HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE

FACULTY OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS

Course

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

Chapter
Continuous Signals
2

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. Email: [email protected]

 Outline

1. Analog to Digital Conversion

2. Nyquist Theorem
3. Sampling
4. Quantization

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 2
 1. Analog vs. Digital Signal Processing

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 3
 Typical Digital Signal Processing System

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 4
 Sampling & Reconstruction

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 5
 Analog to Digital Conversion

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 6
 Sample & Hold (Sampler)

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 7
 Sample & Hold (Sampler)

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 8
 Sample & Hold (Sampler)

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 9
 Nyquist–Shannon Sampling Theorem

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 10
 Nyquist–Shannon Sampling Theorem

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 11
 Nyquist–Shannon Sampling Theorem

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 12
 Nyquist–Shannon Sampling Theorem

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 13
 Nyquist–Shannon Sampling Theorem

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 14
 Aliasing

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 15
 Aliasing

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 16
 Aliasing

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 17
 Aliasing

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 18
 Aliasing

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 19
 Sampling Effect in Time Domain

Example of Aliasing in the time domain

of various sinusoidal signals ranging
from 10 kHz to 80 kHz with a sampling
frequency Fs = 40 kHz.

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 20
 Time & Frequency Domains
• There are two complementary signal descriptions.
• Signals seen as projected onto time or frequency domains.

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 21
 Time & Frequency Domains

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 22
 Signal & Spectrum

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 23
 Frequency Range of Analog & Digital Signals
❖For analog signals, the frequency range is from -∞ Hz to
∞ Hz

❖For digital signals, the frequency range is from 0 Hz to

Fs/2 Hz

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 24
 Sampling Effect in Frequency Domain
❖Sampling causes images of a signal’s spectrum to appear at
every multiple of the sampling frequency fs.

❖For a signal with frequency F, the sampled spectrum has

frequency components at

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 25
 Sampling Effect in Frequency Domain

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 26
 Sampling Effect in Frequency Domain

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 27
 Anti Aliasing Filter

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 28
 Anti Aliasing Filter

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 29
 Spectra of Sampled signals

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 30
 Sampling Low Pass Signals

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 31
 Sampling

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 32
 Sampling

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 33
 Avoiding aliasing

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 34
 Aliasing & The Nyquist Limit

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 35
 Anti-Alias Filter

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 36
 Quantization

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 37
 Quantization

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 38
 QA

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D.

Ho Chi Minh City University of Science
Faculty of Electronics and Communications
Department of Telecommunication and Networks
Email: [email protected]
 Exercise

Exercise-1: If the 20 kHz signal is under-sampled at 30 kHz, find the aliased

frequency of the signal.

Exercise-2: A voice signal is sampled at 8000 samples per second.

i. What is the time between samples?
ii. What is the maximum frequency that will be recovered from the signal?

Exercise-3: An analog Electromyogram (EMG) signal contains useful

frequencies up to 3000 Hz.
i. Determine the minimum required sampling rate to avoid aliasing.
ii. Suppose that we sample this signal at a rate of 6500 samples/s. what is
the highest frequency that can be represented uniquely at this sampling
rate?

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS
 Exercise

Exercise-4: Humans can hear sounds at frequencies between 0 and 20 kHz.

What minimum sampling rate should be chosen to permit perfect recovery
from samples?

Exercise-5: An ECG signal is sampled at 250 samples per second.

i. What is the time between samples?
ii. What is the maximum frequency that will be recovered from the signal?

Exercise-6: A DSP system uses the sampling frequency fs = 20 kHz to process

an audio signal frequency limited at 10 kHz, but the lowpass filter still allows
frequencies up to 30 khz to pass through even at small amplitudes. What
signal will we get back from the samples?

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS