Chapter – 15

Wave Motion
and
Waves on a String

OBJECTIVE – I

1. A sine wave is travelling in a medium. The minimum distance between

the two particles, always having same speed, is
  
(a) (b) (c) (d) 
4 3 2

2. A sine wave is travelling in a medium. A particular particle has zero

displacement at a certain instant. The particle closest to it having zero
displacement is at a distance
  
(a) (b) (c) (d) 
4 3 2

3. Which of the following equations represents a wave travelling along Y -

axis?
(a) x = A sin (ky - t) (b) y = A sin (kx - t)
(c) y = A sin ky cos t (d) y = A cos ky sin t.

4. The equation y = A sin2(kx - t) represents a wave motion with


(a) amplitude A, frequency
2
A 
(b) amplitude , frequency
2 

(c) amplitude 2A, frequency
4
(d) does not represent a wave motion.

5. Which of the following is a mechanical wave?

(a) Radio waves. (b) X - rays.
(c) Light waves. (d) Sound waves.

6. A cork floating in a calm pond executes simple harmonic motion of

frequency v when a wave generated by a boat passes by it. The
frequency of the wave is
v
(a) v (b) (c) 2v (d) 2v.
2

7. Two strings A and B, made of same material, are stretched by same

tension. The radius of string A is double of the radius of B. A

01
 transverse wave travels on A with speed vA and on B with speed vB.
vA
The ratio is
vB
1 1
(a) (b) 2 (c) (d) 4.
2 4

8. Both the strings, shown in figure, are made of same material and have
same cross - section. The pulleys are light. The wave speed of a
v1
transverse wave in the string AB is v1 and in CD it is v2. Then is
v2

1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d)
2

9. Velocity of sound in air is 332 m/s. Its velocity in vacuum will be

(a) > 332 m/s (b) = 332 m/s
(c) < 332 m/s (d) meaningless.

10. A wave pulse, traveling on a two – piece string, gets partially reflected
and partially transmitted at the junction. The reflected wave is
inverted in shape as compared to the incident one. If the incident
wave has wavelength  and the transmitted wave '.
(a) '> 
(b) ' = 
(c) ' < 
(d) nothing can be said about the relation of  and '.

11. Two waves represented by y = a sin(t - kx) and y = a cos(t - kx)

are superposed. The resultant wave will have an amplitude
(a) a (b) 2a (c) 2a (d) 0.

12. Two wires A and B, having identical geometrical construction, are

stretched from their natural length by small but equal amount. The
Young's modulus of the wires are YA and YB whereas the densities are
A and B. It is given that YA > YB and A> B. A transverse signal
started at one end takes a time t1 to reach the other end for A and
t2.for B.
(a) t1 < t2.
(b) t1 = t2 .
(c) t1 > t2.
(d) The information is insufficient to find the relation between t1
and t2.

02
13. Consider two waves passing through the same string. Principle of
superposition for displacement says that the net displacement of a
particle on the string is sum of the displacements produced by the two
waves individually. Suppose we state similar principles for the net
velocity of the particle and the net kinetic energy of the particle. Such
a principle will be valid for
(a) both the velocity and the kinetic energy
(b) the velocity but not for the kinetic energy
(c) the kinetic energy but not for the velocity
(d) neither the velocity nor the kinetic energy.

14. Two wave pulses travel in opposite directions on a string and

approach each other. The shape of one pulse is inverted with respect
to the other.
(a) The pulses will collide with each other and vanish after collision.
(b) The pulses will reflect from each other i.e., the pulse going towards
right will finally move towards left and vice versa.
(c) The pulses will pass through each other but their shapes will be
modified.
(d) The pulses will pass through each other without any change in
their shapes.

15. Two periodic waves of amplitudes A 1 and A2 pass through a region. If

A1 > A2, the difference in the maximum and minimum resultant
amplitude possible is
(a)2A1 (b) 2A2 (c) A1 + A2 (d) A1 - A2.

16. Two waves of equal amplitude A, and equal frequency travel in the
same direction in a medium. The amplitude of the resultant wave is
(a) 0 (b) A (c) 2A (d) between 0 and 2A.

17. Two sine waves travel in the same direction in a medium. The
amplitude of each wave is A and the phase difference between the two
waves is 120°. The resultant amplitude will be
(a) A (b) 2A (c) 4A (d) 2A.

18. The fundamental frequency of a string is proportional to

(a) inverse of its length (b) the diameter
(c) the tension (d) the density

19. A tuning fork of frequency 480 Hz is used to vibrate a sonometer wire

having natural frequency 240 Hz. The wire will vibrate with a
frequency of
(a) 240 Hz (b) 480 Hz (c) 720 Hz (d) will not vibrate.

20. A tuning fork of frequency 480 Hz is used to vibrate a sonometer wire

having natural frequency 410 Hz. The wire will vibrate with a
frequency
(a) 410 Hz (b) 480 Hz (c) 820 Hz (d) 960 Hz.

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21. A sonometer wire of length l vibrates in fundamental mode when
excited by a tuning fork of frequency 416 Hz. If the length is doubled
keeping other things same, the string will
(a) vibrate with a frequency of 416 Hz
(b) vibrate with a frequency of 208 Hz
(c) vibrate with a frequency of 832 Hz
(d) stop vibrating.

22. A sonometer wire supports a 4 kg load and vibrates in fundamental

mode with a tuning fork of frequency 416 Hz. The length of the wire
between the bridges is now doubled. In order to maintain fundamental
mode, the load should be changed to
(a) 1 kg (b) 2 kg (c) 8 kg (d) 16 kg.

OBJECTIVE - II

1. A mechanical wave propagates in a medium along the X - axis. The

particles of the medium
(a) must move on the X – axis (b) must move on the Y – axis
(c) may move on the X – axis (d) may move on the Y - axis.

2. A transverse wave travels along the Z - axis. The particles of the

medium must move
(a) along the Z - axis (b) along the X - axis
(c) along the Y - axis (d) in the X - Y plane.

3. Longitudinal waves cannot

(a) have a unique wavelength (b) transmit energy
(c) have a unique wave velocity (d) be polarized

4. A wave going in a solid

(a) must be longitudinal (b) may be longitudinal
(c) must be transverse (b) may be longitudinal

5. A wave moving in a gas

(a) must be longitudinal (b) may be longitudinal
(c) must be transverse (d) may be transverse.

6. Two particles A and B have a phase difference of  when a sine wave

passes through the region.
(a) A oscillates at half the frequency of B.
(b) A and B move in opposite directions.
(c) A and B must be separated by half of the wavelength.
(d) The displacements at A and B have equal magnitudes.

7. A wave is represented by the equation

y = (0.001 mm) sin[(50 s-1)t + (2.0 m1)x].

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 (a) The wave velocity = 100 m/s. (b) The wavelength = 2.0 m.
(c) The frequency = 25/ Hz. (d) The amplitude = 0.001 mm.

