Ab 20 0777
Ab 20 0777
Anim Biosci
Vol. 34, No. 6:1061-1069 June 2021
https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.20.0777
pISSN 2765-0189 eISSN 2765-0235
Yun Yeong Jo1, Myung Jae Choi2, Woo Lim Chung2, Jin Su Hong2, Jong Seon Lim1, and Yoo Yong Kim2,*
* Corresponding Author: Yoo Yong Kim Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feed processing and particle
Tel: +82-2-880-4801, Fax: +82-2-878-5839,
E-mail: [email protected] size on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and gastric health
in growing-finishing pigs.
1
Feed Innovation Center, Sunjin Company Methods: A total of 360 growing pigs (22.64±0.014 kg initial body weight [BW]) were
Limited, Seoul 05372, Korea
2
Research Institute of Agriculture and Life
allocated to 1 of 6 treatments with 6 replicates by BW and sex, and 10 pigs were housed in
Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul one pen in a randomized complete block design. The BW and feed intake were recorded to
08826, Korea calculate growth performance. For the digestibility trial, a total of 24 barrows with an initial
ORCID
BW of 33.65±0.372 kg were split into 6 treatments with a completely randomized design.
Yun Yeong Jo Dietary treatments were designed by a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments based on
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0969-9877 two main factors, particle size (600, 750, 900 μm) and feed form (mash and pellet) of diet.
Myung Jae Choi Experimental diets were formulated to contain the requirements of the NRC (2012).
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2690-8714
Woo Lim Chung Results: The BW and average daily gain were not changed by dietary treatments, and the
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1724-9358 feed intake of finishing pigs (wks 6 to 12) was increased when the pigs were fed a mash diet
Jin Su Hong (p<0.05). For the overall period, the feed efficiency of pigs was improved with the pellet
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3401-3024
Jong Seon Lim diet (p<0.01) and reduced particle size (p<0.05). The pellet diet had effects on increasing
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7601-3623 crude fat digestibility (p<0.01) relative to a mash diet, but there was no considerable change
Yoo Yong Kim in dry matter and crude protein digestibilities by dietary treatments. In the evaluation of
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8121-3291
gastric health, a trend for an increased incidence of keratinization in the esophageal region
Submitted Nov 16, 2020; Revised Dec 19, 2020; was observed as particle size decreased (p = 0.07).
Accepted Jan 12, 2021 Conclusion: Feed efficiency could be improved by pellet diet and reduced particle size.
Nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and gastric health were not affected by feed
form, and particle size ranged from 600 to 900 μm.
Keywords: Feed Processing; Pellet Diet; Particle Size; Growth Performance; Nutrient
Digestibility; Gastric Health
INTRODUCTION
The physical properties of the diet are important factors for determining animal perfor-
mance, and optimal particle size has been a popular research topic based on this background
[1,2]. Reduced particle size may increase the surface area for enzyme digestion, and there
are many results describing the positive effects of reduced particle size on the nutrient
digestibility of pigs [3,4]. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of starch was im-
proved with decreased particle size from 920 to 580 μm [5], and reduced particle size
had effects on increasing the ATTD of gross energy and crude protein (CP) [6]. Although
reduced particle size has many positive effects, it may lead to increased production cost
and decreased feed productivity. Furthermore, the responses of different particle sizes
were inconsistent in several studies because of different feed intakes [3], altered inci-
dences of gastric ulcers [7,8], and various environmental experimental diets. Grower diets contained 3,300 kcal of
conditions [9]. Therefore, a study evaluating the optimal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg, 15.00% CP, 1.11% total lysine,
particle size is clearly needed to improve the growth of pigs 0.66% total Ca, and 0.56% total P, and finisher diets con-
with acceptable production costs. tained 3,275 kcal of ME/kg, 14.00% CP, 1.01% total lysine,
Pelleting a corn-soybean meal diet had positive effects on 0.52% Ca, and 0.47% total P, respectively. All other nutri-
improving growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and ents met or exceeded the requirements of NRC (2012) [14],
feed efficiency [10,11]. Ulens et al [12] demonstrated that and the formula and chemical composition of the experi-
the feed efficiency of pigs fed a pellet diet was increased rela- mental diets are presented in Table 1.
