I K

4–
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thi g m có: 9 trang

contro'versial cata’strophic contra’dictory ’

e'valuate ’ hy’pothesis e’phemeral
ec'centric ‘ noc'turnal vo’racious

blivious p mpous col ssal prer gative

/ / mp s/ /k l sl/ /pr r t v/
ameleon irpy isel apel
/ / rpi/ / zl/ / æpl/

Today, the ancient game of , which has been played in Mexico for at least 3,000 years, is
facing extinction. The game, in which players use their hips to hit a rubber ball around a court, survived
the rise and fall of the Maya and Aztec civilizations as well as the Spanish conquest. Ulama was once
played by ______ people throughout Central America, but today only about two hundred players
______. This, and the fact that the number of younger players is
______ as an endangered sport. A variety of ______ have combined to bring ulama
to this ______ position, including the geographical isolation of the areas where it is still played and
competition from newer sport.
The sport’s survival is also threatened by a lack of natural rubber. In the time of the Aztec Empire,
the southern Gulf Coast of Mexico was an important center for rubber production, but today the forests
have been
to obtain and may cost as much as $1,000. With the annual income of the average player some $250 less
than this, ______ the cost of a new ball obviously present a problem. For ulama to survive, an
alternative material must be found.
It is also important that more people be encouraged to play, or at least follow, the sport. If interest
in ulama can be ______ then perhaps the current trend could be ______ so that this ancient
game will survive.
ethnic ubiquitous tribal
(adj) (of people and their culture) coming from a particular place and having lived there
for a long time before other people came there; relating to, belonging to or developed by these
people (b a)
(adj) connected with or belonging to a group of people that share a cultural tradition (dân t c)
(adj) seeming to be everywhere or in several places at the same time; very common (ph
bi n, có m t kh
(adj) connected with a tribe or tribes (có liên h n b l c)
survive prevail continue
(v) to continue to be something; to be still in the same state or condition (v n ti p t c, duy trì)
(v) to continue to live or exist (còn s ng)
(v) to exist or be very common at a particular time or in a particular place (th nh hành)
(v) to keep existing or happening without stopping (ti p t c)
 minimizing reducing eroding
(v) to become smaller, fewer, weaker, etc. (b gi m b t)
(v) to reduce something, especially something bad, to the lowest possible level (gi m, h n
ch t
(v) to make something less or smaller in size, quantity, price, etc.; to become less or smaller in
size, quantity, etc. (làm gi m)
(v) to gradually destroy the surface of something through the action of wind, rain, etc.; to be
gradually destroyed in this way (xói mòn, d n b bào mòn)
reputation prestige characteristic
(n) the situation at a particular time during a process (tình tr ng)
(n) the opinion that people have about what somebody/something is like, based on what
has happened in the past (danh ti ng)
(n) the respect and value that somebody/something has because of their social position, or
what they have done (uy tín, danh th )
(n) a typical feature or quality that something/somebody has
features restrictions
(n) (y u t )
(n) something important, interesting or typical of a place or thing
(n) a change that somebody/something causes in somebody/something else; a result ( nh
ng)
(n) a rule or law that limits what you can do or what can happen (s gi i h n)
damaging insecure hazardous
(adj) (of a situation) not safe or certain; dangerous (b y r i ro)
(adj) (gây t n h i)
(adj) not safe or protected cb ov )
(adj) involving risk or danger, especially to somebody’s health or safety (có h i, nguy hi m
i khác)
blacked phased stamped
(phr.v) to destroy or remove somebody/something completely
(lo i b , quét s ch, phá h y hoàn toàn)
(phr.v) to become unconscious for a short time (ng
(phr.v) to stop using something in stages over a period of time (d n
lo i b , d n thay th )
(phr.v) to get rid of something that is bad, unpleasant or dangerous,
(d p t t, tiêu di t)
spending bearing providing
(phrase) to provide the amount of money needed to buy, do, or make
something (chi tr chi phí)
cultivated preserved manifested
(v) to increase or further improve the good quality, value or status of somebody/something
(c i thi n, nâng cao)
(v) to develop an attitude, a way of talking or behaving, etc. (phát tri )
(v) to keep something in its original state in good condition (b o t n, duy trì)
(v) to show something clearly, especially a feeling, an attitude or a quality (th hi n)
replaced disrupted altered
(v) to turn something the opposite way around or change the order of something around
c)
(v) to be used instead of somebody/something else; to do something instead of
somebody/something else (thay th )
 (v) (c n tr )
(v) (bi i)