8. A standing wave is produced on a string clamped at one end and free

at the other. The length of the string

(a) must be an integral multiple of
4

(b) must be an integral multiple of
2
(c) must be an integral multiple of 

(d) may be an integral multiple of .
2

9. Mark out the correct options.

(a) The energy of any small part of a string remains constant in a
travelling wave.
(b) The energy of any small part of a string remains constant in a
standing wave.
(c) The energies of all the small parts of equal length are equal in a
travelling wave.
(d) The energies of all the small parts of equal length are equal in a
standing wave.

10. In a stationary wave,

(a) all the particles of the medium vibrate in phase
(b) all the antinodes vibrate in phase
(c) the alternate antinodes vibrate in phase
(d) all the particles between consecutive nodes vibrate in phase.

EXERCISES

1. A wave pulse passing on a string with a speed of 40 cm/s in the

negative x - direction has its maximum at x = 0 at t = 0. Where will
this maximum be located at t = 5s ?

2. The equation of a wave travelling on a string stretched along the X -

axis is given by
2
x t 
  
y=A e a T 
(a) Write the dimensions of A, a and T. (b) Find the wave speed. (c) In
which direction is the wave travelling? (d) Where is the maximum of
the pulse located at t = T ? At t = 2 T?

3. Figure shows a wave pulse at t = 0. The pulse moves to the right with
a speed of 10 cm/s. Sketch the shape of the string at t = 1s, 2 sand
3s.

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4. A pulse travelling on a string is represented by the function
a3
y =
x  vt 2  a 2
where a = 5 mm and v = 20 cm/s. Sketch the shape of the string at t =
0, 1s and 2 s. Take x = 0 in the middle of the string.

5. The displacement of the particle at x = 0 of a stretched string carrying

a wave in the positive x - direction is given by f(t) = A sin(t/T). The
wave speed is v. Write the wave equation.

6. A wave pulse is travelling on a string with a speed v towards the

positive X - axis. The shape of the string at t = 0 is given by g(x) =A
sin(x/a), where A and a are constants.
(a) What are the dimensions of A and a? (b) Write the equation of the
wave for a general time t, if the wave speed is v.

7. A wave propagates on a string in the positive x – direction at a velocity

v. The shape of the string at t = t0 is given by g(x, t0) = A sin(x/a).
Write the wave equation for a general time t.

8. The equation of a wave travelling on a string is y = (0.10 mm) sin[(31.4

m-1)x + (314 s-1)t].
(a) In which direction does the wave travel? (b) Find the wave speed,
the wavelength and the frequency of the wave. (c) What is the
maximum displacement and the maximum speed of a portion of the
string?

9. A wave travels along the positive x - direction with a speed of 20 m/s.

The amplitude of the wave is 0.20 cm and the wavelength 2.0 cm. (a)
Write a suitable wave equation which describes this wave. (b) What is
the displacement and velocity of the particle at x = 2.0 cm at time t = 0
according to the wave equation written? Can you get different, values
of this quantity if the wave equation is written in a different fashion?

10. A wave is described by the equation

x t 
y = (1.0 mm) sin    .
 2 . 0 cm 0 . 01s
(a) Find the time period and the wavelength. (b) Write the equation for
the velocity of the particles. Find the speed of the particle at x = 1.0
cm at time t = 0.01 s. (c) What are the speeds of the particles at x =
3.0 cm, 5.0 cm and 7.0 cm at t = 0.01 s ? (d) What are the speeds of
the particles at x = 1.0 cm at t = 0.011, 0.012, and 0.013
s?

06
11. A particle on a stretched string supporting a traveling wave, takes 5.0
ms to move from its mean position to the extreme position. The
distance between two consecutive particles, which are at their mean
positions, is 2.0 cm. Find the frequency, the wavelength and the wave
speed.

12. Figure shows a plot of the transverse displacements of the particles of

a string at t = 0 through which a travelling wave is passing in the
positive x - direction. The wave speed is 20 cm/s. Find (a) the
amplitude, (b) the wavelength, (c) the wave number and (d) the
frequency of the wave.

13. A wave travelling on a string at a speed of 10 m/s causes each particle

of the string to oscillate with a time period of 20 ms. (a) What is the
wavelength of the wave? (b) If the displacement of a particle is 1.5 mm
at a certain instant, what will be the displacement of a particle 10 cm
away from it at the same instant?

14. A steel wire of length 64 cm weighs 5 g. If it is stretched by a force of 8

N, what would be the speed of a transverse wave passing on it ?

15. A string of length 20 cm and linear mass density 0.40 g/cm is fixed at
both ends and is kept under a tension of 16 N. A wave pulse is
produced at t = 0 near an end as shown in figure, which travels
towards the other end. (a) When will the string have the shape shown
in the figure again? (b) Sketch the shape of the string at a time half of
that found in part (a).

16. A string of linear mass density 0.5 g/cm and a total length 30 cm is
tied to a fixed wall at one end and to a frictionless ring at the other
end (figure). The ring can move on a vertical rod. A wave pulse is
produced on the string which moves towards the ring at a speed of 20
cm/s. The pulse is symmetric about its maximum which is located at
a distance of 20 cm from the end joined to the ring. (a) Assuming that
the wave is reflected from the ends without loss of energy, find the
time taken by the string to regain its shape. (b) The shape of the string
changes periodically with time. Find this time period. (c) What is the
tension in the string?

07
17. Two wires of different densities but same area of cross – section are
soldered together at one end and are stretched to a tension T. The
velocity of a transverse wave in the first wire is double of that in the
second wire. Find the ratio of the density of the first wire to that of the
second wire.

18. A transverse wave described by

y = (0.02 m) sin[(1.0 m-1)x + (30 s-1)t]
propagates on a stretched string having a linear mass density of 1.2 ×
10-4kg/m. Find the tension in the string.

19. A travelling wave is produced on a long horizontal string by vibrating

an end up and down sinusoidally. The amplitude of vibration is 1.0
cm and the displacement becomes zero 200 times per second. The
linear mass density of the string is 0.10 kg/m and it is kept under a
tension of 90 N. (a) Find the speed and the wavelength of the wave. (b)
Assume that the wave moves in the positive x - direction and at t = 0,
the end x = 0 is at its positive extreme position. Write the wave
equation. (c) Find the velocity and acceleration of the particle at x = 50
cm at time t = 10 ms.

20. A string of length 40 cm and weighing 10 g is attached to a spring at

one end and to a fixed wall at the other end. The spring has a spring
constant of 160 N/m and is stretched by 1.0 cm. If a wave pulse is
produced on the string near the wall, how much time will it take to
reach the spring?

21. Two blocks each having a mass of 3.2 kg are connected by a wire CD
and the system is suspended from the ceiling by another wire AB
(figure). The linear mass density of the wire AB is 10 g/m and that of
CD is 8 g/m. Find the speed of a transverse wave pulse produced in
AB and in CD.

22. In the arrangement shown in figure, the string has a mass of 4.5 g.
How much time will it take for a transverse disturbance produced at
the floor to reach the pulley? Take g = 10 m/s2.

