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Disruption Equilibrium

The document describes collision theory and factors that affect chemical reaction rates. It explains that for a reaction to occur, reactant particles must collide with sufficient energy to form an activated complex, and the collision orientation must favor bond rearrangement. It also discusses how increasing temperature, concentration, and catalysts can increase reaction rates by enhancing collisions.

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42 views

Disruption Equilibrium

The document describes collision theory and factors that affect chemical reaction rates. It explains that for a reaction to occur, reactant particles must collide with sufficient energy to form an activated complex, and the collision orientation must favor bond rearrangement. It also discusses how increasing temperature, concentration, and catalysts can increase reaction rates by enhancing collisions.

Uploaded by

tamorromeo908
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Collision

Theory

• The reactant particles must


collide.
– The collision brings the reactants
together, and the kinetic energy of
the particles provides the energy
necessary for the reaction to
proceed.
Collision
Theory

• The collision must provide at


least the minimum energy
necessary to produce the
activated complex.
– It takes energy to initiate the reaction
by converting the reactants into the
activated complex. If the collision
does not provide this energy,
products cannot form.
Collision
Theory

• The orientation of the colliding particles


must favor the formation of the activated
complex, in which the new bond or
bonds are able to form as the old bond
or bonds break.
– Because the formation of the new bonds
provides some of the energy necessary to break
the old bonds, the making and breaking of
bonds must occur more or less simultaneously.
This is only possible when the particles collide
in such a way that the bond-forming atoms are
close to each other.
Factors that
Affect Rates of
Chemical Reactions

• Temperature
– Increased temperature means increased
average velocity of particles and thus
increased rate of collisions between
particles.
– Increased temperature means increased
average kinetic energy of collisions and
thus increased percentage of collisions
with the minimum energy necessary to
react.
Factors that
Affect Rates of
Chemical Reactions

• Temperature
– Decreased temperature means
decreased average velocity of particles
and thus decreased rate of collisions
between particles.
– Decreased temperature means
decreased average kinetic energy of
collisions and thus decreased
percentage of collisions with the
minimum energy necessary to react.
Factors that
Affect Rates of
Chemical Reactions

• Concentrations of reactants
– Increased concentration of a reactant
increases the rate of collisions
between reactant particles and thus
increases the rate of the reaction.
– Decreased concentration of a reactant
decreases the rate of collisions
between reactant particles and thus
decreases the rate of the reaction.
Factors that
Affect Rates of
Chemical Reactions

• Catalysts
– Catalysts provide a different pathway
between reactants and products that
has a lower activation energy, making
it so a greater percentage of collisions
between reactant particles have the
minimum energy necessary to react.
– This increases the rate of reaction.
Dynamic Equilibrium

• This reaction is significantly reversible.


• When CO(g) and H2O(g) are combined, they begin to
form CO2(g) and H2(g).
• The CO2(g) and H2(g) react to reform CO(g) and
H2O(g).
• Very quickly, the system comes to a point where
although the forward and reverse reactions continue,
the rates of these two reactions are equal, so there is
no net change in the concentration of CO(g), H2O(g),
CO2(g), and H2(g).
• This is called a dynamic equilibrium.
Three Factors that
Affect Equilibrium
Reactions

• Changing concentrations of
reactants and products
• Changing temperature
• The addition of a catalyst
Effect of Increased Concentration of
Reactant on Equilibrium

• Increasing the concentration of CO(g) and/or H2O(g) will


increase the forward reaction rate, making the rate of the
forward reaction greater than the rate of the reverse
reaction, shifting the reaction to the right to products.
Effect of Increased Concentration of
Product on Equilibrium

• Increasing the concentration of CO2(g) and/or H2(g) will


increase the reverse reaction rate, making the rate of the
reverse reaction greater than the rate of the forward
reaction, shifting the reaction to the left to reactants.
Effect of Decreased Concentration of
Reactant on Equilibrium

• Decreasing the concentration of CO(g) and/or H2O(g) will


decrease the forward reaction rate, making the rate of
the forward reaction less than the rate of the reverse
reaction, shifting the reaction to the left to reactants.
Effect of Decreased Concentration of
Product on Equilibrium