The new employee was

given a warm welcome
assigned an easy task to start with

provided with extensive training

(idiom)
that you are not prepared for (b bu c vào tình th khó ho c m t công vi
s chu n b )
His speech captivated the audience, leaving a lasting impression on everyone present.
dull verbose incoherent
(adj) able to use language and express your opinions well, especially when you are
speaking in public (trôi ch y, m ch l c)
(adj) (of speech) clearly expressed or pronounced (trôi ch y, rõ ràng)
(adj) not clear or loud )
(adj) using or containing more words than are needed (dông dài, dài dòng)
(adj) (of sounds) not clear and hard to understand (không rõ ràng)

John is rumored ______ a job by a rival company.

The actor responded to the interviewer’s question with an angry ______.

conduct vandalism disorder
(n) a sudden strong expression of an emotion (s bùng n c m xúc)
(n) a person’s behavior in a particular place or in a particular situation (hành vi, cách ng x )
(n) the crime of destroying or damaging something, especially public property,
deliberately and for no good reason (t i phá ho i c a công)
(n) violent behavior of large groups of people (cu c b o lo n)
The accident wouldn’t have occurred ______.
were he not to be driving so fast
if he doesn’t drive so fast if he didn’t drive so fast
The plan was progressing well, but then things ______ a downward turn.
had showed made
(phrase) to develop in a particular way (r ng …)
In the meeting, Emily ______ a compelling proposal for restructuring the department, emphasizing

pull ahead get across

(phr.v) to suggest something for discussion
(phr.v) to move in front of somebody/something (di chuy c)
(phr.v) to be communicated or understood; to succeed in communicating something
(truy t)
(phr.v) (of an idea, a product, etc.) to become successful or popular very quickly or suddenly
(bùng n , n i lên, tr nên ph bi n)
 The ______ performance by the orchestra received a standing ovation from the audience.
lackluster mediocre unremarkable
(adj) excellent (xu t s c)
(adj) not interesting or exciting; not bright (không ch ng, m)
(adj) not very good; of only average standard (trung bình, t ng)
(adj) ordinary; not special in any way ng, t ng)
Underneath the old oak tree ______, providing shade for picnickers.
the picnic table is where a picnic table stands
a picnic table stands
o ng v i c m gi i t )
The ______ car sped past us on the highway.
Italian silver sleek
silver sleek Italian Italian sleek silver
(adj) having an attractive smooth shape t)
nh n m nh miêu t v ngoài bóng b y c a chi c xe, còn t p trung miêu t
màu s c ch a chi n xe c và u có th ch p nh c, tuy nhiên s t p trung nhi u vào
miêu t t t ng th n chi ti t chi

Serving it Serving Having served

Rút g n m b ng b ng
The college course was so hard that the ______ rate was high.
error short cut burnout
(n) (sinh viên
ngh h c)
(n) the state of being extremely tired or ill, either physically or mentally, because you have
worked too hard (ki t s c, ki t qu v th ch t ho c tinh th n)
After the team lost the game, the coach didn’t want to ______ and immediately started planning
for the next match.
kick the bucket hit the hay
spill the beans
(idiom) to admit that you have been defeated and stop trying (ch p nh n thua
cu c)
(idiom) to die (xu ng l , ng m c t i)
(idiom) to go to bed )
(idiom) to tell somebody something that should be kept secret or private (ti t l
bí m t)
When teenagers commit crimes, parent should ______ some of the blame.
lay struggle depend
(v) to accept the responsibility for something (gánh vác)