08
23. A 4.0 kg block is suspended from the ceiling of an elevator through a,
string having a linear mass density of 19.2 × 10-3 kg/m. Find the
speed (with respect to the string) with which a wave pulse can proceed
on the string if the elevator accelerates up at the rate of 2.0 m/s2.
Take g = 10 m/s2.

24. A heavy ball is suspended from the ceiling of a motor car through a
light string. A transverse pulse travels at a speed of 60 cm/s on the
string when the car is at rest and 62 cm/s when the car accelerates
on a horizontal road. Find the acceleration of the car. Take g = 10
m/s2.

25. A circular loop of string rotates about its axis on a frictionless

horizontal plane at a uniform rate, so that the tangential speed of any
particle of the string is v. If a small transverse disturbance is
produced at a point of the loop, with what speed (relative to the string)
will this disturbance travel on the string?

26. A heavy but uniform rope of length L is suspended from a ceiling. (a)
Write the velocity of a transverse wave travelling on the string as a
function of the distance from the lower end. (b) If the rope is given a
sudden sideways jerk at the bottom, how long will it take for the pulse
to reach the ceiling? (c) A particle is dropped from the ceiling at the
instant the bottom end is given the jerk. Where will the particle meet
the pulse?

27. Two long strings A and B, each having linear mass density 1.2 × 10-2
kg/m, are stretched by different tensions 4.8 N and 7.5 N respectively
and are kept parallel to each other with their left ends at x = 0. Wave
pulses are produced on the strings at the left ends at t = 0 on string A
and at t = 20 ms on string B. When and where will the pulse on B
overtake that on A ?

28. A transverse wave of amplitude 0.50 mm and frequency 100 Hz is

produced on a wire stretched to a tension of 100 N, If the wave speed
is 100 m/s, what average power is the source transmitting to the
wire?

29. A 200 Hz wave with amplitude 1 mm travels on a long string of linear

mass density 6 g/m kept under a tension of 60 N. (a) Find the average
power transmitted across a given point on the string. (b) Find the total
energy associated with the wave in a 2.0 m long portion of the string.

30. A tuning fork of frequency 440 Hz is attached to a long string of linear

mass density 0.01 kg/m kept under a tension of 49 N. The fork
produces transverse waves of amplitude 0.50 mm on the string. (a)
Find the wave speed and the wavelength of the waves. (b) Find the
maximum speed and acceleration of a particle of the string. (c) At what
average rate is the tuning fork transmitting energy to the string?

09
31. Two waves, travelling in the same direction through the same region,
have equal frequencies, wavelengths and amplitudes. If the amplitude
of each wave is 4 mm and the phase difference between the waves is
90o, what is the resultant amplitude?

32. Figure shows two wave pulses at t = 0 travelling on a string in

opposite directions with the same

wave speed 50 cm/so Sketch the shape of the string at t = 4 ms, 6 ms,
8 ms, and 12 ms.

33. Two waves, each having a frequency of 100 Hz and a wavelength of 2.0
cm, are travelling in the same direction on a string. What is the phase
difference between the waves (a) if the second wave was produced
0.015 s later than the first one at the same place, (b) if the two waves
were produced at the same instant but the first one was produced a
distance 4.0 cm behind the second one?(c) If each of the waves has an
amplitude of 2.0 mm, what would be the amplitudes of the resultant
waves in part (a) and (b)?

34. If the speed of a transverse wave on a stretched string of length 1 m is

60 m/s, what is the fundamental frequency of vibration ?

35. A wire of length 2.00 m is stretched to a tension of 160 N. If the

fundamental frequency of vibration is 100 Hz, find its linear mass
density.

36. A steel wire of mass 4.0 g and length 80 cm is fixed at the two ends.
The tension in the wire is 50 N. Find the frequency and wavelength of
the fourth harmonic of the fundamental.

37. A piano wire weighing 6.00 g and having a length of 90.0 cm emits a
fundamental frequency corresponding to the "Middle C" (v = 261.63
Hz). Find the tension in the wire.

38. A sonometer wire having a length of 1.50 m between the bridges

vibrates in its second harmonic in resonance with a tuning fork of
frequency 256 Hz. What is the speed of the transverse wave on the
wire?

39. The length of the wire shown in figure between the pulleys is 1.5 m
and its mass is 12.0 g. Find the frequency of vibration with which the
wire vibrates in two loops leaving the middle point of the wire between
the pulleys at rest.

10
40. A one metre long stretched string having a mass of 40 g is attached to
a tuning fork. The fork vibrates at 128 Hz in a direction perpendicular
to the string. What should be the tension in the string if it is to vibrate
in four loops?

41. A wire, fixed at both ends is seen to vibrate at a resonant frequency of

240 Hz and also at 320 Hz. (a) What could be the maximum value of
the fundamental frequency? (b) If transverse waves can travel on this
string at a speed of 40 m/s, what is its length?

42. A string, fixed at both ends, vibrates in a resonant mode with a

separation of 2.0 cm between the consecutive nodes. For the next
higher resonant frequency, this separation is reduced to 1.6 cm. Find
the length of the string.

43. A 660 Hz tuning fork sets up vibration in a string clamped at both

ends. The wave speed for a transverse wave on this string is 220 m/s
and the string vibrates in three loops. (a) Find the length of the string.
(b) If the maximum amplitude of a particle is 0'5 cm, write a suitable
equation describing the motion.

44. A particular guitar wire is 30.0 cm long and vibrates at a frequency of

196 Hz when no finger is placed on it. The next higher notes on the
scale are 220 Hz, 247Hz, 262 Hz and 294 Hz. How far from the end of
the string must the finger be placed to play these notes?

45. A steel wire fixed at both ends has a fundamental frequency of 200
Hz. A person can hear sound of maximum frequency 14 kHz. What is
the highest harmonic that can be played on this string which is
audible to the person?

46. Three resonant frequencies of a string are 90, 150 and 210 Hz. (a)
Find the highest possible fundamental frequency of vibration of this
string. (b) Which harmonics of the fundamental are the given
frequencies? (c) Which overtones are these frequencies. (d) If the
length of the string is 80 cm, what would be the speed of a transverse
wave on this string?

47. Two wires are kept tight between the same pair of supports. The
tensions in the wires are in the ratio 2 : 1, the radii are in the ratio 3 :
1 and the densities are in the ratio 1: 2. Find the ratio of their
fundamental frequencies.

48. A uniform horizontal rod of length 40 cm and mass 1.2 kg is

supported by two identical wires as shown in figure. Where should a

11
 mass of 4.8 kg be placed on the rod so that the same tuning fork may
excite the wire on left into its fundamental vibrations and that on right
into its first overtone? Take g = 10 m/s2.

49. Figure shows an aluminium wire of length 60 cm joined to a steel wire

of length 80 cm and stretched between two fixed supports. The
tension produced is 40 N. The cross-sectional area of the steel wire is
1.0 mm2 and that of the aluminium wire is 3.0 mm2. What could be
the minimum frequency of a tuning fork which can produce standing
waves in the system with the joint as a node? The density of
aluminium is 2.6 g/cm3 and that of steel is 7.8 g/cm3.

