Lecture 03

Lecture 06

Amplitude Modulation

Chapter 04
Mohammad kaleem

Lecture Outline

 DSB-TC / DSB- FC
 Modulation Index (example)
 Power Efficiency
 Power Efficiency calculation of Tone Modulation
 De Modulation of AM Signals
 Rectifier Detector
 Envelope Detector
 DSB-TC Simple Radio Receiver
 Fox Hole Radio
 Example
 Summery
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Lecture 03

AMPLITUDE MODULATION with

Transmitted Carrier (DSB-TC)
• In this case we send the carrier with the signal

 AM (t )  A cos ct  m(t ) cos ct



 
Carrier Sidebands

• We can think as the modulating signal to be

 
 AM (t )   A  m(t )

 
 cos ct
mod ulating signal with a DC 
 

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AM (cont)
• The spectrum of this signal is
1
 AM ( w)  M (w  wc )  M ( w  wc )  1 A (w  wc )   ( w  wc )
2  
 2 
DSB  SC spectrum Carrier spectrum

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A is not large enough

to satisfy the condition

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AM (cont)

• A is large enough that A  m(t )  0 . The demodulation

can be achieved by a simple envelope detector
If m(t) >= 0, for all t, then A = 0, will still satisfy the above condition. But if
m(t) is not ≥ 0, for all t i.e.; m(t) does take on negative values over some range of t.

• Let’s consider the peak value of m(t ) to be m p . Then the

condition for envelope detection of AM signal is

A  m (t )  0
• Which is equivalent to
A  mp
In terms of Amplitude

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Modulation Index

• We define the modulation index as

mp

A
• Therefore we can see that if we want to maintain the
condition A  m p

• We have
0   1 Condition for envelope detection

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Lecture 03

Example 4.4
(Tone modulation: modulating signal
is pure sinusoid (or tone) )

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Example 4.4 (cont)

B = μA
2B = A

Sketch ФAM (t) at

μ = 0.5, 1

Here, B = UA
B=A

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Percentage Modulation
A < mp
μ>1

Under modulated (<100%) 100% modulated Over Modulated (>100%)

Envelope Detector Envelope Detector

Can be used Gives Distorted signal

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Sideband and Carrier Power

• The advantage of envelope detection in AM has its price

 AM (t )  A cos  c t  m(t ) cos  c t



 
carrier sidebands

• The carrier Power is (see example 2.2)

A2
Pc 
2
• The sidebands Power is half of modulating signal
(baseband)
1 ~~~~~~~
Ps  m 2 (t )
2
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Sideband and Carrier Power (cont)

• The sideband power is the useful power and the Carrier

Power is the power wasted

• We define the Power Efficiency as

~~~~~~~
1 2 ~~~~~~~
m (t )
UsefulPower Ps 2 m 2 (t )
    *100%
TotalPower Pc  Ps A2 1~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~

 m2 (t ) A  m (t )
2 2

2 2

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Sideband and Carrier Power (cont)

For the special case of tone modulation
m(t )  A cos  m t
then its power is
~~~~~~~
m (t ) 
2 A2
2
then

1 A A
2 2

2 2 2 2
 2 *100% *100%  *100%
A 1 A A2 2  2
2
 A 
2

2 2 2 2
The max value when   1 (100% modulation) is   33%
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Demodulation of AM Signals

• We do not need a local generated carrier in this case

• If we have under-modulation then we can use

1. Rectifier detection

2. Envelope detection

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Rectifier detector

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Rectifier detector (cont)

• If the AM wave is applied to diode and resistor circuit.

The negative part of the AM is suppressed. This is like
saying that we have half wave rectified the AM

Mathematically

1 2  1 1 
v R '  A  m(t )cos  c t    cos  c t  cos 3 c t  cos 5 c t.....
2   3 5 

1
vR '  A  m(t )  other terms


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Rectifier detector (cont)

• If we pass this voltage thru a LPF we get

1
v filtered  A  m(t )

• If we use a capacitor, we block the DC and we obtain

1
v out  m(t )


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Envelope detector

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Key Points (Detectors)

 Both rectifier detector and envelope detector consists of a half wave rectifier
followed by LPF.

 Rectifier detector is a synchronous demodulator while envelope detection is a non-

Linear operation.

 The LPF of rectifier detector is designed to separate m(t) from terms such as
m(t)*cos Wct. It does not depend on the value of µ.

 The time constant RC of the LPF for envelope detector does depends on the value
of µ.

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DSB-TC Simple Radio receiver

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Fox Hole Radio Receiver

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Fox Hole Radio Receiver

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Example
An AM transmitter radiates 9kW of power, when the carrier is un modulated and
10.125kW when it is modulated sinusoidally. Calculate the modulation index and
Percentage of modulation index.
If an other sine wave, corresponding to 40% modulation is simultaneously
transmitted, then calculate the total radiated power.

Solution:
Total power

Where Pt = 10.125, Pc = 9KW, m = ?

m = 0.5

Case II: Now it is modulated by another sinusoidal wave, with 40% modulation.
Therefore, m = 0.4 (divided by 100)

For modulation by Multiple signals

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Example

mtnew

mtnew

mtnew = 0.64

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Summery
 DSB-TC / DSB- FC
 Modulation Index (example)
 Power Efficiency
 Power Efficiency calculation of Tone Modulation
 De Modulation of AM Signals
 Rectifier Detector
 Envelope Detector
 DSB-TC Simple Radio Receiver
 Fox Hole Radio
 Example
 Summery
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