MODULE 1 tongue, those children are usually called bilingual.

By contrast, a second language is a language

Nature of Language
that a person learns in addition to his or her first
Language language. It may be learned in a formal or
• The world is shrinking rapidly today. Advances in informal way, such as at school or in a family, and
information technology, scientific knowledge and this active process is called language learning.
applications have transformed a sprawling earth People learn languages as they use them to
into a global village. People of various cultures communicate their thoughts, feelings, and
and nationalities now meet, interact, trade, and experiences and establish relationships with family
socialize with ease on a daily basis. Making this members and friends. For example, a student may
possible is the use of a common language. come to school speaking more than one
• Language is purely human and non-instinctive language, or learn another language in school. In
method of communicating ideas, emotions and their early years, children develop language
desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols informally. Language development is continuous
(Sapir, 1921, as cited in Madrunio & Martin, 2018). and recursive. Students enhance their language
• It is a system of communication by sound, learning by using what they know in new and
operating through the organs of speech, among more complex contexts.
members of a given community, and using vocal • Finally, language is a tool that enables people to
symbols possessing arbitrary conventional communicate, express needs and wants, issue
meaning (Pei, 1966, as cited in Madrunio & Martin, directives, create and produce through our own
2018). tongue.
• Language is the ability to produce and Communication
comprehend both spoken and written (and in the
- the term communication comes from the Latin word
case of sign language, signed) words.
“communicare” - which means to share something in
Understanding how language works means
common, to unite, to join, or to have things in common.
reaching across many branches of psychology-
- it is a process by which people send messages or
everything from basic neurological functioning to
exchange ideas or thoughts with one another in a verbal
high-level cognitive processing.
or non-verbal manner.
• Language shapes our social interactions and
Speech Communication - process of transmitting
brings order to our lives. Complex language is one
information, thought or feeling from one person to another
of the defining factors that make us human.
through spoken words.
Linguists agree that a language can only be
Non-verbal Communication - receiving and transmitting
called a language, if it has a system of rules (also
information, thought or feeling without the use of words.
known as grammar), a sound system (phonology)
- communication skills are important to everyone-they are
and a vocabulary (lexicon). These are the
how we give and receive information and convey our
requirements for identifying a means of
ideas and opinions with those around us.
communication as a language, therefore it is an
Forms of Communication
exclusively human condition. Other species
• Verbal
definitely do communicate through movements
- sounds, language, written (journals, emails, blogs,
and sounds, but they are definitely not in the same
and text messages).
class as humans.
• Non-verbal
• When people use language, they can understand
- facial expressions, tone of voice, body language,
each other because they belong to the same
and posture.
speech community. They can interact to each
- visual (signs, objects, symbols, and pictures).
other because in their speech community, people
- the term communication process refers to the exchange
share the same set of rules in the language system.
of information (a message) between two or more people.
While growing up, people acquire the languages
For communication to succeed, both parties must be able
used by those in the community. This is the process
to exchange information and understand each other. If
of language acquisition, which is the process of
the flow of information is blocked for some reason or the
building the ability to understand a language,
parties cannot make themselves understood, then
using it to communicate with others.
communication fails.
• The language acquired growing up is known as
first language (also called as mother tongue or Elements of Communication
native language). A first language is the language Sender
a person has learned from birth or within the - the communication process begins with the sender,
critical period, or that a person speaks the best who is also called the communicator or source.
and so is often the basis for sociolinguistic identity. - the sender has some kind of information - a
In some countries, the terms native language or command, request, or idea that he or she wants to
mother tongue refer to the language of one's share with others.
ethnic group rather than one's first language.
Sometimes, there can be more than one mother
Tranate, Sophie A. BSMT 2 - A
 - in order for that message to be received, the sender However, the reality is very different—the process of
must first encode the message in a form that can be communication is actually impressively complex.
understood and then transmit it. - it is important that you learn the different principles which
serve as guides in the practice, and continuous
Receiver
improvement of your communication skills.
- the person to whom a message is directed is called
• Communication is TRANSACTIONAL.
the receiver, or the interpreter.
- a two-way process which involves an exchange
- in order to comprehend the information from the
of thoughts and ideas. Every message consists of
sender, the receiver must first be able to receive the
content and feeling. The content is what the
sender's information and then decode or interpret it.
message is about based on the words used. The
Message feeling connected to the content is expressed
- the message or content is the information that the through nonverbal cues—body
sender wants to relay to the receiver. language/gestures, facial expression, tone of
- it is relayed between the parties. voice/inflection, and voice volume.
