ONS PERMUTATI NS COMBINATIO! am AND re repetition; = a owen eer ree (ee oe See Combination without and yi 5.1_Introduction enced ‘nas at ‘Apermutati¢ Denoted by Students from a group of ve stude can be formed from a combination An r-combi combination is ‘The number i denoted by | | a Example 5.2.2 ; Second student *hied studenc in Mf five Students to ls We also are interested in ord ements ofa setis called an rp= Land =. Abs 4x3x201 5! = 843x201 , SI = 5x41 asan-~1 factorial nt = ne(n-1)! permutation of n objects taken r ata time is an ordered selection o 1gement ofr ofthe ab 9 arrangement ofr ofthe objects joted by PO Pe P= Gon tion Fcombination of elements of a set is an unordered selection of r elements from the set. Thus, an bination is simply a subset of the set with r elements. Denoted by C (m1), "Cu Cy We 1¢ number of r-combinations of a set with n distinct elements is denoted by C{n, r). Note that O(n, ) is also a by, ( } and is called a binomial coefficient or binomial number. r 5.2.2: Find number of permutations and combinations ofthe four objects a,b,c, d takes thee ata time, 41 P (4,9) Gagne CP D-H E-aIm4 Permutations Combination abe abc, acb, bac, bea, cab, cba ‘abd, adb, bad, bda, dab, dba, | abd, ed.ade, cad, eda, dacdea_| acd ‘bed, bd, cbd, edb, bde, deb_| bed Position is important Selection is importantermutations 2nd Contin ey ae Tah ie sx 19 soven characters long a charactor is an upper case letter or a dig Each pas nl moss ‘Total characters 26 +10= 36 Number ofstrings osx characters is 36° Nuinber of tings wih no digits is 26° Number of pasword of length 6 contain at Teast one digit = 36° = 26" 8 for password oflength7 = 367-267 Teal amb of password a ength 610 71s rinaly the fu = 56-2644 361-267 sence the tote = 366+ 367 26-267 = 364 (1 +36)-268(1 +26) oe 36'~ 26-267 = 36°(1 +36) -268(2 +26) te2axcl (86x37) - (26°27) Ere tw ny sa Re wa Sed a i a “au Bw w see «ti sod dd pe wn em ‘People who have entered a contest? ee ea i Seto: ‘It matters which person wins which prize, ‘ono 100 elements. Prize. Three prize winners is the number of ordered selection Of three from. ample 6.2.97 He 1001100! solution (00-31 “977 Plates with 1 le sample $25: A soup ot 30 people have Goon Wane as satan aes ates with 2 le "hereto solr acrowo i poop to goon te, Plates with 3 le Total ways = 2¢ 1 0 on et misono ws risson? 0 mare Holy may me Example 5.2.1 Solution : He Fora number ti (ase When unit plac i SUCCESS word contains 3 Mrs3S's2C5,1 Vand 1 Etotal 7 paces are thScan be placed among ihe C's can be placed amoy 8 the ) ways leaving just one nant OUT Position fee DCU2)C2,2 64,1) Ing tw free pos laced in CC 1) way Posen then U canbe place in a a D ways, will use the product rule, f 6) because only 46 cards arej rst player can be dea in Ht cards in (526), Second players canbe deat 6 cad Third player can be dealt 6 ca e rds in ¢, = S21 461 aor ae 46161 “1401 *Gia4i * Beret S21 = Si616 ize Plates with 1 letter followed by 4 digit in 26x 10" ways, Plates with 2 letters followed by 4 digit in 26" 10° ways. Plates with 3 letters followed by 4 digit in 26" 10" ways. Total ways = 26 x 10' + 26° 10" + 26" 10% ple 5.2.10: How many three light numbers are there which are even and have no repeated digits? jon: Fora number to be even it must end with 0, 2,4, 6,8. ae When unit place fill by 0 there are 8x9 ways ‘ ora (on (BABE) a Jace there are 8 ways. 50 pide place there are ero and last place by one umber 0 mie First place can't fill with zero an‘ x4, e : g+axext - ; Za ER | Total ways = 8%Permutations and Combinay, itn “ 5.21 _F Permutation of n Elements tions is given by ree + permutations of7 elements without repetitions is gi amber of permutations Let (m1) demote the nu at Pont) = n(n-1) (a-Ft D* (nn)! a mt 7 ale Postion te] [os se sumbe ey neteefiensred (om us) (1) Fig. 521 First position ofan permutation maybe filed in a ways ‘Second positon canbe fillin n- ways since no repetitions are allowed and there are n-1 objects left to choose — to i ’ sat = sample 5-2 ‘The third can be filled in n-2ways and 50 on solution = ** poston canbe fled inn (r= 1)=n-r+ 1 ways From the B Pn) = (0-1) .