij aij  1 8 7 0 
  0 1 8   1 7 4
0 aij aij 
  0
0 0 7 8
 0 aij  0 0 3  
0 0 0 3
i.e. aij = 0 for all i > j

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 TYPES OF MATRICES

35
upper
8b. Lower triangular matrix

A square matrix whose elements above the main diagonal are all
zero
5566A
aij 0 0 1 0 0 
   2 1 0
aij aij 0
 
aij aij aij  5 2 3

i.e. aij = 0 for all i < j

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TYPES OF MATRICES

9. Scalar matrix
A diagonal matrix whose main diagonal elements are
equal to the same scalar
A scalar is defined as a single number or constant

its
aij 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 0 0
  0 1 0  0 
 0 aij 0    6 0 0
0 0 aij  0 0 1
 0 0 6 0
 
i.e. aij = 0 for all i = j 0 0 0 6
aij = a for all i = j
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 2.1 Operations with Matrices
 Matrix:
 a11 a12 a13  a1n 
a a a  a 
 21 22 23 2n 

Let A  [aij ]   a31 a32 a33  a3n V3  M mn

 
    
am1 am 2 am 3  amn 
mn

(i, j)-th entry: aij

row: m
column: n
size: m×n

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 i-th row vector
ri  ai1 ai 2  ain  row matrix

 j-th column vector

 c1 j 
c 
cj   
2j column matrix
  
c 
 mj 
 Square matrix: m = n

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  Diagonal matrix:
d1 0  0
0 d2  0
A  diag(d1 , d 2 ,, d n )     M nn
   
0 0  d n 

10 00
 Trace:
1
diagnes's
If A  [ aij ]nn 35
Then Tr ( A)  a11  a22    ann
ALL 8169425
Diagnon
matrit
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Example 1: Define the matrix

 1 2 3 1 2 4
  4  1 5
A 4 5 6 B= 
  3
7 8 9 3 3

Find Tr(A) and Tr(B) Tr A 5 9 15

Soplution:
Tr(A) = 1 + 5+ 6 = 12 B f1 3 3
am
g
Tr(B) = 1 + (-1) + 3 = 3

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 Example 2: If
1 2 3  r1 
A   
4 5 6 r2 
 r1  1 2 3, r2  4 5 6

 1 2 3
A   c1 c2 c3 
 4 5 6
1   2  3
 c1   , c2   , c3   
4 5  6 

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 www.WI
 Equal matrix: Is
If A  [aij ]mn , B  [bij ]mn
t
Then A  B if andsize
only if aij  bij  1  i  m, 1  j  n

 Example 3: (Equal matrix): Let

1 2 a b 
A  B 
3 4   c d 

If A  B
Then a  1, b  2, c  3, d  4

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 Matrix addition

If A  [aij ]mn , B  [bij ]mn

Then A  B  [aij ]mn  [bij ]mn  [aij  bij ]mn

 Example 4: (Matrix addition)

2 2
 1 2  1 3  1  1 2  3  0 5

0808
 0 1   1 2   0  1 1  2   1 3


 1  1
   

 1  1  0o
   o

8
2   3   3 
   
 2  2
0
  3  3   0 
   
 2  2 0
columns

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Scalar multiplication

If A  [aij ]mn , c : scalar

to
Then cA  [caij ]mn

Example 5: (Scalar multiplication)

For the following matrix, find 3A.

Solution:

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Matrix subtraction

A  B  A  (1)B
ii www.W
2 After
 Example 6: (Scalar multiplication and matrix subtraction)
 1 2 4  2 0 0
A   3 0  1 B   1  4 3
   
 2 1 2  1 3 2

Find (a) 3A, (b) –B, (c) 3A – B

00
Its
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Sol:
( a) YE
 1 2 4   31 32 34  3 6 12
3A  3 3 0  1  3 3 30 3 1   9 0  3
     
 2 1 2  32 31 32  6 3 6
(b)
 2 0 0   2 0 0

 B   1 1  4 3     1 4  3
   
 1 3 2  1  3  2 3 3
( c)
6
 3 6 12   2 e0 0  1 6 12
3 A  B   9 0  3   1  4 3   10 4  6
     
 6 3 6  1 3 2  7 0 4

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Exercise 2

Find

(a) A+B (b) A-B (c) 2A (d) 3B

(e) 2A+3B (f) 3B - 2A

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Keywords in Section 2.1:
 row vector: ‫متجه صفي‬
 column vector:)‫(متجه عمودي‬
 diagonal matrix: ‫مصفوفة قطرية‬
 trace: ‫اثر‬
 equality of matrices: ‫تعادل المصفوفات‬
 matrix addition: ‫جمع المصفوفات‬
 scalar multiplication: ‫ضرب بعدد ثابت‬

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