50. A string of length L fixed at both ends vibrates in its fundamental

mode at a frequency v and a maximum amplitude A. (a) Find the
wavelength and the wave number k. (b) Take the origin at one end of
the string and the X - axis along the string. Take the Y - axis along the
direction of the displacement. Take t = 0 at the instant when the
middle point of the string passes through its mean position and is
going towards the positive y - direction. Write the equation describing
the standing wave:

51. A 2 m long string fixed at both ends is set into vibrations in its first
overtone. The wave speed on the string is 200 m/s and the amplitude
is 0.5 cm. (a) Find the wavelength and the frequency. (b) Write the
equation giving the displacement of different points as a function of
time. Choose the X - axis along the string with the origin at one end
and t = 0 at the instant when the point x = 50 cm has reached its
maximum displacement.

52. The equation for the vibration of a string, fixed at both ends vibrating
in its third harmonic, is given by
y = (0.4 cm) sin[(0.314 cm-1) x] cos[(600 s-1)t].
(a) What is the frequency of vibration? (b) What are the positions of the
nodes? (c) What is the length of the string? (d) What is the wavelength
and the speed of two travelling waves that can interfere to give this
vibration?

53. The equation of a standing wave, produced on a string fixed at both

ends, is
y = (0.4 cm) sin[(0.314 cm-1) x] cos[(600 s-1)t].
What could be the smallest length of the string?

54. A 40 cm wire having a mass of 3.2 g is stretched between two fixed

supports 40.05 cm apart. In its fundamental mode, the wire vibrates

12
 at 220 Hz. If the area of cross - section of the wire is 1.0 mm2, find its
Young's modulus.

55. Figure shows a string stretched by a block going over a pulley. The
string vibrates in its tenth harmonic in unison with a particular
tuning fork. When a beaker containing water is brought under the
block so that the block is completely dipped into the beaker, the string
vibrates in its eleventh harmonic. Find the density of the material of
the block.

56. A 2.00 m long rope, having a mass of 80 g, is fixed at one end and is
tied to a light string at the other end. The tension in the string is 256
N. (a) Find the frequencies of the fundamental and the first two
overtones. (b) Find the wavelength in the fundamental and the first
two overtones.

57. A heavy string is tied at one end to a movable support and to a light
thread at the other end as shown in figure. The thread goes over a
fixed pulley and supports a weight to produce a tension. The lowest
frequency with which the heavy string resonates is 120 Hz. If the
movable support is pushed to the right by 10 cm so that the joint is
placed on the pulley, what will be the minimum frequency at/which
the heavy string can resonate ?

ANSWERS
OBJECTIVE I
Answer
1 (c) 2 (c) 3 (a) 4 (b) 5 (d) 6 (a) 7 (a) 8 (d) 9 (d) 10 (c)
11 (b) 12 (d) 13 (b) 14 (d) 15 (b) 16 (d) 17 (a) 18 (a) 19 (b) 20 (b)
21 (a) 22 (d)

OBJECTIVE II
Answer
1 (c, d) 2 (d) 3 (d) 4 (b, d) 5 (a) 6 (b, d) 7 (c, d) 8 (a) 9 (b)
10 (c, d)

EXERCISES

Sol 1. At x = - 2 m

13
Sol 2. (a) L, L, T (b) a/T (c) negative x-direction

t x
Sol 5. f{x, t) =A sin   
T vT 

x  vt
Sol 6. (a) L, L (b) f(x, t) = A sin
a

x.vt  t 0 
Sol 7. f(x, t) = A sin
a

Sol 8. (a) negative x – direction (b) 10 m/s, 20 cm, 50 Hz

(c) 0.10 mm, 3.14 cm/s

Sol 9. (a) y = (0.20 cm) sin[( cm-1)x - (2 × 103 s-1)t] (b) zero, 4 m/s

Sol 10. (a) 20 ms, 4.0 cm (b) zero

(c) zero (d) 9.7 cm/s, 18 cm/s 25 cm/s

Sol 11. 50 Hz, 4.0 cm, 2.0 m/s

Sol 12. (a) 1.0 mm (b) 4cm (c) 1.6 cm-1 (d) 5 Hz

Sol 13. (a) 20 cm (b) – 1.5 mm

Sol 14. 32 m/s

Sol 15. (a) 0.02 s

Sol 16. (a) 2s (b) 3s (c) 2 × 10-3N

Sol 17. 0.25

Sol 18. 0.108 N

x t
Sol 19. (a) 30 m/s , 30 cm (b) y = (1.0 cm) cos 2  


 30cm 0.01s 
(c) – 5.4 m/s, 2.0 km/s2

Sol 20. 0.05 s

Sol 21. 79 m/s and 63 m/s

Sol 22. 0.02 s

Sol 23. 50 m/s

Sol 24. 3.7 m/s2

14
Sol 25. v

4L L
Sol 26. (a) gx (b) (c) at a distance from the bottom
g 3

Sol 27. at t = 100 ms at x = 2.0 m

Sol 28. 49 mW

Sol 29. (a) 0.47 W (b) 9.4 mJ

Sol 30. (a) 70 m/s, 16cm (b) 1.4 m/s, 3.8 km/s (c) 0.67 W

Sol 31. 42 mm

Sol 33. (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) zero, 4.0 mm

Sol 34. 30 Hz

Sol 35. 1.00 g/m

Sol 36. 250 Hz, 40 cm

Sol 37. 1480 N

Sol 38. 384 m/s

Sol 39. 70 Hz

Sol 40. 164 N

Sol 41. (a) 80 Hz (b) 25 cm

Sol 42. 8.0 cm

Sol 43. (a) 50 cm (b) (0.5 cm)sin [(0.06 cm-1)x] × cos[(1320  s-1)t]

Sol 44. 26.7 cm, 23.8 cm, 22.4 cm and 20.0 cm

Sol 45. 70

Sol 46. (a) 30 Hz (b) 3rd, 5th and 7th (c) 2nd, 4th and 6th (d) 48 m/s

Sol 47. 2: 3

Sol 48. 5 cm from the left end

Sol 49. 180Hz

15
Sol 50. (a) 2L, /L (b) y = Asin(x/L) sin(2vt)

Sol 51. (a) 2m, 100 Hz (b) (0.5 cm)sin[(m-1)x] cos[(200 s-1)t]

