What shape/ figures did you see?

What parts does the

quadrilateral have?
4 sides
4 vertices
4 angles
2 diagonals
Quadrilateral LOVE
Quadrilaterals
Part 1
Parallelograms
 Definition
• A parallelogram is a quadrilateral whose
opposite sides are parallel.
B C

A D

AB CD and B C AD
• Its symbol is a small figure:
 Naming a Parallelogram
• A parallelogram is named using all four
vertices.
• You can start from any one vertex, but you
must continue in a clockwise or
counterclockwise direction.
• For this can be either
example, ADCB. B

ABCD or C
A D
 Basic Properties
• There are four basic properties of all
parallelograms.
• These properties have to do with the angles,
the sides and the diagonals.
 Opposite Sides
Theorem Opposite sides of a parallelogram
are congruent. B C

A D

• That means that AB  CD and BC .  AD

• So, if AB = 7, then _____ = 7?
 Opposite Angles
• One pair of opposite angles is A and
 C. The other pair is  B and  D.

B C

A D
 Opposite Angles
Theorem Opposite angles of a
parallelogram are congruent.
• Complete: If m  A = 75 and m
 B = 105, then m  C = ______
and m  D = ______ .
B C

A D
 Consecutive Angles
• Each angle is consecutive to two other
angles. A is consecutive with  B
and  D.
B
C

A D
 Consecutive Angles in Parallelograms

Theorem Consecutive angles in a parallelogram are

supplementary.
• Therefore, m  A + m  B = 180 and m
 A + m  D = 180.
• If m<C = 46, then m  B = _____?

B
C
Consecutive
INTERIOR
Angles are
Supplementary!
A D
 Diagonals
• Diagonals are segments that join non-
consecutive vertices.
• For example, in this diagram, the only two
diagonals are .
AC and BD

B C

A D
 Diagonal Property
When the diagonals of a parallelogram intersect, they
meet at the midpoint of each diagonal.
• So, P is the midpoint of AC and BD.
• Therefore, they bisect each other;
so AP  PC and BP  PD .
• But, the diagonals are not congruent!
AC  BD
B C

A D
 Diagonal Property
Theorem The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each
other.

B C

A D
 Parallelogram Summary
• By its definition, opposite sides are parallel.
Other properties (theorems):
• Opposite sides are congruent.
• Opposite angles are congruent.
• Consecutive angles are supplementary.
• The diagonals bisect each other.
 Examples
• 1. Draw HKLP.
• 2. Complete: HK = _______LP and
HP = ________
KL .
• 3. m<K = m<______P .
• 4. m<L + m<______ P = 180.
• 5. If m<P = 65, then m<H = ____,
11 o
m<K = ______o and m<L 511 o .
=______
65
5
 Examples (cont’d)
• 6. Draw the diagonals. They intersect at
M.
• 7. Complete: If HM = 5, then ML = ____
5 .
• 8. If KM = 7, then KP = ____
7 .
• 9. If HL = 15, then ML = ____
7.5 .
• 10. If m<HPK = 36, then m<PKL = ___.36
 Part 2

Tests for
Parallelograms
 Review: Properties of
Parallelograms
• Opposite sides are parallel.
• Opposite sides are congruent.
• Opposite angles are congruent.
• Consecutive angles are supplementary.
• The diagonals bisect each other.
How can you tell if a quadrilateral
is a parallelogram?
• Defn: A quadrilateral is a parallelogram iff
opposite sides are parallel.

• Property If a quadrilateral is a
parallelogram, then opposite sides are
parallel.

• Test If opposite sides of a quadrilateral are

parallel, then it is a parallelogram.
 Proving Quadrilaterals as Parallelograms

Theorem 1: If both pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are

congruent, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram .
If EF  GH; FG  EH, then Quad. EFGH is a
parallelogram. H G

rem 2:
Theo E F
If one pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are both congruent and
parallel, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram .
If EF  GH and EF || HG, then Quad. EFGH is a parallelogram.
 Theorem:
Theorem 3:
If both pairs of opposite angles of a quadrilateral are congruent, then
the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. H G
If H  F and E  G,
then Quad. EFGH is a parallelogram.
M
Theorem 4: E
F
If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then
the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram . If M is the midpoint of EG and FH
then Quad. EFGH is a parallelogram.
EM = GM and HM = FM
5 ways to prove that a quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.

