A.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TERM WEEK TOPIC SUBTOPIC/SECTION PAGE

1 Vectors in two dimensions 4
2 Vectors in two dimensions
MACHENICS
3 Newton’s laws 7
4 Newton’s laws
5 Newton’s laws
ONE

6 Newton’s laws
7 Newton’s laws
8 Newton’s laws
MATTER&
MATERIA

9 Atomic combinations 17
LS

10 Atomic combinations
TERM WEEK TOPIC SUBTOPIC/SECTION PAGE

1 Intermolecular Forces
MATTER &MATERIAL

2 Intermolecular Forces
3 Qualitative aspects 22
4 Qualitative aspects
5 Qualitative aspects
TWO

6 Qualitative aspects
7 Qualitative aspects
8 Electrostatics 40
&MAGNE

ELECTRI
TISM

CITY

9 Electrostatics
10 Electrostatics
TERM WEEK TOPIC SUBTOPIC/SECTION PAGE
Week 1 - Electricity & electrostatics 45
TRHEE & FOUR

4 term 3
Term Matter & Material 54
3week 5-
8
Term 3& Chemical change 64
4

2
B. INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE OF THE RELAB
The pandemic has forced schools to resort to the implementation of rotational timetables-where
learners who are at home during normal schooling must continue learning. Hence RELAB as a
strategy towards the deployment of remote learning.
The RELAB is underpinned by the following Legislative demands:
a) Responding to GDE Strategic goal 2 promoting quality education across all classrooms and
schools
b) DBE Circular S13 of 2020 the requires the GDE to support the implementation of the
Recovery Annual Teaching Plan (RATP)
c) GDE Circular 11 of 2020 requiring districts to issue Learning Activity Packs to support
schools for lockdown learning. Understanding learning constraints at home as majority of
learners do not have access to devices or data to use for online learning. Many households
are depending on schools to provide them with learning resources packs.

RELAB is designed in a study guide format, where the content is briefly explained with related
concepts as revision, in the form of e.g. notes, mind-maps, concept progression from the
previous grade/s followed by exemplar exercises then practice exercises/problems. The
exercises are pitched at different cognitive levels to expose learners at Grade 10 & 11 to these
different cognitive levels of questioning. The NSC diagnostic reports in different subjects have
revealed that learners fail to analyse questions and as a result fail to respond accordingly.

The RELAB is intended to ensure that learners work on exercises as per topics taught while at
school. These exercises must be completed at home, fully and learners will receive feedback as
groups or individually at school. It is therefore of paramount importance that teachers mark the
work with learners in class, as a way of providing feedback. Educators must diagnose learner
responses, remediate where necessary and plan further intervention.

Educators are encouraged to create WhatsApp groups to remind learners on what is expected
of them in a particular week/ day(s). There shouldn’t be a backlog on curriculum coverage as
content will be covered simultaneously. Feedback from learners at home will confirm usage of
the RELAB material.

RELAB further prepares learners for formal assessment.

3
CLASSWORK 1

1.1 The vector sum of two or more vectors or a single vector having the same effect as all
other vectors together.
1.2

F2 = 40 N

F3 = 70 N F1= 10 N

F4 = 80 N

1.1.1 Net horizontal.West +

Fx = 70 – 10 = 20 N West
1.1.2 Net Vertical (South +)
Fy = 80 N – 40 N = 40 N South
1.4

Fy FR

Fx

FR2 = FY2 + FX2

= 72,11 N

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HOMEWORK 1
1.1
1.1.1 P = = 4.47 N
1.1.2 tan = = = 18.43
Direction = 270 - 18,41 = 251,57
1.2 Rx = PX + QX
= 2 + (-3)
= -1 N
Ry = PY + QY
= 4 + (-1)
=3N
R =
= 3,16 N
1.3 tan = = - 71,57
Direction 270 + 71,57 = 341,57
OR
tan = = - 18,43
Direction = 360 – 18,43 = 341,57

CLASSWORK 2
1.1 A
1.2 D
1.3 D
1.4 C
1.5 C
HOMEWORK 2
2.1
2.1.1 Fx of T = 50 cos 30 = 43,3 N West
Fx of F = 250 cos 60 = 125 N East
2.1.2 Fy of T = 50 sin 30 = 25 N North
Fy of F = 250 sin 60 = 216,57 N North
2.2 Net Horizontal forces East (+)
125 N – 43,3 N = 81,7 N East
2.3 Net vertical . North (+)
216,51 + 25 – 50 = 141,51 N North