Sol 52. (a) 300 Hz (b) 0, 10 cm ,20 cm, 30 cm

(c) 30 cm (d) 20 cm, 60 m/s

Sol 53. 10 cm

Sol 54. 1.98 × 1011N/m2

Sol 55. 5.8 × 103 kg/m3

Sol 56. (a) 10 Hz, 30 Hz, 50 Hz (b) 8.00 m, 2.67 m, 1.60 m

Sol 57. 240 Hz

16
 SOLUTIONS TO CONCEPTS
CHAPTER 15

1. v = 40 cm/sec
As velocity of a wave is constant location of maximum after 5 sec x
= 40  5 = 200 cm along negative x-axis. y
[( x / a) (t / T)]2
2. Given y = Ae
0 1 0 0 0 1
a) [A] = [M L T ], [T] = [M L T ]
0 1 0
[a] = [M L T ]
b) Wave speed, v = /T = a/T [Wave length  = a]
c) If y = f(t – x/v)  wave is traveling in positive direction
and if y = f( t + x/v)  wave is traveling in negative direction
2
 x 
(1/ T)  t
[( x / a) (t / T)]2  a / T 
So, y = Ae = Ae
2
x 
(1/ T)  t 
v 
= Ae
i.e. y = f{t + (x / v)}
d) Wave speed, v = a/T
 Max. of pulse at t = T is (a/T)  T = a (negative x-axis)
Max. of pulse at t = 2T = (a/T)  2T = 2a (along negative x-axis)
So, the wave travels in negative x-direction.
3. At t = 1 sec, s1 = vt = 10  1 = 10 cm
t = 2 sec, s2 = vt = 10  2 = 20 cm
t = 3 sec, s3 = vt = 10  3 = 30 cm
3 2 2
4. The pulse is given by, y = [(a ) / {(x – vt) + a }]
a = 5 mm = 0.5 cm, v = 20 cm/s
3 2 2
At t = 0s, y = a / (x + a )
The graph between y and x can be plotted by taking different values of x.
(left as exercise for the student)
3 2 2
similarly, at t = 1 s, y = a / {(x – v) + a }
3 2 2
and at t = 2 s, y = a / {(x – 2v) + a }
5. At x = 0, f(t) = a sin (t/T)
Wave speed = v
  = wavelength = vT (T = Time period)
So, general equation of wave
Y = A sin [(t/T) – (x/vT)] [because y = f((t/T) – (x/))
6. At t = 0, g(x) = A sin (x/a)
0 1 0
a) [M L T ] = [L]
0 1 0
a = [M L T ] = [L]
b) Wave speed = v
 Time period, T = a/v (a = wave length = )
 General equation of wave
y = A sin {(x/a) – t/(a/v)}
= A sin {(x – vt) / a}
7. At t = t0, g(x, t0) = A sin (x/a) …(1)
For a wave traveling in the positive x-direction, the general equation is given by
x t 
y = f  
a T
Putting t = –t0 and comparing with equation (1), we get
 g(x, 0) = A sin {(x/a) + (t0/T)}
 g(x, t) = A sin {(x/a) + (t0/T) – (t/T)}

15.1

01
 Chapter 15
As T = a/v (a = wave length, v = speed of the wave)
x t t 
 y = A sin   0  
 a (a / v) (a / v) 
 x  v(t0  t) 
= A sin  
 a 
 x  v(t  t 0 ) 
 y = A sin  
 a
8. The equation of the wave is given by
–1 –1
y = (0.1 mm) sin [(31.4 m )x +(314 s )t] y = r sin {(2x / )} + t)
a) Negative x-direction
–1
b) k = 31.4 m
 2/ = 31.4   = 2/31.4 = 0.2 mt = 20 cm
–1
Again,  = 314 s
–1
 2f = 314  f = 314 / 2 = 314 / (2  (3/14)} = 50 sec
 wave speed, v = f = 20  50 = 1000 cm/s
c) Max. displacement = 0.10 mm
–1
 Max. velocity = a = 0.1  10  314 = 3.14 cm/sec.
9. Wave speed, v = 20 m/s
A = 0.20 cm
  = 2 cm
a) Equation of wave along the x-axis
y = A sin (kx – wt)
–1
 k = 2/ = 2/2 =  cm
–3
T = /v = 2/2000 = 1/1000 sec = 10 sec
–3 –1
  = 2/T = 2  10 sec
So, the wave equation is,
–1 3 –1
 y = (0.2 cm)sin[( cm )x – (2  10 sec )t]
b) At x = 2 cm, and t = 0,
 y = (0.2 cm) sin (/2) = 0
 v = r cos x = 0.2  2000   cos 2 = 400 
= 400  (3.14) = 1256 cm/s
= 400  cm/s = 4 m/s
 x t 
10. Y = (1 mm) sin   
 2cm 0.01sec 
a) T = 2  0.01 = 0.02 sec = 20 ms
 = 2  2 = 4 cm
b) v = dy/dt = d/dt [sin 2 (x/4 – t/0.02)] = –cos2 {x/4) – (t/0.02)}  1/(0.02)
 v = –50 cos 2 {(x/4) – (t/0.02)}
at x = 1 and t = 0.01 sec, v = –50 cos 2* [(1/4) – (1/2)] = 0
c) i) at x = 3 cm, t = 0.01 sec
v = –50 cos 2 (3/4 – ½) = 0
ii) at x = 5 cm, t = 0.01 sec, v = 0 (putting the values)
iii) at x = 7 cm, t = 0.01 sec, v = 0
at x = 1 cm and t = 0.011 sec
v = –50 cos 2 {(1/4) – (0.011/0.02)} = –50 cos (3/5) = –9.7 cm/sec
(similarly the other two can be calculated)
–3 –2
11. Time period, T = 4  5 ms = 20  10 = 2  10 s
 = 2  2 cm = 4 cm
–2 –1
frequency, f = 1/T = 1/(2  10 ) = 50 s = 50 Hz
Wave speed = f = 4  50 m/s = 2000 m/s = 2 m/s

15.2

02
 Chapter 15
12. Given that, v = 200 m/s
a) Amplitude, A = 1 mm
b) Wave length,  = 4 cm
–1
c) wave number, n = 2/ = (2  3.14)/4 = 1.57 cm (wave number = k)
d) frequency, f = 1/T = (26/)/20 = 20/4 = 5 Hz
(where time period T = /v)
13. Wave speed = v = 10 m/sec
–3 –2
Time period = T = 20 ms = 20  10 = 2  10 sec
–2
a) wave length,  = vT = 10  2  10 = 0.2 m = 20 cm
b) wave length,  = 20 cm
n
 phase diff = (2/) x = (2 / 20)  10 =  rad
 y1 = a sin (t – kx)  1.5 = a sin (t – kx)
So, the displacement of the particle at a distance x = 10 cm.
2x 2  10
[ =    ] is given by
 20
y2 = a sin (t – kx + )  –a sin(t – kx) = –1.5 mm
 displacement = –1.5 mm
14. mass = 5 g, length l = 64 cm
 mass per unit length = m = 5/64 g/cm
5
 Tension, T = 8N = 8  10 dyne
V= (T / m)  (8  105  64) / 5  3200 cm/s = 32 m/s
15.

a) Velocity of the wave, v = (T / m)  (16  105 ) / 0.4  2000 cm/sec

 Time taken to reach to the other end = 20/2000 = 0.01 sec
Time taken to see the pulse again in the original position = 0.01  2 = 0.02 sec
b) At t = 0.01 s, there will be a ‘though’ at the right end as it is reflected.
16. The crest reflects as a crest here, as the wire is traveling from denser to rarer medium.
 phase change = 0
a) To again original shape distance travelled by the wave S = 20 + 20 = 40 cm.
Wave speed, v = 20 m/s  time = s/v = 40/20 = 2 sec 20 cm
b) The wave regains its shape, after traveling a periodic distance = 230 = 60 cm
 Time period = 60/20 = 3 sec.
–1
c) Frequency, n = (1/3 sec )
n = (1/2l) (T / m) m = mass per unit length = 0.5 g/cm 30 cm