- put all three together and you have the • Communication is INEVITABLE.
communication process as its most basic. - it is impossible to not communicate. All actions-
Medium both intentional and unintentional-communicate
- also called the channel, the medium is the means by certain messages. For example, deliberately
which a message is transmitted. Text messages, for ignoring someone is not “not communicating.”
example, are transmitted through the medium of cell Quite the contrary (as you know if you’ve been on
phones. the receiving end), this action sends a strong
Feedback message. Another is, when the moment you wake
- the communication process reaches its final point up, you already start communicating by merely
when the message has been successfully transmitted, thinking of how your day will look like.
received, and understood. • Communication is GOAL-ORIENTED.
- the receiver, in turn, responds to the sender, indicating - when you communicate, you have goals in
comprehension. mind. You do not just say something or write a
- feedback may be direct, such as a written or verbal message on a piece of paper for no reason at all.
response, or it may take the form of an act or deed in To persuade; to entertain; to inform; to express
response. one’s feeling, ideas, or emotions; to build and
maintain relationships; and to influence others are
Encoding some of the purposes of communication.
- it is the process of turning thoughts into • Communication has VARIOUS LEVELS.
communication. - the various levels of communication are: (1)
- the encoder uses a ‘medium’ to send the message - Intrapersonal Communication (it is the knowledge
a phone call, email, text message, face-to-face of and communication with oneself
meeting, or other communication tool. (introspection-mental/symbolic processing of
- the level of conscious thought that goes into information without the benefit of getting the
encoding messages may vary. opinion of others); (2) Interpersonal
- the encoder should also take into account any ‘noise’ Communication (It is the interaction (speaking
that might interfere with his or her message, such as and listening/switching of roles) between two
other messages, distractions, or influences. people or relatively small group. It determines our
Decoding relationships with others and who we are; (3)
- it is the process of turning communication into Extended Communication (It involves the use of
thoughts. electronic media. The description of extended
- for example, you may realize you’re hungry and communication may be expanded as to include
encode the following message to send to your television, audio, or phone conferencing; video-
roommate: “I’m hungry. Do you want to get pizza conferencing; Skype calls; other technological
tonight?” As your roommate receives the message, he means. Language used may be formal or
or she decodes your communication and turns it back informal; and (4) Organizational Communication
into thoughts to make meaning. (A system of communication should be put in
place. A set of rules or standards for
Principles of Communication communication protocol should be made clear
- effective communication is a connection between so that interaction patterns are established).
people that allows for the exchange of thoughts, feelings, 2 Types of Organizational Structure
and ideas, and leads to mutual understanding. This Formal Structure - it allows the communication to take
exchange is evidenced when a speaker sends a message place via designated channels of message flow between
to which a listener responds. It seems simple, but it isn’t. positions in the organization.
People tend to take the communication process for The Four (4) approaches are: (1) downward
granted. We generally figure that the communication communication - is the type that flows from upper to lower
between two or more people is no big deal. It just works. position (e.g. president to manager or supervisor and a
Tranate, Sophie A. BSMT 2 - A
manager to an ordinary staff) ; (2) upward communication - a company who is aware of a danger and does not
- is the type that flows from lower to upper position (e.g. communicate it would be breaking this rule of ethical
subordinates to superior and students to teacher; (3) communication.
horizontal communication - is lateral in approach as it Fairness to all Stakeholders.
takes place among people belonging to the same level
- when communicating internally or externally, the
but coming from different departments; and (4) crosswise
organization should attempt to be fair to its employees,
communication - is diagonal in nature as employees from
customers, and community.
different units or departments working at various levels
- if a manager were to exert inappropriate control over
communicate to each other.
employees, stockholders or customers, this would be a
• Communication is RELATIONAL.
violation of this standard.
- in any communication setting, aside from sharing
- price fixing, bribery, and insider training are examples of
meaning, the process how meaning is created
behaviors and communications that are exerting
also echoes two vital aspects of relationships of
unfairness to stakeholders.
the communicators: immediacy and control.
Immediacy is the degree of liking or attractiveness Be an Active Listener and Strive to Understand.
in a relationship and control, on the other hand, is - hearing and listening are two different things.
the degree which one participant shows - in order for ethical communication to be effective, the
dominance or power. recipient of the message should know that he (as the
• Communications is GUIDED BY CULTURE. listener) and the speaker both have equal responsibilities
- culture maybe defined as system of knowledge in the communication process.
shared by a relatively large group of people. The - the listener should not select the message that he wants
system includes shared beliefs, values, symbols to listen to or to hear only parts of the message.
and behaviors. How messages are created and - the recipient may ask questions for clarification to fully
processed is greatly influenced by the cultural understand the message.
background of communicators. - while it is important to be a proactive listener, it is
Ethics in Communication important for listeners to also strive to fully understand what
is being said before responding.