1. Show that both pairs of opposite sides are || . [definition]

2. Show that both pairs of opposite sides are  .

3. Show that one pair of opposite sides are both || and  .

4. Show that both pairs of opposite angles are  .

5. Show that the diagonals bisect each other .

 Examples ……
Example 1: Find the values of x and y that ensures the quadrilateral
is a parallelogram. y+2
6x = 4x + 8 2y = y + 2
2x = 8 6x 4x+8
y=2
x=4 2y

Example 2: Find the value of x and y that ensure the quadrilateral is

a parallelogram. 2x + 8 = 120 5y + 120 = 180
(2x + 8)° 5y°
2x = 112 5y = 60
120° x = 56 y = 12
 Part 3

Rectangles

Lesson 6-3: Rectangles 26

 Rectangles
Definition:
A rectangle is a quadrilateral with four right
angles.
Is a rectangle a parallelogram?

Yes, since opposite angles are congruent.

Thus a rectangle has all the properties of a parallelogram.

• Opposite are parallel.
sides • are congruent.
Opposite sides
• Opposite angles are congruent.
• Consecutive angles are supplementary.
• Diagonals bisect each other.
Lesson 6-3: Rectangles 27
 Properties of Rectangles
Theorem: If a parallelogram is a rectangle, then its diagonals
are congruent.
Therefore, ∆AEB, ∆BEC, ∆CED, and ∆AED are isosceles
triangles. A B
E

D C
Converse: If the diagonals of a parallelogram are
congruent , then the parallelogram is a
rectangle. Lesson 6-3: Rectangles 28
 Properties of Rectangles
Parallelogram Properties:
 Opposite sides are parallel.
 Opposite sides are congruent.
 Opposite angles are congruent.
 Consecutive angles are supplementary.
A B
 Diagonals bisect each other.
Plus: E
 All angles are right angles.
Diagonals are congruent.
 D C

 Also: ∆AEB, ∆BEC, ∆CED, and ∆AED are

isosceles triangles
Lesson 6-3: Rectangles 29
 Examples…….
1. If AE = 3x +2 and BE = 29, find the value of x. x = 9 units
10.5 unit s
2. If AC = 21, then BE = _______.
3. If m<1 = 4x and m<4 = 2x, find the value of x. x = 18 units

4. If m<2 = 40, find m<1, m<3, m<4, m<5 and m<6.

A B
m<1=50, 1
2 3

m<3=40, 4 E
m<4=80, 5

m<5=100, D
6
C
m<6=40 Lesson 6-3: Rectangles 30
 Part 4
Rhombi
and
Squares
Lesson 6-4: Rhombus & Square 31
 Rhombus
Definition: A rhombus is a quadrilateral with four congruent sides.

Is a rhombus a parallelogram?
Yes, since opposite sides are congruent.
Since a rhombus is a parallelogram the following are true:
• Opposite sides are parallel.
• Opposite sides are congruent.
• Opposite angles are congruent.
• Consecutive angles are supplementary.
• Diagonals bisect each other.
Lesson 6-4: Rhombus & Square 32
 Rhombus
Note: The four small triangles are congruent, by SSS.
This means the diagonals form
four angles that are congruent,
and must measure 90 degrees
each.
So the diagonals are perpendicular.

This also means the diagonals

bisect each of the four angles of
the rhombus
So the diagonals bisect opposite angles.
Lesson 6-4: Rhombus & Square 33
 Properties of a Rhombus
Theorem: The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular.

Theorem: Each diagonal of a rhombus bisects a pair of opposite

angles.

Note: The small triangles are RIGHT and CONGRUENT!

Lesson 6-4: Rhombus & Square 34
 Properties of a Rhombus
Since a rh.ombus is a parallelogram the following are
true: • Opposite sides are parallel.
• Opposite sides are congruent.
• Opposite angles are congruent.
• Consecutive angles are supplementary.
• Diagonals bisect each other.
Plus:
• All four sides are congruent.
• Diagonals are perpendicular.
• Diagonals bisect opposite angles.
• Also remember: the small triangles are RIGHT and
CONGRUENT! Lesson 6-4: Rhombus & Square 35
 Rhombus Examples .....
Given: ABCD is a rhombus. Complete the following.
A B
1. 9 units
If AB = 9, then AD = ______. 1 2
65 E
2. °
If m<1 = 65, the m<2 = _____. 3
4
3. 90°
m<3 = ______. 5

D C
4. 100°
If m<ADC = 80, the m<DAB = ______.