 1/3 = 1/(2  30) (T / 0.5)

–3
 T = 400  0.5 = 200 dyne = 2  10 Newton.
st
17. Let v1 = velocity in the 1 string
 v1 = (T / m1 )
Because m1 = mass per unit length = (1a1l1 / l1) = 1a1 where a1 = Area of cross section
 v1 = (T / 1a1 ) …(1)
Let v2 = velocity in the second string
 v2 = (T / m2 )
 v2 = (T / 2a2 ) …(2)
Given that, v1 = 2v2
 (T / 1a1 ) = 2 (T / 2a2 )  (T/a11) = 4(T/a22)
 1/2 = 1/4  1 : 2 = 1 : 4 (because a1 = a2)

15.3

03
 Chapter 15
–4
18. m = mass per unit length = 1.2  10 kg/mt
–1 –1
Y = (0.02m) sin [(1.0 m )x + (30 s )t]
–1
Here, k = 1 m = 2/
–1
 = 30 s = 2f
 velocity of the wave in the stretched string
v = f = /k = 30/I = 30 m/s
v= T / m  30 (T /1.2)  10 4 N)
–2 –1
 T = 10.8  10 N  T = 1.08  10 Newton.
19. Amplitude, A = 1 cm, Tension T = 90 N
Frequency, f = 200/2 = 100 Hz
Mass per unit length, m = 0.1 kg/mt
a)  V = T / m = 30 m/s
 = V/f = 30/100 = 0.3 m = 30 cm
b) The wave equation y = (1 cm) cos 2 (t/0.01 s) – (x/30 cm)
[because at x = 0, displacement is maximum]
c) y = 1 cos 2(x/30 – t/0.01)
 v = dy/dt = (1/0.01)2sin 2 {(x/30) – (t/0.01)}
2 2
a = dv/dt = – {4 / (0.01) } cos 2 {(x/30) – (t/0.01)}
–3
When, x = 50 cm, t = 10 ms = 10  10 s
x = (2 / 0.01) sin 2 {(5/3) – (0.01/0.01)}
= (p/0.01) sin (2  2 / 3) = (1/0.01) sin (4/3) = –200  sin (/3) = –200 x ( 3 / 2)
= 544 cm/s = 5.4 m/s
Similarly
2 2
a = {4 / (0.01) } cos 2 {(5/3) – 1}
2 4 5 2 2
= 4  10  ½  2  10 cm/s  2 km/s
20. l = 40 cm, mass = 10 g
 mass per unit length, m = 10 / 40 = 1/4 (g/cm)
spring constant K = 160 N/m
deflection = x = 1 cm = 0.01 m
4
 T = kx = 160  0.01 = 1.6 N = 16  10 dyne
2
Again v = (T / m) = (16  10 4 /(1/ 4) = 8  10 cm/s = 800 cm/s
 Time taken by the pulse to reach the spring
t = 40/800 = 1/20 = 0/05 sec.
21. m1 = m2 = 3.2 kg
A
mass per unit length of AB = 10 g/mt = 0.01 kg.mt B
m1
mass per unit length of CD = 8 g/mt = 0.008 kg/mt C
D
for the string CD, T = 3.2  g m2
3
v= (T / m) = (3.2  10) / 0.008  (32  10 ) / 8 = 2  10 10 = 20  3.14 = 63 m/s
for the string AB, T = 2  3.2 g = 6.4  g = 64 N
 v = (T / m) = (64 / 0.01)  6400 = 80 m/s
T
22. Total length of string 2 + 0.25 = 2.25 mt
4.5  10 3 –3
Mass per unit length m = = 2  10 kg/m 25 cm 2mt
2.25 2kg
T = 2g = 20 N
2g
(T / m) = 20 /(2  10 3 )  10 4 = 10 m/s = 100 m/s
2
Wave speed, v =
Time taken to reach the pully, t = (s/v) = 2/100 = 0.02 sec.
–3 a = 2 m/s2
23. m = 19.2  10 kg/m
from the freebody diagram,
T – 4g – 4a = 0 4 kg
 T = 4(a + g) = 48 N 4g
wave speed, v = (T / m) = 50 m/s
4a

15.4

04
 Chapter 15
24. Let M = mass of the heavy ball
(m = mass per unit length)
Wave speed, v1 = (T / m) = (Mg/ m) (because T = Mg)
2
 60 = (Mg / m)  Mg/ m = 60 …(1) T

From the freebody diagram (2),

v2 = (T '/ m) Mg
2 2 1/ 4
(Rest)
[(Ma)  (Mg) ]
 v2 = (because T’ = (Ma)2  (Mg)2 )
m1/ 2
[(Ma)2  (Mg)2 ]1/ 4
 62 = T
m1/ 2 a

(Ma)2  (Mg)2 Ma
2
 = 62 …(2)
m
Mg
Eq(1) + Eq(2)  (Mg/m)  [m / (Ma)2  (Mg)2 ] = 3600 / 3844 (Motion)
2 2 2
g/ (a2  g2 ) = 0.936  g / (a + g ) = 0.876
2
 (a + 100) 0.876 = 100
2
 a  0.876 = 100 – 87.6 = 12.4
2 2
 a = 12.4 / 0.876 = 14.15  a = 3.76 m/s
n 2
 Acce of the car = 3.7 m/s
25. m = mass per unit length of the string
R = Radius of the loop
(mRd)w2R
 = angular velocity, V = linear velocity of the string

Consider one half of the string as shown in figure. d
The half loop experiences cetrifugal force at every point, away from

centre, which is balanced by tension 2T. c
Consider an element of angular part d at angle . Consider another T T
element symmetric to this centrifugal force experienced by the element
2
= (mRd) R.
(…Length of element = Rd, mass = mRd)
Resolving into rectangular components net force on the two symmetric elements,
2 2
DF = 2mR d sin  [horizontal components cancels each other]
/2


2 2 2 2
So, total F = 2mR2 2 sin  d = 2mR  [– cos]  2mR 
0
2 2 2 2
Again, 2T = 2mR   T = mR 
Velocity of transverse vibration V = T / m = R = V
So, the speed of the disturbance will be V.
26. a) m  mass per unit of length of string
consider an element at distance ‘x’ from lower end. 4xl
Here wt acting down ward = (mx)g = Tension in the string of upper part x
Velocity of transverse vibration = v = T /m = (mgx / m)  (gx)
b) For small displacement dx, dt = dx / (gx)
L-y
L
Total time T =  dx / gx  (4L / g)
0 y
c) Suppose after time ‘t’ from start the pulse meet the particle at distance y from lower end.
y

 dx /
A
t= gx  (4y / g) TA
0
B
 Distance travelled by the particle in this time is (L – y) TB