- communication is ethical when it is upfront, honest, and
- while asking for clarification or confirmation of a point is
cooperative.
fine, many times questions that listeners pose have already
- communication that is intended to conceal the truth or
been answered.
harm another person cannot be described as ethical.
- listeners should think about what has been said before
- while ethics are not the same as morals, there is a strong
constructing a reply.
relationship between the two: morals are ideas of what is
- reading “in between the lines” is also an important skill
right and wrong, while ethics are behavioral principles
that allows for understanding what isn’t said or implied.
influenced by moral beliefs.
- the ethics of communication are therefore strongly Avoid a Negative Tone.
influenced by moral principles. Below are principles - tone is critical to communication.
associated with the 7Cs and ethical communication. - there are people who are particular to paralanguage or
Some of which are the following (Madnelbaum, 2019, ): tone of the voice.
Be Honest and Truthful. - ethical communication assumes that the speaker will
avoid rudeness, be polite, professional, and tactful.
- being honest means communicating what is known to be
- the ethical communicator knows that it is not only
true – no more, no less.
important what you say, but how you say it.
- ethical communication is based on accurate, factual
- one’s voice is always picked up by the receiver, and can
information – in other words, do not lie whether the
alter how the message is received and/or understood that
message is directed downward to employees, upward to
can lead to unnecessary confrontations that decrease
management, laterally to other peers and departments, or
business productivity.
externally.
- essentially, keeping the tone positive or neutral is best. It
- honesty should also prevail when communicating goals,
is possible to be completely honest and open with one’s
expectations, decisions, feedback, or judgments to
thoughts and feelings while still remaining polite and
employees.
respectful.
Refrain from doing Harm.
Do Not Interrupt Others.
- whether communicating on a corporate or an individual
- allowing others to speak is important for civil, effective
level, the communication should make every effort to
working environment.
cause no harm.
- interrupting others results in misunderstandings, conflicts
- for instance, tobacco companies are required to
and problems that hinder workforce and corporate
communicate that the practice of consuming their
progress.
products may lead to physical conditions like emphysema,
- interrupting others is not only disrespectful, and unethical
lung cancer and other illnesses.
but does not allow listeners to fully understand the
message that results in wrong assumptions and actions.

Tranate, Sophie A. BSMT 2 - A

 Refrain from Speaking Judgmentally and Strive to digital age, some take accessibility to advanced
Understand technology for granted. For instance, while smartphones
are readily available, and translation apps are abundant,
not everyone is able to access such applications or
- while it is important to be a proactive listener, it is
platforms. If a business wanted to present certain
important for listeners to also strive to fully understand what
information to an audience while expecting the audience
is being said before responding.
to translate it into their native language via an application,
- while asking for clarification or confirmation of a point is
there may be confusion. Thus, the ability to access certain
fine, many times questions that listeners pose have already
technology - and the know-how on how to use certain
been answered.
applications - may be a roadblock when it comes to
- listeners should think about what has been said before
ethically communicating to a particular audience; (3)
constructing a reply.
Knowing One’s Audience: Being an effective
- reading “in between the lines” is also an important skill
communicator means knowing your audience in order to
that allows for understanding what isn’t said, but was
communicate in the way that he/she will understand the
implicitly said or implied.
best. Know the language, profession, and others so that
- conflicts usually result from unethical, judgmental,
you can adjust your presentation or communication to
accusatory and overly critical comments that become
audience; and (4) Choosing the Right Place/Time:
catalysts for communication breakdowns.
Speaking about a particular topic in a business often
Speak from Your Own Experience. requires choosing the most pertinent and appropriate time
- bringing your personal work experience or best work and place in order for the message to be most effective.
practices into a dialogue with business listeners is This requires knowing the recipients along with utilizing
important, providing backup for your arguments with strategy and planning.
something more tangible that paints a complete picture Respect Privacy and Confidentiality.
for your audience and helps to prove your points for a
- most businesses have code of ethics defining what is
better understanding of what is being discussed; however,
appropriate when it comes to honoring client and
manage your own personal boundaries: share only what
employee confidentiality and privacy.
you are comfortable sharing.