5. 10
If m<1 = 3x -7 and m<2 = 2x +3, then x = _____.
Lesson 6-4: Rhombus & Square 36
 Square
Definition:A square is a quadrilateral with four congruent
angles and four congruent sides.
Since every square is a parallelogram as well as a rhombus and
rectangle, it has all the properties of these quadrilaterals.
• Opposite sides are parallel.
• Opposite sides are congruent.
• Opposite angles are congruent.
• Consecutive angles are supplementary.
• Diagonals bisect each other.
Plus:
• Four right angles.
• Four congruent sides.
• Diagonals are congruent.
• Diagonals are perpendicular.
• Diagonals bisect opposite angles. 37
 Squares – Examples…...
Given: ABCD is a square. Complete the following.

1. If AB = 10, then AD = 10 uni ts and DC =10

_____ uni ts
_____.

2. 5 units
If CE = 5, then DE = _____. A B
2 3
1
3. 90°
m<ABC = _____.
4
E

4. 45°
m<ACD = _____. 8 5
7 6
90 D
5. °
m<AED = _____.
C
Lesson 6-4: Rhombus & Square 38
 Part 5

Trapezoids
and Kites
Lesson 6-5: Trapezoid & Kites 39
 Trapezoid
Definition: A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel
sides.
The parallel sides are called bases and the non-parallel
sides are called legs.
Base

Leg Trapezoid Leg

Base
Lesson 6-5: Trapezoid & Kites 40
 Median of a Trapezoid
The median of a trapezoid is the segment that joins the
midpoints of the legs. (It is sometimes called a
midsegment.)
• Theorem - The median of a trapezoid is parallel to the bases.
• Theorem - The length of the median is one-half the sum of the
lengths of the bases.
b1

median 1 1 Median
(b  b2 )
 2
b2
Lesson 6-5: Trapezoid & Kites 41
 Isosceles Trapezoid
Definition: A trapezoid with congruent legs.

Isosceles
trapezoid

Lesson 6-5: Trapezoid & Kites 42

 Properties of Isosceles Trapezoid
1. Both pairs of base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent.
A  B and D  C

2. The diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent.

AC  DB
A B

D C
Lesson 6-5: Trapezoid & Kites 43
Example:
Given: Quadrilateral MATH is an isosceles trapezoid with bases

M A
L V

1. H T
Given: MA = 3y-2; HT = 2y + 4; LV = 8.5 cm
Questions:
 What is the value of y? 3 cm
 How did you solve for y?
 What are MA and HT? bases ; MA = 3cm and HT = 10 cm
Lesson 6-5: Trapezoid & Kites 44
Example:
Given: Quadrilateral MATH is an isosceles trapezoid with bases

M A
L V

H T

115

Lesson 6-5: Trapezoid & Kites 45

 Kite
Definition: A quadrilateral with two distinct pairs of congruent
adjacent sides.

Theorem: Diagonals of a kite are

perpendicular.

Lesson 6-5: Trapezoid & Kites 46

 Kite
Theorem:

The area of a kite is half the product

of the lengths of its diagonal

Lesson 6-5: Trapezoid & Kites 47

Example:
Given: P Y
Quadrilateral PLAY is a kite

1. Given: PA = 12 cm; LY = 6 cm L

Questions: A
What is the area of kite PLAY?
How did you solve for its area?
What theorem justifies your answer?
Lesson 6-5: Trapezoid & Kites 48
Example: P Y
Given:
Quadrilateral PLAY is a kite L
A
2. Given: Area of kite PLAY=135sq cm; LY= 9cm
Questions:
How long is PA?
How did you solve for PA?
What theorem justifies your answer?
Lesson 6-5: Trapezoid & Kites 49
 Flow Chart
Quadrilaterals

Kite Parallelogram Trapezoid

Isosceles
Trapezoid
Rectangle Rhombus

Square
Lesson 6-5: Trapezoid & Kites 50