The baker ______ customers into the shop with an appetizing display of cakes.
aroused craved enhanced
(v) to persuade somebody/something to go somewhere or to do something, usually by
(d d , lôi kéo)
(v) to make somebody have a particular feeling or attitude i)
(v) to have a very strong desire for something (thèm mu n, khao khát)
The artist created a beautiful and ______ masterpiece that captivated everyone at the gallery.
 stone-faced tongue-tied - moonlit
- (adj) surprising (choáng ng p,
t quá s ng)
- (adj) not showing any friendly feelings (m t l nh tanh, không bi u l c m xúc)
- (adj) not able to speak because you are shy or nervous (b i, p úng)
(adj) lit by the moon u sáng)

Despite his initial reluctance, he eventually to the proposal and joined the team.
consented supported suggested
(v) to accept something without arguing, even if you do not really agree with it (ch p nh n,
b ng lòng m t cách mi ng)
(v) to agree to something or give your permission for something ng thu n)
(v) to help or encourage somebody/something by saying or showing that you agree with
them/it ( ng h )
(v) to refuse to accept something and try to stop it from happening (ph i)
The company decided to to meet the budget, compromising the quality of the product.
spend lavishly
enhance productivity
(idiom) to do something in the easiest, cheapest or quickest way, often by ignoring rules or
leaving something out ng t t, làm vi c qua loa)
(adv) in a way that is impressive and usually costs a lot of money (m t cách xa hoa, phung phí)
(n) the quality of doing something well with no waste of time or money (hi u qu , hi u su t)
(n) the rate at which a worker, a company or a country produces goods, and the amount
produced, compared with how much time, work and money is needed to produce them t,
hi u qu làm vi c)
(n) a level of quality, especially one that people think is acceptable (tiêu chu n, quy chu n)

Many people make lists for everything, whether it's a shopping list or a to-do list of things that need
to be done. Research has shown though, that it's the simple strategy of writing down something that
provides the pleasure, rather than the actual completion, as it frees the mind from the worry of
uncompleted jobs. According to David Allen in his book Getting Things Done - known simply as GTD -
people are often paralyzed by the sheer volume of tasks remaining to be done. Allen's best-selling book
advises a personal productivity system, and despite the book being over a decade old, his advice still

The nucleus of his system is to write absolutely everything down that you have to remember and

scrappy piece of paper with your to-do list scribbled on it. Allen's method is more like owning a bicycle or

Allen advocates a three- -do lists are kept until

you need them. These can be forgotten about until then. The second is a list of current tasks that need
-three folders. These folders are
labelled one for each of the thirty-one days in a month, as well as one for each of the twelve months. In
 -do’ list, is somewhat special, as the tasks listed are characterized

t stages of dealing with the task. The idea is to break each task

one item on a to-

wallpapered her living room’ By breaking each task down into small steps, it provides the inspiration to
alter tasks from just something written on a piece of paper to the physical act of resolving it. Or you can

Every day you check the folder for that day and either take some action or delay by placing it in a
folder for another day or month. According to Allen, this is absolutely vital to making a complete self-
g the remembering and monitoring for you. But
is there any real psychology to support Allen's theory? E J Masicampo and Roy Baumeister of Florida

nished tasks consumes our thoughts rather than those tasks we have completed. For example,
think of something you need to remember short term, like buying a loaf of bread, which you instantly
hey have completed.
- whether an uncompleted task hinders the
brain's faculties to carry out a successive task. The two men determined that the volunteers they tested
performed badly on a brainstorming activity when they had been stopped from completing a previous
task, because the previous task was still at the forefront of their . Interestingly, they then
allowed some people to write down what they were going to do to complete the warm-up task, not to
actually
dramatically because their minds were no longer diverted by the warm-
As regards the GTD system, it would seem that people's attention has a restricted capability. In other
words, there is a limit to how much can be on the mind at any one time. The GTD system acts as a reminder
and a plan for how to do and complete a task. freeing the part of the mind that is laboring to remind you
what has to be done on your to-do list. Instead of completing them Allen, Masicampo and Baumeister
ing us
to forget about them for the time being.
-
It is akin to a personal productivity system.
It helps the writer to achieve completion of a job.