• Decreasing the concentration of CO2(g) and/or H2(g) will


decrease the reverse reaction rate, making the rate of
the reverse reaction less than the rate of the forward
reaction, shifting the reaction to the right to products.
Change in Rates
When Reactant
Added
CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO2(g) + H2(g)
Ski Shop
Analogy 2
Change in Rates When
Product Removed

CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO2(g) + H2(g)


Temperature and
Dynamic Equilibrium

• Increased temperature increases the rates of both the


forward and reverse reactions in an equilibrium system.
• Reversible chemical reactions are endothermic in one
direction and exothermic in the other.
• Increased temperature increases the rate of the
endothermic reaction more than the rate of the
exothermic reaction, disrupting the equilibrium and
making the endothermic reaction faster than the
exothermic reaction.
• Therefore, increased temperature for a system at
equilibrium, shifts the reaction in the endothermic
direction.
Temperature and
Dynamic Equilibrium

• For a system at equilibrium, decreased


temperature decreases the rates of both the
forward and reverse reactions.
• Decreased temperature decreases the rate of the
endothermic reaction more than the rate of the
exothermic reaction, so it disrupts the equilibrium
and makes the endothermic reaction slower than
the exothermic reaction.
• Therefore, decreased temperature for a system
at equilibrium shifts the system in the exothermic
direction.
Effect of Increased
Temperature on Equilibrium

H2O(l) + energy ⇌ H+(aq) + OH-(aq)


Kw = [H+][OH-]

Temperature Kw
0 °C 1.14 × 10-15
10 °C 2.92 × 10-15
25 °C 1.01 × 10-14
30 °C 1.47 × 10-14
40 °C 2.92 × 10-14
50 °C 5.47 × 10-14
60 °C 9.61 × 10-14
Catalysts and
Dynamic
Equilibrium
• Catalysts speed the forward and
reverse reactions in an equilibrium
system by the same amount, so they
do not disrupt the equilibrium.
• Although catalysts do not shift
equilibrium systems to reactants or
products, they are often added to
reversible reactions to get to
equilibrium faster.
Le Chatelier's Principle
• If a system at equilibrium is altered in a way
that disrupts the equilibrium, the system will
shift in such a way as to counter the change.
Example

• Nitric acid can be made from the exothermic


reaction of nitrogen dioxide gas and water vapor in
the presence of a rhodium and platinum catalyst at
700-900 ºC and 5-8 atm.
Example

• Predict whether the changes in the equilibrium


system that are described on the following slides
will shift the system to more products, to more
reactants, or neither. Explain each answer in two
ways, (1) by applying Le Chatelier’s principle and
(2) by describing the effect of the change on the
forward and reverse reaction rates.
Example
Part (a)

• The concentration of H2O gas is increased by


the addition of more H2O.
– For Le Chatelier - ↑H2O so the system shifts to
↓H2O so shifts toward more products.
– For rates - ↑H2O → ↑Rf so Rf>Rr and the system
shifts to the right to more products.
↑= increase ↓= decrease Rf = forward rate Rr = reverse rate
Example
Part (b)

• The concentration of NO2 is decreased.


– For Le Chatelier - ↓NO2 so system shifts to
↑NO2 so shifts toward more reactants.
– For rates - ↓NO2 → ↓Rf so Rf<Rr so the system
shifts to the left to more reactants.
Example
Part (c)

• The concentration of HNO3 is decreased


by removing the nitric acid as it forms.
– For Le Chatelier - ↓HNO3 so system shifts to
↑HNO3 so shifts toward more products.
– For rates - ↓HNO3 → ↓Rr so Rf>Rr so the
system shifts to the right to more products.
Example
Part (d)

• The temperature is decreased from 1000


ºC to 800 ºC.
– For Le Chatelier - ↓T so system shifts to ↑T so
shifts in the exothermic direction, which is
toward more products.
– For rates - ↓T → ↓Rf and ↓Rr , it ↓ the
endothermic reaction more so Rf>Rr so the
system shifts to the right to more products.
Example
Part (e)

• The Rh/Pt catalyst is added to the equilibrium


system.
– For Le Chatelier – just remember that catalysts do
not shift reversible reactions in either direction.
– For rates – add catalyst → ↑Rf and ↑Rr by the
same amount, so the system does not shift to
either reactants or products, but the system does
get to equilibrium faster.

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