15.5

05
 Chapter 15
2
 S – ut + 1/2 gt
 L – y (1/2)g  { (4y / g)2 } {u = 0}
 L – y = 2y  3y = L
 y = L/3. So, the particle meet at distance L/3 from lower end.
–2
27. mA = 1.2  10 kg/m, TA = 4.8 N
 VA = T / m = 20 m/s
–2
mB = 1.2  10 kg/m, TB = 7.5 N
 VB = T / m = 25 m/s
t = 0 in string A
–3
t1 = 0 + 20 ms = 20  10 = 0.02 sec
In 0.02 sec A has travelled 20  0.02 = 0.4 mt
Relative speed between A and B = 25 – 20 = 5 m/s
Time taken for B for overtake A = s/v = 0.4/5 = 0.08 sec
–3
28. r = 0.5 mm = 0.5  10 mt
f = 100 Hz, T = 100 N
v = 100 m/s
2 2
v = T / m  v = (T/m)  m = (T/v ) = 0.01 kg/m
2 2 2
Pave = 2 mvr f
2 –3 2 2 –3
= 2(3.14) (0.01)  100  (0.5  10 )  (100)  49  10 watt = 49 mW.
–3 –3
29. A = 1 mm = 10 m, m = 6 g/m = 6  10 kg/m
T = 60 N, f = 200 Hz
 V = T / m = 100 m/s
2 2 2
a) Paverage = 2 mv A f = 0.47 W
b) Length of the string is 2 m. So, t = 2/100 = 0.02 sec.
2 2 2
Energy = 2 mvf A t = 9.46 mJ.
–3
30. f = 440 Hz, m = 0.01 kg/m, T = 49 N, r = 0.5  10 m
a) v = T / m = 70 m/s
b) v = f   = v/f = 16 cm
2 2 2
c) Paverage = 2 mvr f = 0.67 W.
31. Phase difference  = /2
f and  are same. So,  is same.
y1 = r sin wt, y2 = rsin(wt + /2)
From the principle of superposition
y = y1 + y2  = r sin wt + r sin (wt + /2)
= r[sin wt + sin(wt + /2)]
= r[2sin{(wt + wt + /2)/2} cos {(wt – wt – /2)/2}]
 y = 2r sin (wt + /4) cos (–/4)
Resultant amplitude = 2 r = 4 2 mm (because r = 4 mm)
32. The distance travelled by the pulses are shown below.
–3 –3
t = 4 ms = 4  10 s s = vt = 50  10  4  10 = 2 mm
–3 –3
t = 8 ms = 8  10 s s = vt = 50  10  8  10 = 4 mm 10 14
–3 2 6
t = 6 ms = 6  10 s s = 3 mm
–3 –3
t = 12 ms = 12  10 s s = 50  10  12  10 = 6 mm
The shape of the string at different times are shown in the figure.
–2
33. f = 100 Hz,  = 2 cm = 2  10 m
 wave speed, v = f = 2 m/s
st
a) in 0.015 sec 1 wave has travelled
n
x = 0.015  2 = 0.03 m = path diff
–2
 corresponding phase difference,  = 2x/ = {2 / (2  10 )}  0.03 = 3.
b) Path different x = 4 cm = 0.04 m

15.6

06
 Chapter 15
–2
  = (2/)x = {(2/2  10 )  0.04} = 4.
c) The waves have same frequency, same wavelength and same amplitude.
Let, y1 = r sin wt, y2 = r sin (wt + )
 y = y1 + y2 = r[sin wt + (wt + )]
= 2r sin (wt + /2) cos (/2)
 resultant amplitude = 2r cos /2
–3
So, when  = 3, r = 2  10 m
–3
Rres = 2  (2  10 ) cos (3/2) = 0
Again, when  = 4, Rres = 2  (2  10–3) cos (4/2) = 4 mm.
34. l = 1 m, V = 60 m/s
–1
 fundamental frequency, f0 = V/2l = 30 sec = 30 Hz.
35. l = 2m, f0 = 100 Hz, T = 160 N
f0 = 1/ 2l (T / m)
 m = 1 g/m. So, the linear mass density is 1 g/m.
36. m = (4/80) g/ cm = 0.005 kg/m
T = 50 N, l = 80 cm = 0.8 m
v = (T / m) = 100 m/s
fundamental frequency f0 = 1/ 2l (T / m) = 62.5 Hz
First harmonic = 62.5 Hz
f4 = frequency of fourth harmonic = 4f0 = F3 = 250 Hz
V = f4 4  4 = (v/f4) = 40 cm.
37. l = 90 cm = 0.9 m
m = (6/90) g/cm = (6/900) kg/mt
f = 261.63 Hz
f = 1/ 2l (T / m)  T = 1478.52 N = 1480 N.
38. First harmonic be f0, second harmonic be f1
 f1 = 2f0
 f0 = f1/2
f1 = 256 Hz
st
 1 harmonic or fundamental frequency 1.5 cm
f0 = f1/2 = 256 / 2 = 128 Hz
/2 = 1.5 m   = 3m (when fundamental wave is produced)
 Wave speed = V = f0Ql = 384 m/s.
39. l = 1.5 m, mass – 12 g
–3
 m = 12/1.5 g/m = 8  10 kg/m
T = 9  g = 90 N
 = 1.5 m, f1 = 2/2l T / m
9 kg 9 kg
[for, second harmonic two loops are produced]
f1 = 2f0  70 Hz.
40. A string of mass 40 g is attached to the tuning fork
–3
m = (40  10 ) kg/m
The fork vibrates with f = 128 Hz
 = 0.5 m
v = f = 128  0.5 = 64 m/s
2
v = T / m  T = v m = 163.84 N  164 N.
41. This wire makes a resonant frequency of 240 Hz and 320 Hz.
The fundamental frequency of the wire must be divisible by both 240 Hz and 320 Hz.
a) So, the maximum value of fundamental frequency is 80 Hz.
l
b) Wave speed, v = 40 m/s
 80 = (1/2l)  40  0.25 m.
15.7

07
 Chapter 15
st
42. Let there be ‘n’ loops in the 1 case l
 length of the wire, l = (n1)/2 [1 = 2  2 = 4 cm]
So there are (n + 1) loops with the 2nd case
 length of the wire, l = {(n+1)2/2 [ = 2  1.6 = 3.2 cm] 2 cm