tive to those fed a mash diet, and Steidinger et al [13] found
that pelleting feed ingredients improved the feed intake of Production conditions for the experimental diet
weaning pigs. The major reason for these responses was im- The experimental diet was ground by a hammer mill (AN-
proved gelatinization of the starch fraction in feed ingredients DRITZ Feed & Biofuel, Denmark) equipped with screen
[10]. Although there were many findings associated with the sizes of 3.6, 2.6, and 1.6 mm. The average production volume
effects of pellet diet on pigs, limited information is available was 4 tons, and the hammer mill screen was changed to
for the interaction between feed form and particle size of feed control the particle size. The pelleted diets were produced
ingredients. by a 400-horsepower pellet mill (7730-8, CPM, Denmark,
Feed form and particle size of diet are dominant factors 80-mm-thick die with 4.2-mm-diameter holes), and steam
for determining production cost, but it is difficult to imple- was used for conditioning the diets to 75°C before the pel-
ment optimal standard, because of inconsistent results from leting process. The temperature of pellet processing was
previous studies. In this case, the accumulation of meaning- not exceed 80°C with 6.5 to 7.8 kWh for 60 minutes.
ful researches and the revalidation process are important to
find a conclusion. Thus, this study was conducted to deter-
mine the effects of feed processing and particle size on growth Table 1. The formulas and chemical compositions of the growing
performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and finishing diets
and gastric health in growing-finishing pigs. Items Growing diet (%) Finishing diet (%)
Ingredients (%)
MATERIALS AND METHODS Corn 40.57 45.81
Wheat 35.00 35.00
Animal care Soybean meal 16.70 13.66
All experiments with animals were conducted based on the Mixed animal fat 3.84 2.30
standard of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Mono-di calcium phosphate 1.24 0.82
Limestone 0.76 0.68
provided by Seoul National University (SNUIACUC; SNU-
Salt 0.40 0.40
171203-03). L-lysine HCl (78%) 0.57 0.55
DL-methionine (99%) 0.20 0.18
Animals, housing, and diets L-tryptophan (99%) 0.05 0.05
A total of 360 growing pigs ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc; L-threonine (99%) 0.23 0.22
22.64±0.014 kg initial body weight [BW]) were used for a Vitamin Mix1) 0.05 0.05
12-wk growth trial and allotted to each of 6 treatments in 6 Mineral Mix2) 0.34 0.23
Choline Cl (50%) 0.05 0.05
replicates based on BW and sex in a randomized complete
Total 100.00 100.00
block design. Each pen had 10 pigs and was equipped with Chemical composition3)
half-slotted concrete floors (1.60×3.00 m), water nipples, and ME (kcal/kg) 3,300.00 3,275.00
a feeder to provide water and feed with ad libitum access. CP (%) 15.00 14.00
Room temperature was controlled stably at 24°C for the Lys (%) 1.11 1.01
6-wk growing period and 22°C for the 6-wk finishing period. Met (%) 0.43 0.39
The BW and feed intake were recorded at the 0, 3rd, 6th, Ca (%) 0.66 0.52
Total P (%) 0.56 0.47
10th, and 12th wks to calculate the average daily gain (ADG),
ME, metabolizable energy; CP, crude protein.
average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain-to-feed ratio (G/F 1)
Provided per kg of diet: vitamin A, 12,000 IU; vitamin D3, 2,400 IU;
ratio). vitamin E, 10 IU; vitamin K, 5.6 mg; vitamin B2, 4 mg; vitamin B6, 2 mg;
Dietary treatments were designed by a 2×3 factorial arrange- vitamin B12, 40 μg; pantothenic acid, 16 mg; biotin, 100 μg; niacin, 20 mg;
ment of treatments, and the main factors were particle size folic acid, 1 mg.
2)
Provided per kg of diet: Fe, 65 mg; Mn, 30 mg; Zn, 30 mg; Cu, 50 mg; Se,
(600, 750, 900 μm) and feed form (mash and pellet) of the 500 μg; I, 1.24 mg.
diet. Corn and soybean meal were major ingredients in the 3)
Calculated values.