It leaves people in a state of paralysis when it is long.

list.

-
extremely mundane.

suitably thought provoking.

barely comprehensible.
 To describe how easy it is to remember certain things.
To recommend people do at least one item on their to-do list.
To express doubt about people's ability to retain information.

felt unable to concentrate on a previous task.

were not aware they still had something else to do.
could only focus on one thing at a time.

demonstrate people's limited ability to remember everything.

-
prove it is unnecessary to retain information for any length of time.

- -

Instagram and YouTube, with impressive audiences. S

trusted source – and using them can be an ective strategy. In a somewhat paradoxical twist, the most
forward-thinking brands are relying on the simplest, most traditional form of advertising: word-of-mouth.

This could also be indicative of a certain level of cynicism from consumers, who get tired of having
products pushed on them by companies. Think about it this way: are you more likely to buy something
that your friend recommended, or something recommended
product?
G

-
colored nail varnishes on my vlog. It made sense because my logo has a rainbow in it. On the other hand,

for. I’m not just going to push any old product onto my followers.’
F

watching my videos since they were the poorly edited ones I made with bad lighting in my university halls,’
fair to
exploit that to make some quick cash. There is so much competition nowadays that I feel protecting my
brand is the most important thing. Otherwise, people will just unfollow me and follow someone else.’

may have limited tools at their disposal, those tools

were enough to enable them to become a powerful marketing force.
E
As with most things in business, timing is everything. While bidding for a well-
your product might get a brand immediate coverage, building a relationship with someone with fewer
followers could bring bigger returns in the long run.
A
So, at the same time as brands are moving into a future of social media-based advertising strategies,
they are also leaning on the age-old adage of quality over quantity.

automatically mean that they will have less of an impact than one with hundreds of thousands
as larger followings can sometimes result in reduced engagement.

executives who are used to focusing on the bottom line. However, the freedom to choose what
they will endorse results in a level of authenticity that is important in ensuring the marketing
campaign is successful, making it more worthwhile in the long run.
Knowing who and what you are working with is key. It’s important for the brand to have a history

negative feedback, how often they post new content and whether it is of consistent quality.

and responsive to the people that follow them that these followers are more likely to trust
something that they endorse.
One such successful blogger is Daniella Barbosa, who writes about healthy eating. She says that

with a list of recipes for me

to cook; I felt they just wanted to use me for my skills and audience. On the other hand, another
whole food brand told me which products they wanted to promote and asked me to use them in
the way I thought best. It was a much more enjoyable experience.’

rge fee.
There are so many social media personalities and bloggers nowadays that it’s hard to stand out

-
-

explain how some non-green businesses exploit the market for ecological holidays?
people?
environmental
problems?

describe a negative result of putting the preservation of nature above economic well-
A
being?

states the proportion of tourism as a whole that ecotourism represents?

mention how the meaning of important cultural objects can change?
explain the underlying principle on which the ecotourism industry is based? A
protect
nature?

Ecotourism lacks a universally-accepted

sustainable travel to natural areas that both conserves the environment and improves the well-being
of those living there. At the heart of it is the assumption that in a predominantly capitalist world where

generated from ecotourism is invested back into the conservation of the environment it impacts upon.
Supporters argue that, by involving residents in accommodating tourists and acting as guides, for
example, ecotourism aids development, both regionally and nationally. In many cases, communities
work as equal partners with ecotourism organizations rather than just as employees. However, some
detractors poi
Ecotourism's apparent obsession with this, far from giving a boost to the development of wealth in a
community, can actually damage the ability of the majority of inhabitants to lift themselves out of
poverty.
The travel industry contributes over seven trillion dollars to the world economy each year. Having a
holiday is big business! Despite what its critics may say, giving a hand to nature in this way has the
opportunities as it now accounts for about a

encouraging tourists to pay for items like accommodation, souvenirs and entrance fees during their
stay. Seeing the environment as a valuable resource that communities can use to generate income