(n  1) 2 l
 n1/2 =
2
 n  4 = (n + 1) (3.2)  n = 4
 length of the string, l = (n1)/2 = 8 cm. 1.6 cm
43. Frequency of the tuning fork, f = 660 Hz
Wave speed, v = 220 m/s   = v/f = 1/3 m
No.of loops = 3
a) So, f = (3/2l)v  l = 50 cm
b) The equation of resultant stationary wave is given by
y = 2A cos (2x/Ql) sin (2vt/) l
–1 –1
 y = (0.5 cm) cos (0.06  cm ) sin (1320 s t)
44. l1 = 30 cm = 0.3 m
f1 = 196 Hz, f2 = 220 Hz
We know f  (1/l) (as V is constant for a medium)
f l
 1  2  l2 = 26.7 cm
f2 l1
Again f3 = 247 Hz
f l 0.3
 3  1 
f1 l3 l3
 l3 = 0.224 m = 22.4 cm and l3 = 20 cm
45. Fundamental frequency f1 = 200 Hz
Let l4 Hz be nth harmonic
 F2/F1 = 14000/200
 NF1/F1 = 70  N = 70
th
 The highest harmonic audible is 70 harmonic.
46. The resonant frequencies of a string are
f1 = 90 Hz, f2 = 150 Hz, f3 = 120 Hz
a) The highest possible fundamental frequency of the string is f = 30 Hz
[because f1, f2 and f3 are integral multiple of 30 Hz]
b) The frequencies are f1 = 3f, f2 = 5f, f3 = 7f
rd th th
So, f1, f2 and f3 are 3 harmonic, 5 harmonic and 7 harmonic respectively.
c) The frequencies in the string are f, 2f, 3f, 4f, 5f, ……….
nd rd
So, 3f = 2 overtone and 3 harmonic
th th
5f = 4 overtone and 5 harmonic
7f = 6th overtone and 7th harmonic
d) length of the string is l = 80 cm
 f1 = (3/2l)v (v = velocity of the wave)
 90 = {3/(280)}  K
 K = (90  2  80) / 3 = 4800 cm/s = 48 m/s.
1 T 1 T1 1 T2
47. Frequency f =  f1   f2 
lD  l1D1 1 l2n2 2
Given that, T1/T2 = 2, r1 / r2 = 3 = D1/D2
1 1

2 2
f1 l2D2 T1 2
So,  (l1 = l2 = length of string)
f2 l1D1 T2 1
 f1 : f2 = 2 : 3
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08
 Chapter 15
48. Length of the rod = L = 40 cm = 0.4 m
Mass of the rod m = 1.2 kg
Let the 4.8 kg mass be placed at a distance
‘x’ from the left end. Tl Tr
Given that, fl = 2fr A B C
1 Tl 2 Tr 40 cm
 
2l m 2l m
Tr
Tl
Tl T
 =2 l =4 …(1) B
Tr Tr A C
From the freebody diagram,
Tl + Tr = 60 N 12N 48N

 4Tr +Tr = 60 N
 Tr = 12 N and Tl = 48 N
Now taking moment about point A,
Tr  (0.4) = 48x + 12 (0.2)  x = 5 cm
So, the mass should be placed at a distance 5 cm from the left end.
3 3
49. s = 7.8 g/cm , A = 2.6 g/cm
–2
ms = s As = 7.8  10 g/cm (m = mass per unit length)
–2 –3 80 cm 60 cm
mA = A AA = 2.6  10  3 g/cm = 7.8  10 kg/m
A node is always placed in the joint. Since aluminium and steel rod has Aluminium
Steel 20 cm
same mass per unit length, velocity of wave in both of them is same.
 v = T / m  500/7 m/x
For minimum frequency there would be maximum wavelength for maximum wavelength minimum no of
loops are to be produced.
 maximum distance of a loop = 20 cm
 wavelength =  = 2  20 = 40 cm = 0.4 m
 f = v/ = 180 Hz.
50. Fundamental frequency
V = 1/2l T / m  T / m = v2l [ T / m = velocity of wave]
a) wavelength,  = velocity / frequency = v2l / v = 2l
and wave number = K = 2/ = 2/2l = /l
b) Therefore, equation of the stationary wave is
 y = A cos (2x/) sin (2Vt / L) L
= A cos (2x / 2l) sin (2Vt / 2L)
v = V/2L [because v = (v/2l)]
51. V = 200 m/s, 2A = 0.5 m
a) The string is vibrating in its 1st overtone
  = 1 = 2m
 f = v/ = 100 Hz
b) The stationary wave equation is given by
l=2m
2x 2Vt
y = 2A cos sin
 
–1 –1
= (0.5 cm) cos [(m )x] sin [(200 s )t]
52. The stationary wave equation is given by
–1
y = (0.4 cm) sin [(0.314 cm – 1)x] cos [(6.00 s )t]
a)  = 600   2f = 600   f = 300 Hz
wavelength,  = 2/0.314 = (2  3.14) / 0.314 = 20 cm
0 10 20 30
b) Therefore nodes are located at, 0, 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm
c) Length of the string = 3/2 = 3  20/2 = 30 cm l
d) y = 0.4 sin (0.314 x) cos (600 t)  0.4 sin {(/10)x} cos (600 t)
 since,  and v are the wavelength and velocity of the waves that interfere to give this vibration  = 20
cm
15.9

09
 Chapter 15
v= /k = 6000 cm/sec = 60 m/s
53. The equation of the standing wave is given by
–1 –1
y = (0.4 cm) sin [(0.314 cm )x] cos [(6.00 s )t]
 k = 0.314 = /10
 2/ = /10   = 20 cm
for smallest length of the string, as wavelength remains constant, the string
should vibrate in fundamental frequency L
 l = /2 = 20 cm / 2 = 10 cm
–3
54. L = 40 cm = 0.4 m, mass = 3.2 kg = 3.2  10 kg
–3
 mass per unit length, m = (3.2)/(0.4) = 8  10 kg/m string
–2
change in length, L = 40.05 – 40 = 0.05  10 m
–2
strain = L/L = 0.125  10 m
rope
f = 220 Hz L
1 T 1 T
f=   T = 248.19 N
2l' m 2  (0.4005) 8  10 3
2 6
Strain = 248.19/1 mm = 248.19  10
11 2
Y = stress / strain = 1.985  10 N/m
55. Let,   density of the block
Weight  Vg where V = volume of block
The same turning fork resonates with the string in the two cases
10 T   w Vg 11 (  w )Vg
f10 = 
2l m 2l m
As the f of tuning fork is same,
10 Vg 11 (   w )Vg
f10  f11  
2l m 2l m
10   w   1 100
    (because, w = 1 gm/cc)
11 m  121
3 3
 100 = 121  – 121  5.8  10 kg/m
56. l = length of rope = 2 m
M = mass = 80 gm = 0.8 kg
mass per unit length = m = 0.08/2 = 0.04 kg/m
Tension T = 256 N l = /4
Velocity, V = T / m = 80 m/s Initial position
For fundamental frequency,
l = /4   = 4l = 8 m
 f = 80/8 = 10 Hz
st
a) Therefore, the frequency of 1 two overtones are
st
1 overtone = 3f = 30 Hz
nd
2 overtone = 5f = 50 Hz
b) 1 = 4l = 8 m Final position
1 = V/ f1 = 2.67 m
2 = V/f2 = 1.6 mt
so, the wavelengths are 8 m, 2.67 m and 1.6 m respectively.
57. Initially because the end A is free, an antinode will be formed.
So, l = Ql1 / 4
Again, if the movable support is pushed to right by 10 m, so that the joint is placed on the pulley, a node
will be formed there.
So, l = 2 / 2
Since, the tension remains same in both the cases, velocity remains same.
As the wavelength is reduced by half, the frequency will become twice as that of 120 Hz i.e. 240 Hz.

15.10

10