(n-r61) a By multiplication principe aoe eae texample 5.2.12 = Gri DY definition of factional Solution : 5.2.2 F-Combination of n Elements By the Bine Coefficientpiscrete Mathematics (Mu. <8. Comp) pascal’s Triangle y ‘The numbers appearing in Paseat'stranglearebinomslenem rg. it binomial coefficients Goby = asp G+by = atezabene (+b) = ae 3a%b + aabt be Carb} = ate dekh s Gat bts dahl sb 11: What is the coetcient of xy" in he expansion +9)" ? re tion : 2 5 4 from he Binomial theorem follows hat tis coments (28 12) --PEE 2.12 : What is the coetficient of x” yin the expansion (2x 33)" ? By the Binomial theorem 5 zs 25) patie ay (2x+ 39)" = x Ge cay Qa = Paw tiz sie Coefficient of x” y"in the expansion (25,13) (@0" C3" cess eC istinct Objects h Repetitions from Di ject with repetition is ven OY 2.4 Permutation wit different o ‘The number of permutations of Fob/¢ taken from: sp = 0station with Constrained RePet 52.5 Perm os are mn negative integers suc are t distinct objects sue rn with constrained repetitions is g1¥ Soepeat ta Se hunt ais repeated i times, 42 Tepeated gt, + q.and 2.20 permutation n=4,+4;*- aby at anda repeated times then n= PG AA) = Graig! Proof First choose g, ofthe n places in", whereas i repeated dy 4: from remaining n~ 9, places fe."““C,, continuing this process as get times now we are left with n ~ q, places. We chong Play dpa) = °C, x °HG,X * "al (n- at “ql (n—a- a)! * 5.2.6 Multinomial Theorem \nisa postive integor then Bitte eta = = (any apa) epee pate Be sire St, COs Se aio 's called multinomial coefficient, Pan 22.43) = grt f2r2taray + In how many ways can 23 dit n Pt book be giver ch and he other Wen to 5 students Solution: ‘wi have S book each, 2 amas H have 4 books Out ofS students choose 2 stud ‘can be distributed in ons toreeve 4 books each in (5,2) ways th MeN each such cho} P23:4,4,5,5,5) 231 15 the 23 booksDiscrete Mathema mematics (MU Bsc ¢ 5215: ——) Jn how may ry ways Second team has 2 meni have 2 members? Perm c tations and Combinations 2 members, the thing rors ee the Hat tor has — oa Partioned nto 6 te st 23 ‘i team 18 3 members ‘and the four, tn and sith teams each 2.3,2.2.2) here ae, 282.33) = sel IB NK og ve, 74.4 +25) alo tn number of ome Coefficient of x2 x, 52 x2 P(20;2,0,1,3,3) - Wr Ovoratsray = 12,600 ‘Number of terms €(10 +5 ~1,10) = 1901 ple 5.2.17 : Fi ; z ind coeticiont of yz" n ax —3y 4 Bah Coefficient of x ys, (2)' 3)" (5) P (8:3, 3,2) eC OZ iat 2 7 Combinations with Unlimited Repetitions ‘The number of r-combinations of n-district objects with unlimited repetitions = C(v-4+r,n-1) f Consider 5 combination of a set with 4 elements naeeneal ig. 52.3: represent combination ‘vans! ‘of represent combination 324-1=Barstomark ‘different cells 3 position. mids to an r combination ofthe set with n clemens fice ofthe r positions to place ther stars fom toc(n-1+rn-2) Iti just ike ‘Tomake 4 parts of one complet thread we have to cutitat Each diferent ist contalning m2 bars and r stars coresP ‘repetition is allowed. The number of such list ‘corresponds to 2 choi 2 - 1 + r positions that contains r stars and n- 1 bars. ‘The number of such lists is also eqt r combinations of distinct objects with unlimited repetitions. = The number of non-negative Integer solution tox, +8, ~*%, y?> lel mel) ‘The number ofro balls into numbers POSSE ‘= Number of WAYS - Fra the iS WY 1 wehave since (ga) -1)=(f)=tana(§)=1, wena : ee Kk), ())arpeete bie cevopte ate E ((.,)o(f)) nero ee rel GrOee k (aebyer = atte (Kear egos oot wenn nein (1) sete cet eee ny ve a( 2) he casein 8 ket gators & (EET) aeprere This is the desired inductive conclusion Equation (2). ‘By mathematical induction, the proof ofthe Binomial Theorem is complete. Inhow many ways cana sto fe eters be solected tom the English alphabet 7 ree ‘A caln is tossed 10 times where each fip comes up eer heads or tls, How many possible o ag (@) Are mere in total? (©) Contain exacty wo heads? (©) Contain at most hee tal 2 (@) Contain the same number of heads and talis ? ulcomes128 25 may et 25 member. How many = committee 14 How many bit strings of engi, 10-contans 5 Alarmer BUYS 3 COWS, & pigs a choices does the farmer have 2 (ns, : 12,660) (ans. 912), Pichon tom a my Sm 8 78n tahas & con, 25 OA a 100 chicks. How many 8) (100,129 A multiple choice test has 15 answered 80 that exactly 3 an é ne.: (0,3) 0 2s, Questions and 4 ees fr each never, 'SWOTS are conect 2 15 quasars be {ns 3" (15, 39 Heme wae At SSeS hoeen seat "2imorh of an ordnary oar of 05 (Ane: (m5) xt c005 xt 0451 Find the coaRitent of ces rite erenenn Qe ~ay + sao, (Ans. : 887000000) Find the coeticiont of x" y*2"in the eroanson of @e-y-s7f (Aes, 4a0 40 Find the coefficient of x° in the expansion of (1 +x x3)? (Ans: 82} 0.10 Fin if (hos. 2840) 11 Fine the coeticient of inthe expansion of (t+ 24-23) ott Fit aoa 4) asa as