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keratinization score is shown in Figure 1. Ulcer scores were unit, individual pens were applied for analyzing performance
also assigned on a scale from 1 to 4, with 1 being no ulcers data, whereas individual pigs were applied for analyzing
present; 2 being ulceration affecting <25% of the esophageal nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, incidence of
region; 3 ulceration affecting 25% to 75% of the esophageal ulcers and keratinization in the stomach. The experimental
region; and 4 being ulceration affecting >75% of the esopha- unit was analyzed based on 2×3 factorial arrangements, and
geal region. 2 main factors were feed form and particle size. Based on
least significant-difference test, the differences were declared
Statistical analysis significant at p<0.05 or highly significant at p<0.01, and
All collected data were compared by least squares mean com- the determination of tendency for all analyses was p>0.05
parisons with the general linear model procedure of SAS and p<0.10.
(SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA,). As an experimental
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Figure 1. Keratinization incidence scoring standard. The (A) represents keratinization score 1 being normal or no keratinization of the esophageal
region; (B) represents keratinization score 2 being keratin covering <25% of the esophageal region; (C) represents keratinization score 3 being keratin
covering 25% to 75% of the esophageal region; and (D) represents keratinization score 4 being keratin covering >75% of the esophageal region.
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Table 3. The effect of feed form and particle size on the growth performance of growing and finishing pigs
Feed form Particle size (μm) p-value1)
Items SEM
Mash Pellet 600 750 900 F PS F×PS
Body weight (kg)
Initial 22.64 22.64 22.63 22.64 22.65 0.580 0.67 0.99 0.84
3 wk 37.70 38.69 38.62 38.35 37.62 1.072 0.97 0.94 0.97
6 wk 57.56 58.22 58.33 57.96 57.38 1.187 0.81 0.97 0.80
10 wk 85.58 86.37 87.62 86.30 84.01 1.356 0.91 0.62 0.82
12 wk 100.09 100.99 101.71 101.14 98.79 1.411 0.98 0.73 0.93
ADG (g)
0-3 wk 717 765 762 749 713 25.2 0.59 0.70 0.86
4-6 wk 946 930 939 934 941 14.0 0.24 0.93 0.17
0-6 wk 831 847 850 841 827 18.7 0.63 0.58 0.36
7-10 wk 1,001 999 1,039 1,013 952 13.0 0.86 0.03 0.93
11-12 wk 1,037 1,044 1,007 1,060 1,056 19.9 0.66 0.53 0.40
7-12 wk 1,013 1,015 1,027 1,029 986 10.0 0.66 0.17 0.75
0-12 wk 922 933 942 934 907 10.8 0.81 0.42 0.95
ADFI (g)
0-3 wk 1,345 1,319 1,344 1,338 1,314 43.6 0.52 0.97 0.90
4-6 wk 1,936 1,830 1,893 1,854 1,903 42.8 0.10 0.84 0.53
0-6 wk 1,640 1,574 1,618 1,596 1,608 41.8 0.25 0.98 0.74
7-10 wk 2,625 2,491 2,523 2,552 2,600 33.0 0.04 0.48 0.19
11-12 wk 2,576 2,444 2,480 2,576 2,475 36.3 0.04 0.74 0.51
7-12 wk 2,609 2,469 2,508 2,550 2,559 31.5 0.03 0.67 0.52
0-12 wk 2,125 2,022 2,064 2,073 2,084 34.3 0.09 0.93 0.66
G:F ratio
0-3 wk 0.533 0.581 0.568 0.561 0.542 0.071 < 0.01 0.11 0.90
4-6 wk 0.493 0.517 0.508 0.510 0.499 0.080 0.13 0.83 0.53
0-6 wk 0.510 0.544 0.533 0.532 0.517 0.058 < 0.01 0.30 0.68
7-10 wk 0.383 0.403 0.413 0.398 0.368 0.063 0.04 < 0.01 0.28
11-12 wk 0.402 0.431 0.407 0.414 0.429 0.082 0.03 0.66 0.30
7-12 wk 0.389 0.412 0.411 0.405 0.387 0.050 < 0.01 0.04 0.16
0-12 wk 0.435 0.463 0.459 0.453 0.437 0.043 < 0.01 0.01 0.28
SEM, standard error of mean; ADG, average daily gain; ADFI, average daily feed intake; G:F ratio, gain-to-feed ratio.
1)
F, feed form; PS, particle size.
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Table 4. The effect of feed form and particle size on the total collection digestibility of growing pigs1)
Feed form Particle size (μm) p-value2)
Items SEM
Mash Pellet 600 750 900 F PS F×PS
Nutrient digestibility (%)
Dry matter 95.00 95.14 94.91 95.26 95.04 0.09 0.42 0.25 0.21
Crude protein 94.52 94.16 94.21 94.56 94.26 0.14 0.19 0.53 0.32
Crude fat 91.57 93.70 92.55 92.99 92.37 0.31 < 0.01 0.38 0.29
Nitrogen retention (g/d)
N intake 29.15 29.15 29.15 29.15 29.15 - - - -
Fecal N 1.61 1.69 1.66 1.57 1.71 0.04 0.28 0.37 0.16
Urinary N 1.22 1.17 1.20 1.23 1.14 0.19 0.16 0.14 0.63
N retention3) 26.32 26.29 26.28 26.34 26.29 0.04 0.68 0.81 0.26
SEM, standard error of the mean.
1)
A total of 24 growing pigs were fed an average initial body weight of 33.65 ± 0.372 kg.
2)
F, feed form; PS, particle size.
3)
N retention = N intake – fecal N – urinary N.
Table 5. The effect of feed form and particle size on carcass characteristics of finishing pigs
Feed form Particle size (μm) p-value1)
Item SEM
Mash Pellet 600 750 900 F PS F×PS
Live weight (kg) 111.2 112.0 111.8 111.4 111.4 1.30 0.77 0.96 0.67
Carcass yield (%) 77.0 76.8 77.0 76.8 76.9 0.05 0.22 0.69 0.68
Back fat P2 (mm) 23.5 24.3 23.5 24.2 23.8 0.94 0.64 0.98 0.38
SEM, standard error of mean.
1)
F, feed form; PS, particle size.
Table 6. Because of the well-managed environment, there [13], but the response was inconsistent for finishing pigs
were no pigs with ulceration problems, and dietary feed form [18]. Different responses of feed intake by feed form could
had no significant difference on keratinization of the esoph- be induced by environmental conditions and the age of ani-
ageal region. However, a tendency for an increased incidence mals [19]. In a well-managed environment, animals would
of keratinization was observed as particle size decreased (p = have maximum feed intake, and it is difficult to show treat-
0.07). There was no considerable interaction between particle ment effects. Then, changing feed waste by different feed
size and feed form. forms could have more effects on recorded feed intake than
true feed intake. In this experiment, pigs showed high feed
DISCUSSION intake during the entire experimental period compared with
the normal standard curve for feed intake, and the feed intake
Comparing pellet and mash diets, many studies have de- was improved in the mash diet, especially for the finishing
scribed decreased amounts of feed waste when a pellet diet phase. This result probably resulted from the reduced feed
was provided to the pigs [17,18]. For feed consumption, im- waste of the pellet diet; however, further study is needed to
proved intake of weanling pigs with pellet diet was observed determine the clear reason for the increased feed intake of
Table 6. The effect of feed form and particle size on ulceration and keratinization of finishing pigs
Feed form Particle size (μm) p-value1)
Items SEM
Mash Pellet 600 750 900 F PS F×PS
Keratinizaition2) 1.83 1.72 2.25 1.75 1.34 0.170 0.66 0.07 0.23
Ulceration3) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - - -
SEM, standard error of mean.
1)
F, feed form; PS, particle size.
2)
1 being normal or no keratinization of the esophageal region; 2 being keratin covering < 25% of the esophageal region; 3 being keratin covering 25% to
75% of the esophageal region; and 4 being keratin covering > 75% of the esophageal region.
3)
Ulcer scores were also assigned on a scale from 1 to 4 with 1 being no ulcers present; 2 being ulceration affecting < 25% of the esophageal region; 3
ulceration affecting 25% to 75% of the esophageal region; and 4 being ulceration affecting > 75% of the esophageal region.
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finishing pigs by the mash diet. Different feed intake by various CP were not affected by dietary treatments. In the digest-
particle sizes was observed in many studies, but the response ibility trial of this study, a restricted feeding method was
was not consistent [4,20]. In this experiment, different particle applied, and the pigs were housed in a well-managed envi-
sizes exerted no considerable change on feed intake, which ronment. Consequently, the DM and CP digestibilities of
means that there is no negative effect on feed intake if the pigs fed mash and pellet diets were all over 94%, and it was
diet is ground below 900 μm. difficult to differentiate treatment effects.
Generally, it is well known that the pelleting process im- Increased nutrient digestibility by reduced particle size
proves the starch digestibility of cereal grains due to the has been demonstrated consistently in previous studies [29,
increased gelatinization degree of starch [1,2,10]. There 30], and a popular approach for this improvement is pro-
were several findings for an improved feed conversion ratio longed passage rate of digesta and increased surface area
ranging from 4% to 12% by applying a pellet diet [11,21]. for enzyme reaction. Appel [31] reported that the flowability
In this trial, an improved G/F ratio was observed in pigs of digesta was reduced as particle size decreased, and Jensen
fed a pellet diet during the whole experimental period, in and Becker [10] found that reduced particle size may lead
agreement with previous findings. Reduced feed waste by to improved energy digestibility. However, the nutrient di-
applying a pellet diet could also have an effect on improving gestibilities of DM, CP, and crude fiber were not changed
feed efficiency, aligning with the results of feed intake. Particle by different particle sizes in this trial, which means that
size reduction had positive effects on the feed efficiency of particle sizes between 600 and 900 μm show no difference
swine in previous studies [3,22]. Ohh et al [23] reported that in the digestibility of growing pigs with restricted feeding
a fine grinding process for corn and sorghum could improve methods. In the growth trial, ad libitum access to feed was
feed efficiency in the starter period, and Wondra et al [24] applied, and an improved G/F ratio was observed by re-
found that decreasing the particle size of corn resulted in duced particle size. These different feeding programs could
an 8% improvement of feed efficiency in the growing period induce different digestibilities for various parameters, and
(47.8 kg of initial BW). In the present study, the pigs fed diets further experiments are needed to validate the effects of
with a particle size of 900 μm showed a lower G/F ratio than the feeding program on the response of particle size.
those fed diets with particle sizes of 600 and 750 μm, indicat- Few studies have validated the interaction between feed
ing that a reduced particle size below 750 μm could improve form and particle size [12,24]. To improve the quality and
feed efficiency in both pellet and mash diets. hardness of pellets, a reduced particle size is essential; how-
Pelleting often resulted in improved ADG and feed effi- ever, the standard particle size for the pelleting process was
ciency compared with mash diet, and it was derived from inconsistent because of different production conditions and
improved energy digestibility and reduced feed intake [1,2, diet compositions. In the present study, an interaction response
12,25]. Reduced particle size may improve enzyme surface between the two factors was not observed in all parameters,
reactions and increase digestibility of nutrients [2,3]. How- and these results suggested that the effects of pellets on growth
ever, these responses of growth could be inconsistent due to and digestibility were not changed with particle size ranging
changed digestibility by feed intake and environmental con- from 600 to 900 μm.
ditions [9]. In this trial, the pigs fed a pellet diet with reduced Potter et al [18] demonstrated that carcass yield and back-
particle size showed numerically higher ADG than other fat thickness after slaughter were increased when pigs were
treatments, with a similar trend as in previous studies, but fed a pellet diet relative to those fed a mash diet, and the main
there was no significant difference. reason for this change was improved energy digestibility and
To evaluate the effects of dietary treatments on a total reduced organ weight. However, the pigs fed the pellet diet
collection digestibility of growing pigs were analyzed. Several had no effect on carcass traits in this trial. In some cases,
findings demonstrated that pelleting could improve digest- carcass yield was increased by reduced particle size because
ibilities of DM, N, and energy ranging from 5% to 8% [24], of decreased organ weight [4]. However, a significant effect
and increased AID of indispensable AA by application of a of carcass characteristics by different particle sizes was not
pellet diet was also observed [26]. In previous studies of posi- observed in this experiment, and different particle size ranges
tive effects, the main reason for improved digestibility by would be one of the reasons for this difference. In the study
pelleting was increased starch gelatinization and changed of Rojas and Stein [4], the particle size ranged from 339 to
protein confirmation by the steam conditioning process; 865 μm, relatively lower than 600 μm, and this result indi-
however, some findings demonstrated inconsistent results cated that particle size up to 600 μm had no effects on the
with N and AA digestibility because of different pelleting carcass characteristics of finishing pigs.