141,5 N

81,7 N

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FR2 = 141,512 + 81,72
=
= 163,04 N
tan =
= 60 above the positive x-axis

HOMEWORK 3

3.1 B
3.2 A
3.3 C
3.4.1 70
T2
T3

20
T1

20

3.4.2 tan 70 =
T1 = 2000 tan 70 = 5494,95 N
T2 = = 5847,61 N

CLASSWORK 3
3.1 Vector quantity is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction
3.2 y1 component = 1500 sin 25 = 633,93 N North
Y2 component = 1500 sin 25 = 633,93 N North
Net y component = 633,93 + 633,93 = 0 N
X1 1500 cos 25 = 1359,46 N East
1500 cos 25 = 1359,46 N East
Net horizontal = 1359,46 + 1359,46 = 2718,92 N East

HOMEWORK 4
4.1 Forces are balanced and the resultant force is zero
4.2
30
T
W
F

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4.3 W = mg
= 5 x 9.8 = 49 N
Tan 30 =
F = tan 30 x 49 = 28,29 N
Cos 30 =
T= = 56,58 N

Total = 12 marks

Memo: Classwork 4
1.1

1.2 When a net force is applied to an object of mass m, it accelerates in the direction of the
force at an acceleration directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass
of the
OR/OF
When a net force acts on an object of mass m, the acceleration that results is directly
proportional to the net force, has a magnitude that is inversely proportional to the mass and a
direction that is the same as that of the net force. üü
.
1.3 N = w – FA sinθ
= 8(9,8) – 15 sin30ü
= 70,9 N
1.4 For the 8 kg block/Vir die 8 kg-blok
o
15 cos 30 – T –fk = maü
o
15 cos 30 –T – μkN = 8a
15(0,866) – T –(0,25)(70,9) = 8aü
-4,735 – T = 8a…………….(1)
For the 5 kg block/Vir die 5 kg-blok
T – w = maü
T – 5 (9,8) = 5aü……………(2)
From (1) and (2)/ Vanaf (1) en (2)
-53,735 = 13 a

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 -2
a = -4,133 m∙s
from/vanaf (1)
-4,735 – T = 8(-4,133) ü
T = 28,32(9) Nü
OR/OF
From /vanaf (2)
T – 5(9,8) = 5(-4,133) ü (6)
T = 28,33(5)Nü [16]

Memo for Homework 5

1.1 Every body in the universe attracts every other body with a force that is directly proportional
to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between their centres.
1.2

Memo for Homework 6

1.1.1 When a net force is applied to an object (of mass m), it accelerates the object in the
direction of the net force. The acceleration is directly proportional to the net force and inversely
proportional to the mass of the object. üü
OR/OF
When a net force acts on an object of mass m, the acceleration that results is directly
proportional to the net force, has a magnitude that is inversely proportional to the mass and a
direction that is the same as that of the net force. (2)
1.1.3
OPTION 1/OPSIE 1

Fnet = maP
For the 1 kg block/Vir die 1 kg-blok
o
30-(T+mgsin28 + fk) = ma
o
30 -{T+(1)(9,8)(sin28 ) +4} = (1)(a) ü
21, 399 -T = a……………(1)
For the 2 kg block/Vir die 2 kg blok
Fnet = ma

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 o
T-(mgsin28 + fk) = ma
o
T-{(2)(9,8)(sin28 ) + 8} = (2)(a) ü
T - 17,201 = 2a …………….(2)
Substitute for T from equation (1)
(21,4 - a) - 17,2 = 3aü
4,198 = 3a
-2 -1
a =1,4 m∙s (1,399 m∙s )
Form (1)/Vanaf (1)
T = 21,399 – a
= 21,399 – 1,399
= 20 N ü

OPTION 2 (AWARD 4 MARKS)

OPSIE 2 (KEN 4 PUNTE TOE)
Fnet = maP
For the 1 kg and 2 kg block taken together:
Vir die 1 kg- en 2 kg-blok saam geneem:
o o
FA – m1gsin 28 - f1k – m2gsin 28 – f2k = (m1 + m2)a
o o
30 – (1)9,8 sin 28 – 4 – 2(9,8)sin 28 – 8 = 3aü
-1
a = 1,399 m∙s
For the 2 kg block/Vir die 2 kg-blok
Fnet = ma
o
T - (mgsin28 + fk) = ma
o
T - {(2)(9,8)(sin28 ) + 8} = (2)(1,399) ü
T = 20 N ü
1.1.4 REMAINS THE SAME/BLYDIESELFDE P (1)