- this can have a wide range of implications, including
Avoid Speaking for Others. minimizing workplace gossip and conversations about the
- characterizing what others have said without checking private lives of clients and/or personnel.
your understanding, or by universalizing your opinions, - moreover, REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10173 also known as the
beliefs, values, and conclusions, assuming everyone shares Data Privacy Act of 2012 has been passed to protect the
them is unethical. fundamental human right of privacy, of communication
Consider Appropriate Communication Channel. while ensuring free flow of information to promote
innovation and growth.
- you risk losing an audience if you use a communication - the State recognizes the vital role of information and
channel that is not preferred by your intended receiver. communications technology in nation-building and its
- to effectively communicate with your listeners, use the inherent obligation to ensure that personal information in
most preferred communication channel, whether that be information and communications systems in the
face-to-face, email, conference call, phone call, government and in the private sector are secured and
messenger app, etc. protected (Republic of the Philippines, 2012).
- also, when presenting data to a business audience, be
aware of the preferred method of presentation for that Accept Responsibility and Accountability.
business, whether it be graphs, slides, PowerPoint - words do not only build but also destroy a person or an
presentations, etc. organization.
Consideration for Any Potential Roadblocks. - a core element within the framework of ethical
communication is being responsible and accountable to
- when communicating with another party, truly ethical one’s words and actions whether it be good or bad.
communication entails considering any potential factor - owning one’s words reinforces the importance of being
that may influence how the recipient understands the conscientious about ethical communication.
information that is being communicated. - sadly, there’s no shortage of examples where
- these factors or roadblocks maybe: (1) Language organizations making unethical decisions and creating
Fluency, Language Use and Jargons. It takes into account unethical communications as a result.
the level of fluency as well as language spoken for
messages or information to be fully understood. Use a Synthesis and Conclusion
common language that all involved communicators Language is a system of communication by sound,
understand. Every field or industry has its own jargon. When operating through the organs of speech, among members
speaking to a non-specialist, it is ethical to speak with of a given community, and using vocal symbols possessing
simple, easy-to-understand words, while avoiding the use arbitrary conventional meaning. It is the ability to produce
of heavy jargon, resulting in portions of the presentation or and comprehend both spoken and written (and in the
communication being incomprehensible to an audience; case of sign language, signed) words. Language is a tool
(2) Accessibility to Technology. In this information and that enables people to communicate, express needs and
Tranate, Sophie A. BSMT 2 - A
wants, issue directives, create and produce through our - it refers to the kind of relationship that exists
own tongue. between the sender and the receiver.
An indispensable tool for human survival is - for example, the way you talk to your parents
communication. The term communication process refers differs from the way you talk to your friends,
to the exchange of information between two or more younger siblings, and more so with your
people. For communication to succeed, both parties must classmates.
be able to exchange information and understand each 4. Psychological Context
other. There are different principles which serve as guide in - it includes the emotional feelings of the
improving your communication skills. These are as follows: participants in the communication process.
(1) transactional; (2) inevitable; (3) goal oriented; (4) has - it involves their opinions, judgements, prejudices,
various levels; (5) complex; (6) can be learned; (7) attitudes, and perceptions towards each other
relational; and (8) guided by culture. which can play part in the transmission of
MODULE 2 messages.
5. Cultural Context
Communication and Culture
- it includes sets of beliefs, value systems, guiding
Communication Context principles, and assumptions based on one’s race,
- how people from different cultures communicate among ethnicity, age, gender, sexual orientation, gender
themselves, how communication differs among cultures identity, and religion within which communication
and how communication is similar among cultures, are all happens.
questions we ask in the study of communication and Cultural Characteristics
culture.
- people of different cultures have different ways of
- at its most basic, communication is the exchange of
communicating and evaluating communication
information and meaning.
messages.
- we are constantly communicating, in a wide range of
- there are two most relevant in giving and receiving
different contexts, such as physical, social, psychological
constructive feedback and criticism. These are low
and cultural context.
context and high context.
- however, to understand the relationship between culture
- the concepts of high context and low context refer to
and communication, we need to understand the place of
how people communicate in different cultures.
communication in culture.
- differences can be derived from the extent to which
Culture
meaning is transmitted through actual words used or
- a term is widely used in academic as well as in daily
implied by the context.
speech and discourse, referring to different concepts and
• High context implies that a lot of unspoken information is implicitly
understandings. transferred during communication. People in a high context culture
- while the term originally stems from ancient Greek and such as Saudi Arabia tend to place a larger importance on long-
Roman cultures (Latin: cultura) it has various dimensions term relationships and loyalty and have fewer rules and structure
implemented.
today built from the different needs and uses of each field, • Low context implies that a lot of information is exchanged explicitly
be it anthropology, sociology or communication studies. through the message itself and rarely is anything implicit or hidden.