-tourists from degrading the very environment they came to

see. Unleashing hundreds of visitors on a delicate ecosystem can, even with the best of intentions, lead
to unforeseen environmental impact, such as inadvertently encouraging the animals that live there to
become dependent on being fed by tourists.
It's estimated that, of all the money that travelers spend on traditional holidays, only around half of it
stays in the area or country that they visit. The remainder leaks out of the host region and through the
books of international hotel chains and tour operators. One intention of ecotourism is to limit as much
of this bleeding away of capital from the local economy as possible through maximizing the
involvement of local businesses and people. The recent wave of successful environmentally friendly
commerce has also led some regular chains and operators to label themselves as ecotourism friendly
by making very minor changes to their existing practices through a process known as greenwashing.
They can market themselves in the same way as a genuinely sustainable project by simply changing
their cleaning products or recycling more of their waste. Anyone seeking their dream eco-holiday
should check the credentials of seemingly environmentally friendly organizations very carefully indeed.
That said, sustainability is becoming much more mainstream and increasing numbers of businesses
are genuinely adopting good environmental and social practices.
One powerful motivation that drives eco-tourism is the chance for holidaymakers to take a look at and

- ocal people to show their way of life to the world

not only tends to make them more positive about tourism, but also empowers them as a community.
However, there can of course be less welcome results, such as traditional symbols and artefacts being
transformed merely into merchandise to sell to visitors. There can also be disharmony created

question ecotourism raises is whether it has a role to play in conservation on anything other than a
small scale. By its very nature, it can only take place in a highly limited range of ecosystems as issues
 of access, susceptibility to damage and the elusive nature of wildlife make some areas inappropriate
for exploitation by ecotourism.

In today’s era, the enhancement of new technology really causes an impact on the young generation,
and also technology changed the world in
generation in2024.
With every passing day, technology is growing and making lives happier and convenient for everyone,
for the young generation. Technology has enabled our young generation to
their goals and opened up the path of success for them. For them, technology is a of
our
youth development.
Technology is creating a huge generation
of the previous one only
It is a well-known fact that technology will never to an end and technology will never
the same but the thing is that every new generation must have the capability to control themselves with
the fastest and rapidly growing technology.

Healthy eating and keeping physically active are important for

children and . Their nutrition and lifestyle have a direct impact on their
and development. Moreover, worldwide trends in obesity in children and teenagers
are becoming worrying. Being overweight or obese has been linked to a
greater of various health complaints later in life.
One way to improve the dietary habits of schoolchildren is to make to
the food served for lunch. Several leading UK chefs have launched campaigns to improve the
quality of the food on school menus. Despite
publicity, the improvements to school dinners have not really .
Attention has now turned to reducing excess sugar in foods and beverages.
Some local authorities are introducing a tax on drinks with more than a permitted amount of sugar.
have already begun decreasing the quantity of sugar in their drinks.
Health campaigners are delighted with this reduction and also with the news that
raised from the tax will go towards school sports.

I’ve shown George how to do this, but he still can’t manage it. [ ]
George the fact I’ve shown him.
(idiom) to learn how to do or to use something; to understand something (hi u,
n u gì)
Most websites think about user privacy when they encourage people to change their passwords
regularly. [ ]
Most websites when they encourage people to change their
password regularly.
 (idiom) to think about and include a particular thing or fact when
you are forming an opinion or making a decision tâm v u gì)
Very few tickets are left, so book now. [ ]
Book now, because left.
We sometimes wonder if Maria lives here at all, she is seldom around. [ ]
So that we sometimes wonder if she lives here at all.
The headmaster was determined to stop all bullying at the school. [ ]
The headmaster was determined to to all bullying at the school.

We have had reports that the Prime Minister is making a surprise visit to Syria.
The Prime Minister .
You only have a short time to do this work, so don’t waste time.
You are working .
(idiom)
particular time (ch i th i gian)
Gary is proud of the fact that he is never late.
Gary prides .
(phr.v) [no passive] to be proud of something (l y vi c gì làm t hào)
My parents were against my taking their car to school yesterday.
My parents would .
(phrase) If you say that you would sooner do something or you' d
sooner do it, you mean that you would prefer to do it.
If we tried to force him to repay the debt, we would be wasting time.
There was no .