1.1.5 DECREASES/AFNEEMP (1)

1.2.1

1.2.2 OPTION 1/OPSIE 1

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 Fnet = maP
For the 1 kg block
T – (1)(9,8) = (1)a ü
! T – 9,8 = a………….(1)
For the 2 kg block
(2)(9,8) – T = 2a
! "19,6 – T = 2a………ü(2)
From (1) and (2)/Vanaf (1) en (2)
9,8 = 3a
-2
! "a = 3,27 m∙s P
2
Δy = viΔt + ½ aΔt ü
2
-1 = 0 + ½ (-3,27)Δt ü
Δt = 0,78 s ü
OR/OF
2
Δy = viΔt + ½ aΔt ü
2
1 = 0 + ½ (3,27)Δt ü
Δt = 0,78 s ü
OPTION 2

Fnet = maP
For the SYSTEM/Vir die SISTEEM
m2g – m1g = (m1+ m2)a
2(9,8) – 9,8 = 3aü
9,8 = 3a
-2
a = 3,27m∙s P
2
Δy = viΔt + ½ aΔt ü
2
-1 = 0 + ½ (-3,27)Δt ü
Δt = 0,78 s ü

OR/OF
2
Δy = viΔt + ½ aΔt ü
2
1 = 0 + ½ (3,27)Δt ü
Δt = 0,78 s

Memo for Classwork 5

1.1 Every body in the universe attracts every other body with a force that is directly proportional (2)
to the product of their massesü and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between their centres. ü

1.2

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 1.3 Equal to/Gelyk aanü
Newton's third law is obeyedü
Newton se derde wet word gehoorsaam.
(2)

MEMO FOR CLASSWORK 6

1.1 A body will remain in its state of rest or motion at constant/uniform velocity unless a non-
zero resultant/net force acts on it. P
1.2

1.3 There is an extra downward force PP(on the container created by the blades of the
helicopter) (2)
Daar is 'n ekstra afwaartse krag (op die houer as gevolg van die lemme van die helikopter)
1.4
ü
ü
ü
ü
ü
ü
1.6 2100 Nü
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MEMO FOR HOMEWORK 7
1.1 When a net force acts on an object, it will accelerate in the direction of the net force. The
acceleration is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass of
the object. üü

1.3 ü
ü
ü
1.4 ü

For 4kg box

üü ü

:
ü
ü

1.5 Greater than ü

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 Groter as
Explanation:/Verduideliking:
The component parallel to the slope increases ü
The tension in the rope stays the same ü
The net force increases ü

MEMO FOR CLASSWORK 7

1.1 Every body in the universe attracts every other body with a force that is directly
proportional to the product of their massesü and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between their centres. ü

(2)
1.2 Weightlessness is the sensation experienced when all contact forces
are removed. PP
Gewigloosheid is die sensasie wat ervaar word wanneer alle kontakkragte (2)
verwyder word.
1.3
ü

ü (4)
OPTION 1/OPSIE 1
1.4 Greater than P
the mass is greater P
and for the same force P the distance must also be greater P
(because the product of the masses is directly proportional to the square of the
distance between the centres.)
Groter as
Die massa is groter
en vir dieselfde krag moet die afstand ook groter wees
(omdat die produk van die massas direk eweredig is aan die kwadraat van die
afstand tussen die middelpunte)
OPTION 2/OPSIE 2

Greater than P
Groter as
ü
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 (4)

ü
ü

[12]

MEMO FOR CLASSWORK 8

1.1

Example/Voorbeeld:
The (net) force is directly proportional to acceleration if the mass of the trolley is kept
constantüü
Die (netto) krag is direk eweredig aan die versnelling indien die massa van die trollie konstant
blyüü
1.2.1 (Net) Force ü
(Netto) Krag ü
1.2.2 Mass of trolley ü
Massa van die trollie ü

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 Graph of acceleration versus net force
Grafiek van versnelling teenoor netto krag