- for communication studies, we might start by defining People in low context cultures such as the UK tend to have short-
term relationships, follow rules and standards closely and are
culture as a set of learned behaviors shared by a group of
generally very task-oriented.
people through interaction.
- understanding whether your international colleagues are
It is vital to understand that the relationship between culture and
communication, in all its forms, is tightly interwoven and interlinked. We high context or low context will help you to adapt your
can see that communication enables the spread and reiteration of communication style and build stronger relationships with
culture. Both communication and the media propagate the values them.
and schemata of a culture through the repeated interaction and
exchange enabled by the communication process.
When doing business in a high context culture such as
Mexico, Japan or the Middle East, you might encounter
1. Communication Context
the following:
- it pertains to the personal, physical, social,
ü Misunderstanding when exchanging information.
psychological, and cultural circumstances,
ü Impression of a lack of information.
among others in which communication occurs.
ü Large amount of information is provided in a non-
- it influences the expectations from the
verbal manner, e.g., gestures, pauses, facial
participants, the meaning derived from the
expressions.
exchange of utterances, and the subsequent
ü Emphasis on long term relationships and loyalty.
actions in the communication.
ü ‘Unwritten’ rules that are taken for granted, but
2. Personal Context
can easily be missed by strangers.
- it involves the background of both the sender
ü Shorter contracts since less information is required.
and the receiver of the message.
When doing business in a low context culture such as
- it includes their education, religion,
Germany, Switzerland or the US, on the other hand, you
socioeconomic status, marital status, and beliefs
might find the following:
that greatly influence what and how they
ü All meaning is explicitly provided in the message
communicate.
itself.
3. Special Context
Tranate, Sophie A. BSMT 2 - A
 ü Extensive background information and - use of body language, gestures, facial expressions, and
explanations are provided verbally to avoid even posture to communicate.
misunderstandings. - non-verbal communication sets the tone of a
ü People tend to have short-term relationships. conversation, and can seriously undermine the message
ü People follow rules and standards closely. contained in your words if you are not careful to control it.
ü Contracts tend to be longer and very detailed. - for example, slouching and shrinking back in your chair
Challenges of Intercultural Communication during a business meeting may imply lack of confidence
or lack of interest in the meeting.
1. Using a different language.
2. Results of intercultural miscommunication and Verbal Communication
misunderstanding. VARIETIES OF ENGLISH
3. Lack of shared knowledge, beliefs and cultural • Varieties of English or World Englishes (WE) stands
diversity. for the localized varieties of English as they are
4. Having difficulty to arrive at the correct inference used or spoken in certain areas. In the Asian
or interpretation of meanings. context, the concept was introduced by Braj
NOTE: Misunderstanding in intercultural communication may occur Kachru.
due to wrong interpretation of the verbal and non-verbal code. • The famous “Three Concentric Circles of Asian
Sources of Misunderstanding (Kaur, 2016 as cited in Madrunio & Martin,
2018 ). Englishes” attributed to Kachru presents the three
1. Ambiguity circles: Inner Circle with ENL (English as a native
- lack of explicitness on the part of the speaker in the form language) member countries; the Outer Circle
of problematic reference and ambiguous semantics in
which an utterance is open to different interpretations.
with ESL (English as a second language) member
2. Performance-related misunderstanding countries; and the Expanding Circle with EFL
- slips of the tongue and mishearing which may be due to (English as a foreign language) member countries.
utterances spoken quickly and unclearly. • Examples of countries belonging to the Inner
3. Language-related misunderstanding
- ungrammaticality of language. Circle are the USA, UK, Australia, Canada, Ireland
4. Gaps in world knowledge and New Zealand, Kachru’s Outer Circle is
- gaps in context rather than language. comprised of Bangladesh, Kenya, Ghana,
5. Local context
- turns and the turns within the sequences produced by the
Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Pakistan, India,
participants themselves, and the orientation of the among others while the Expanding Circle is
participants as well as the repair moves that follow the composed of countries such as China, Taiwan,
displayed understanding Egypt, Israel, South America, Thailand, among
Approaches to Studying Intercultural Communication others. Aside from the fact that the Outer and
(Social science or functionalist, interpretative, critical): Expanding Circles are ESL and EFL- speaking
ü You need to be aware or conscious of other respectively, they have been colonized by some
cultures especially those that you will visit so you member countries in the Inner Circle.