and steam conditions [27,28]. In this study, crude fat di- The esophageal region is the most risky region for devel-
gestibility was improved by pelleting, in agreement with oping gastric ulcers, and an increased incidence of gastric
previous findings [10], but the digestibilities for DM and ulcers by reduced particle size was reported by previous
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Jo et al (2021) Anim Biosci 34:1061-1069
studies [7,8]. However, those responses could be inconsis- corn grain on the concentration of digestible and metabolizable
tent based on other factors, such as management methods energy and on the digestibility of energy and nutrients in
and type of housing [32,33]. In the present study, there were corn grain fed to growing pigs. Livest Sci 2015;181:187-93.
no pigs with gastric ulcer problems but there was a tendency https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2015.09.013
for increased keratinization score as particle size increased 5. Kim JC, Mullan BP, Pluske JR. A comparison of waxy versus
(p = 0.07). Development of ulcer in stomach is derived from non-waxy wheats in diets for weaner pigs: effects of particle
keratinization of esophageal region. Frequent peristalsis of size, enzyme supplementation, and collection day on total
gut stimulates the hardening of the epithelium cells and tract apparent digestibility and pig performance. Anim
that region of keratinization was stained by bile from small Feed Sci Technol 2005;120:51-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
intestine. That region absorbs stains and the color is changed anifeedsci.2005.01.004
to yellow. Swelling and erosion the area of keratinization is 6. Oryschak MA, Simmins PH, Zijlstra RT. Effect of dietary
the following step of ulceration [34]. particle size and carbohydrase and/or phytase supplemen
For the overall period, the feed efficiency of pigs was im- tation on nitrogen and phosphorus excretion of grower pigs.
proved with the pellet diet and the average particle size of Can J Anim Sci 2002;82:533-40. https://doi.org/10.4141/
600 μm. Pelleting had no effects on DM and CP digestibilities A02-016
but resulted in improved crude fat digestibility relative to the 7. Mahan DC, Pickett RA, Perry TW, Curtin TM, Featherston
mash diet. There was no considerable change in carcass char- WR, Beeson WM. Influence of various nutritional factors
acteristics by dietary treatments, but a trend for increasing and physical form of feed on esophagogastric ulcers in swine.
incidence of keratinization of the esophageal region was ob- J Anim Sci 1966;25:1019-23. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1966.
served with reduced particle size. 2541019x
8. Maxwell CV, Reimann EM, Hoekstra WG, Kowalczyk T,
CONFLICT OF INTEREST Benevenga NJ, Grummer RH. Effect of dietary particle size
on lesion development and on the contents of various regions
We certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial of the swine stomach. J Anim Sci 1970;30:911-22. https://doi.
organization regarding the material discussed in the manu- org/10.2527/jas1970.306911x
script. Jo YY and Lim JS are employees of Sunjin Company 9. Rojas OJ, Stein HH. Processing of ingredients and diets and
Limited. effects on nutritional value for pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol
2017;8:48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-017-0177-1
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 10. Jensen AH, Becker DE. Effect of pelleting diets and dietary
components on the performance of young pigs. J Anim Sci
This research was supported by the BK21 Plus project of the 1965;24:392-7. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1965.242392x
National Research Foundation of Korea Grant (Seoul, Korea) 11. Lewis LL, Stark CR, Fahrenholz AC, Goncalves MAD,
and funded by Sunjin Company Limited (Icheon, Korea). DeRouchey JM, Jones CK. Effects of pelleting conditioner
retention time on nursery pig growth performance. J Anim
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