1.4 Accept any set of coordinates from the graph, for example:
Aanvaar enige kombinasie van koördinate vanaf die grafiek, byvoorbeeld:

OR
ü
OR
ü
OR
ü
1.5

MEMO FOR HOMEWORK 8

1.1 Frictional force is the force that opposes the motion of an object and which acts parallel to
the surface.üü

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Wrywingskrag is die krag wat die beweging van 'n voorwerp teenstaan en ewewydig aan die
oppervlak inwerk. üü
1.2 Newton's Third law: ü When object A exerts a force on object B, object B simultaneously
exerts an oppositely directed force of equal magnitude on object A. üü
Newton se Derde wet: ü Wanneer voorwerp A 'n krag op voorwerp B uitoefen sal voorwerp B
gelyktydig 'n krag van gelyke grootte in die teenoorgestelde rigting op voorwerp A uitoefen.
üü
1.3

1.4.1 ü

1.4.2 ü

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1.5 According to Newton's first law, ü an object will continue moving at a constant velocity
unless a non-zero net force acts on it. ü The net force acting on the car now is the frictional
force and it causes the car to slow down. ü
Volgens Newton se eerste wet, ü sal 'n voorwerp aanhou beweeg teen 'n konstante snelheid
tensy 'n nie-nul netto krag daarop inwerk. üDie netto krag op die kar is nou wrywingskrag en dit
veroorsaak dat die kar stadiger beweeg. ü
1.6

MEMO FOR CLASSWORK 9

1.1 Weight is the gravitational force exerted on an object by the earth. ü
Gewig is die gravitasiekrag wat die Aarde op 'n voorwerp uitoefen. ü
Mass is the amount of matter in a body. ü
Massa is die hoeveelheid materie in 'n liggaam. ü
1.2

1.4

MEMO FOR HOMEWORK 9

1.1 If non zero net force acts on an object, then the object accelerates in the direction of the net
force. Acceleration is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the
mass of an object
1.2

1.2 .1

2.2.2

2.2.3 consider box B

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MEMO FOR CLASSWORK 10

1.1 Everybody in the universe attracts every other body with a force that is directly proportional
to the product of their massesü and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between their centres. ü
1.2

1.3

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ATOMIC COMBINATIOS

Question 1
1.1 B üü (2)
1.2 A üü (2)
1.3 D üü (2)
1.4 A üü (2)
1.5 C üü (2)
1.6 B üü (2)
1.7 D üü (2)
1.8 B üü (2)
1.9 C üü (2)
1.10B üü (2)
[20]

Question 2
2.1 Chemical bond is mutual attraction between two atoms resulting from thesimultaneous
attraction between their nuclei and (outer) electrons. üü (2)

2.2.1

2.2.2

2.3 Linearü (1)

2.4 3 —2,5 = 0,5ü (1)

2.5 Polar ü (1)

2.6 CN has a higher order bond/triple bond with more orbitals overlapping thanCH. which is a
single bond. Thus CN bond needs more energy to break.

2.7 CN has a lonaer bond lenath than CH because the H atom is smaller thanthe N atom.

2.8 Yes

2.9 HCN has polar molecules with dipole-dipole forces.

• H2O has polar molecules with hvdrogen bonds (dipole-dipole forces).
• If the forces are of the same order/comparable the substances willdissolve.
(20)
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Question 3
3.1 • NH3 has hydrogen bonds between the molecules
• N2 has London forces/induced dipole forces
• NH3 has stronger intermolecular forces than N2 and therefore a higher
boiling point than N2
(Accept: more energy requires to overcome stronger forces of NH3)
OR
• N2 has weaker intermolecular forces than NH3 and therefore a lower boiling
point than NH3
(Accept: less energy requires to overcome weaker forces of H2) (3)

3.2 H2 (1)

3.3 H2 and N2 both have weak London forces/induced dipole forces

• N2 iS a larger molecule/has a greater molecular mass/has a larger surface
area than H2
• and therefore Nz has stronger intermolecular forces. OR
• H2 is a smaller molecule/has a smaller molecular mass/has a smaller surface
area than N2
• and therefore H2 has weaker intermolecular forces. (3)

3.4 H2
It has the weakest intermolecular forces/London forces It has the lowest boiling point
OR
It has the weakest intermolecular forces/London forces Boiling point is inversely
proportional to vapour pressure. (3)

(10)