can avoid offending people. LANGUAGE REGISTERS
ü Due to misinterpretations, miscommunication - there are five language registers or styles.
occurs. - each level has an appropriate use that is determined by
ü All cultures are equal although sometimes difficult differing situations.
to understand. - it would certainly be inappropriate to use language and
ü No culture is superior or inferior to another. vocabulary reserved for a boyfriend or girlfriend when
ü Appreciate cultural diversities and learn to live speaking in the classroom.
with them. - thus, the appropriate language register depends upon
ü People have different languages, lifestyles, and the audience (who), the topic (what), purpose (why) and
ways of thinking, speaking, and behaving. This is location (where).
the essence of cultural diversity. - you must control the use of language registers in order to
Verbal and Non-verbal Communication enjoy success in every aspect, and situation you
- communication is not just confined to speaking. encounter.
- it is actually possible to be communicating on without • Static Register
talking or uttering even a single word. - this style of communication RARELY or NEVER
- for instance, when you raise your eyebrow, you are not changes.
saying anything but you are conveying message (either - it is “frozen” in time and content. e.g. the Pledge
anger, irritation, or disappointment). of Allegiance, the Lord’s Prayer, the Preamble to
- thus, communication can either be verbal or non-verbal. the US Constitution, the Alma Mater, a
Verbal Communication bibliographic reference, laws.
- uses spoken or written words to communicate a • Formal Register
message. - this language is used in formal settings and is one-
- alongside speaking, listening is equally an important skill way in nature.
for this type of communication to be successful. - this use of language usually follows a commonly
Non-verbal Communication accepted format.
- it is usually impersonal and formal.
Tranate, Sophie A. BSMT 2 - A
 - examples of this register are speeches. e.g. for Japan and Philippines., zero or worthless for
sermons, rhetorical statements and questions, France).
speeches, pronouncements made by judges, g. Thumbs up (commonly means OK; Australia and
announcements. Iran consider it rude; Nigeria-very offensive; Japan
• Consultative Register - means five; Turkey – a political rightist party).
- this is a standard form of communications. h. Passing an item to someone with one hand (very
- users engage in a mutually accepted structure rude in Japan; even a very small item such as a
of communication. pencil must be passed with two hands).
- it is formal and societal expectations i. Passing an item to someone with one hand (In
accompany the users of this speech. many Middle and Far Eastern countries, it is rude
- it is a professional discourse. e.g. when strangers to pass something using the left hand-which is
meet, communications between a superior and a considered “unclean.”).
subordinate, doctor and patient, lawyer and j. Nodding head up and down to say “Yes” (In
client, lawyer and judge, teacher and student, Bulgaria and Greece, it means NO.).
counselor and client. k. Fig sign (putting the thumb in between the index
• Casual Register and the middle finger= obscene in Turkey,
- this is an informal language used by peers and Greece, Holland; You get nothing from me for
friends. Slang, vulgarities and colloquialisms are Russia; You can’t have it in Yugoslavia; Good luck
normal. This is a “group” language. in Brazil).
- one must be a member to engage in this register. l. Pointing:
e.g. buddies, teammates, chats and emails, and ü US with index finger.
blogs, and letters to friends. ü Germany with little finger.
• Intimate Register ü Japanese with entire hand.
- this communication is private. ü Most Asians consider pointing with index
- it is reserved for close family members or intimate finger to be rude.
people. e.g. husband and wife, boyfriend, and 2. Smiling, Crying or Showing Anger, Sorrow, Disgust
girlfriend, siblings, parent and children. a. Many Asian cultures suppress facial expression as
Non-verbal Communication much as possible.
b. Many Mediterranean (Latino/Arabic) cultures
- process of sending and receiving wordless messages.
exaggerate grief or sadness while most American
- nonverbal cues communicate feelings and attitudes
men hide grief or sorrow.
most effectively.
c. Too much smiling is viewed as a sign of
- just like verbal communication, nonverbal cues are open
shallowness. Women smile more than men.
to misinterpretation that is why it is important to interpret it
3. Eye Contact and Gaze
in the context of one’s lifestyle, family and cultural
a. Western cultures – see direct eye to eye contact
background.
as positive (Children are advised to look a person
Why is non-verbal communication important?
in the eyes).
ü To repeat/enhance the verbal message (point in
b. But within USA, African-Americans use more eye
a direction while stating directions).
contact when talking and less when listening with
ü To substitute for the verbal message (gestures –
reverse true for Anglo-Americans. This is a possible
finger to lips to indicate need to be quiet; a nod
cause for some sense of unease between races in
instead of saying yes).
the US. A prolonged gaze is often seen as a sign of
ü To regulate interactions (non-verbal cues convey
sexual interest.
when the other person should speak or not).
c. Arabic cultures make prolonged eye contact. It
ü To accent/convey underlying feelings (verbal
shows interest and helps them understand
tone indicates the actual meaning of specific
truthfulness of the other person. A person who
words).
doesn’t reciprocate is seen as untrustworthy.
Cultural Differences in Non-verbal Communication
d. Japan, Africa, Latin American, Caribbean = avoid
1. Actions, Body Movement, Posture
eye contact to show respect.
a. Bowing (not done, criticized in the US; shows rank
4. Touch
in Japan).
a. USA – handshake is very common even for
b. Slouching (rude in most European areas).
strangers; hugs, kisses for those of opposite gender
c. Hands in pocket (disrespectful in Turkey).
or of family (usually) on an increasingly more
d. Sitting with legs crossed (offensive in Turkey).
intimate basis.
e. Showing soles of feet (offensive/insulting in
b. Most African-Americans touch on greeting but are
Thailand, Saudi Arabia, Muslims) – is a sign of
annoyed if touched on the head.
disrespect exposing the lowest and dirtiest part of
c. Islamic cultures generally don’t approve of any
the body.
touching between genders (even handshakes).
f. Forming a circle with fingers to indicate “OK” (OK
But they consider such touching (including hand
in the US, obscene for Brazil and Germany, money
holding, hugs) between same sex to be
appropriate. Many Asians don’t touch the head.
Tranate, Sophie A. BSMT 2 - A
 (Head houses the soul and a touch puts it in ethnicity, culture, socio-economic status, educational
jeopardy). background and ideologies.
5. Smell Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization
a. USA - fear of offensive natural smells- connected
• Your dress was made in Bangladesh and your
with “attractiveness” concept.
shoes in Philippines. Your Phone comes from U.S.
b. Arabic and other cultures consider natural body
and power bank from China. You can travel to
odors normal.
Japan, eat your favorite Samgyupsal and drink
c. Asian cultures (Filipino, Malay, Indonesian, Thai)
your Thai Milk tea while watching the latest Korean
stress frequent bathing - and often criticize USA of
Drama.
not bathing often enough.
• Today goods are made and sold all over the
Synthesis and Conclusion world. Thanks to globalization. Globalization lets
Communication and culture are intertwined and countries move closer to each other, People,
inseparable. As defined, culture is a set of unique and companies and organization in different countries
shared beliefs, values, and norms that guide a certain can live and work together. We can exchange
group of people on how to think, behave and act. goods, money, and ideas faster and cheaper
Communication in multicultural settings aimed at than ever before.
illustrating the diversity of cultural contexts in which • Modern communication and technology like the
communication happens. To evaluate messages and internet, cell phones or satellite TV help us in our
images of different types of text reflecting different daily lives. Globalization is growing quickly. A
cultures, the following should be done: (a) understand German company can produce cars in Argentina
how the specified cultures live; (b) know how people in the and then sell them in the United States. Businesses
specified group communicate each other; (c) learn the in the Philippines manufacture their products in
symbolism of their culture; and (d) be aware in every detail China for a cheaper labor. Fast Food companies
such as artifact, language, and symbolism. The following open shops around the world almost every day.
are the challenges of intercultural communication: (a) • However, there is a growing debate over
using of different language; (b) results of intercultural globalization. Governments are in favor of
miscommunication and misunderstanding; (c) lack of globalization because the economy can grow,
shared knowledge, beliefs and cultural diversity; and (d) while other people hold the contrary. Here are
having difficulty to arrive at the correct inference or some arguments from both sides:
interpretation of meanings. Advantages
Communication is not just confined to speaking. It
ü Globalization lets countries do what they can do
is actually possible to be communicating on without
best. You can buy cheap steel from another
talking or uttering even a single word. Language is a set of
country, so you don’t have to make your own
arbitrary symbols which create possible combination of
steel. Instead, you can focus on other things
utterances primarily used for communication. Language
related to your product.
Register refers to the level and style of spoken and written
ü Globalization gives you a larger market. You can
discourse depending on the context you are in. There are
sell more goods and make money and create
five language registers or styles, namely: (a) static; (b)
more jobs. Consumers also profit from
formal; (c) consultative; (d) casual; and (e) intimate. On
globalization. Products become cheaper and you
the other hand, non-verbal communication is the process
can get new goods more quickly.
of sending and receiving wordless messages. Some
cultural differences in non-verbal communication include: Disadvantages
(a) actions, body movement, posture; (b) smiling, crying or û Globalization causes unemployment in
showing anger, sorrow, disgust; (c) eye contact and gaze; industrialized countries because companies move
(d) touch; and (e) smell. their factories to places where they can get
MODULE 3 cheaper workers.
û Globalization may lead to more environmental
Globalization and Social Media Responsibility
problems. A company may opt to build factories
Globalization in other countries because environmental laws
- means the speedup of movements and exchanges (of are more lenient.
human beings, goods, and services, capital, technologies û Poor countries in the Third World may have to cut
or cultural practices) all over the planet. down more trees so that they can sell wood to
- one of the effects of globalization is that it promotes and richer countries. Some poor countries in the world,
increases interactions between different regions and especially in Africa may get even poorer. Their
populations around the globe. population is not as educated and technological
- related to globalization is diversity. as compared to other developed countries.
Diversity Communication Technology
- the concept that endures respect, acceptance, and
- with the Internet, telecommunications, broadband, cell
understanding. It recognizes that people are unique from
phone technology, handheld wireless mobile devices and
each other with respect to their age, gender, race,
other communication technology, geographically
Tranate, Sophie A. BSMT 2 - A
dispersed workers can now interact and collaborate as 7. Never upload any software that could breach
though they all were located together in a downtown cyber security, such as malware, viruses, key
high-rise. loggers, trojans, etc.
- in fact, communication technology has advanced to the 8. If you affiliate your job with your personal social
point where instant communications across the globe can media profile, keep in mind that you are
be so ubiquitous that no one really thinks about it anymore. representing both yourself and your employer.
9. Get acquainted with the unique privacy and
Communication in the Social Media security policies of each social media networking
site and third-party site you use.
- there are various modes through which we communicate
with each other. Synthesis and Conclusion
- in the past, these modes took the form of handwritten With the rapid rise and spread of internet
messages, typewritten messages, shirt telegrams, connectivity, the old forms of communication have given
computer-encoded texts, as well as landline telephone way to new forms that make communication easier and
conversations, and audio/video recorded messages. faster. One of the effects of globalization is that it promotes
- because each mode of communication is distinct from and increases interactions between different regions and
the other. populations around the globe.
- the ways in which we craft our messages differ. For With the Internet, telecommunications,
example, there is a great tendency for us to write a longer, broadband, cell phone technology, handheld wireless
more visually detailed message if we encode it using a mobile devices and other communication technology,
computer. geographically dispersed workers can now interact and
- if we handwrite the same message, or deliver it through collaborate as though they all were located together in a
an audio-recording, the message will not be the same. downtown high-rise. Social media sites are developed as
- today in the rapid rise and spread of Internet connection a tool to communicate with others by sharing personal
the old forms of communication have given way to new information, photos, videos, comments and more.
forms that make communication easier and faster. Community sites with user-generated content should be
Social Media Responsibility used responsibly.
- social media sites are developed as a tool to
communicate with others by sharing personal information,
photos, videos, comments and more.
- community sites with user-generated content should be
used responsibly.
- generally, when using social media, it is a common
assumption that all users are solely responsible for their
content - including posts, comments, likes, shares, tweets,
re-tweets, follows and favorites.
- as a general rule, nothing on social media is private.
Practicing favorable online behavior is best achieved
when adhering to these social media etiquette standards:
1. Refrain from giving legal advice or legal
commentary.
2. Do not post comments, photos, videos, etc. that
suggest or encourage illegal activity.
3. Avoid violating laws and regulations, including
intellectual property (IP) rights and others
regarding content that you send or receive.
IP is divided into two categories:
• Industrial Property - patents, trademarks
and industrial designs.
• Copyright - includes works of art,
literature, music and computer programs
4. Never transmit any material in any manner that is
disruptive, threatening, profane, abusive,
harassing, embarrassing, tortuous, defamatory,
obscene, libelous or is an invasion of another’s
privacy.
5. Never transmit any material that is hateful or
racially, ethnically or otherwise offensive.
6. Avoid sending unsolicited or unauthorized
advertising, promotional materials or any other
form of solicitation.
Tranate, Sophie A. BSMT 2 - A