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Question 4
4.1 Tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons. (2)
4.2 Electronegativity of Na is 0,9 and Cl is 3, hence large difference indicating the likelihood
of
Ionic bonding in NaCl whereas H is 2,1 and a smaller difference in EN indicating the
covalent bonding is more likely in HCl. (4)
4.3 The individual bonds between Carbon and Hydrogen is polar due to a high difference in
EN values yet the molecule methane itself is nonpolar since the opposite ends of the
molecule has hydrogen atoms implying that they are nonpolar. (2)
4.4 CO2 and N2 (2)
4.5 -2 and +6 (2)
4.6
4.6.1 N2 (2)
4.6.2 CO2 (2)
4.6.3 NH3 (2)
4.6.4 CH4 (2)

4.7.1 Linear
(1)
4.7.2 Pyramidal
(1)
4.7.3 angular
(1)
4.7.4 Tetrahedral (1)
(24)

Question 5
5.1 H2O KCℓ HCℓ
(2)
5.2 CH4 CO2
(2)
5.3 H2O HCℓ
(2)
5.4 C
(2)

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5.5 KCℓ
(2)
5.6 KCℓ
(2)
(12)

Question 6

6. 1) :F· + ·F: → :F:F:

˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙ ˙˙
.. ..
b) H· + · Cl : → H : Cl :
˙˙ ˙˙
.. ..
c) Mg : + · O : → Mg+ + [: O :]2-
˙ ˙˙

6.2 4 – 4 = 0 (Non-polar)
2,5 – 2,1 = 0,4 (Polar)
3 – 0,9 = 2,1 (Polar)
3,5 – 2,1 = 1,4 (polar) (8)
(14)

Question 7
7.1.1
(2)
7.1.2
(2) (2)

7.1.3 a) 3 (2)
b) 2 (2)
c) Trigonal Pyramidal (2)
7.1.4

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 (2)
7.1.5 Hydrogen bonding (2)
7.1.6 Dative covalent bond (2)
7.2.1

(2)
7.2.2

(3)
7.2.3 (1)
(21)

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CHEMICAL CHANGE
Reminder:
At STP: 1 mole of any gas occupies 22,4 dm3 at 0 °C (273 K) and 1 atmosphere
1. Find the number of moles of ions in
(a) 2 moles of Fe2(SO4) 3
From the formula, we know that 1 mole of Fe2(SO4) 3 contains 2 moles of Fe3+ ions and
3 moles of SO42- ions.
\ No. of moles of Fe3+ ions = 2´2=4
No. of moles of SO42- ions = 3´2=6
Total no. of moles of ions = 4 + 6 = 10
(b) 0.2 moles of Al(NO3) 3
\ No. of moles of Al3+ ions = 0.2
No. of moles of NO3- ions = 0.2 ´ 3 = 0.6
Total no. of moles of ions = 0.2 + 0.6 = 0.8
2. Given 1.6 g of methane (CH4), find
(a) number of moles of CH4
Molar mass of CH4 = 12 + 1 ´ 4 = 16 gmol-1
No. of moles of CH4 = mass of CH4 /molar mass of CH4
= 1.6/16 = 0.10
(b) number of molecules of CH4
No. of molecules of CH4 = no. of moles ´ Avogadro Number
= 0.10 ´ 6.02 ´ 1023
= 6.02 ´ 1022
(c) number of H atoms.
One CH4 molecule contain 4 H atoms,
\ no. of H atoms = 6.02 ´ 1022´ 4
= 2.41 ´ 1023
3. Find the mass of

(a) 1 H2O molecule (b) 1 Cu atom

18 / 6.02 ´ 1023 63.5 / 6.02 ´ 1023
3.0 ´ 10-23 g 1.05 ´ 10-22 g
(c) 1 Na+ ion (d) 1 OH- ion
23 / 6.02 ´ 1023 17 / 6.02 ´ 1023

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 3.8 ´ 10-23 g 2.8 ´ 10-23 g

(e) 1 neutron (f) 1 electron

1.0 / 6.02 ´ 1023 0.00055 / 6.02 ´ 1023
1.7 ´ 10-24 g 9.1 ´ 10-28 g

4. Find the mass of

6.02 ´ 1022 lead atoms 3.01 ´ 1024 carbon 3.01 ´ 1023sulphate ions
dioxide molecules
No. of moles of Pb No. of moles of CO2 No. of moles of SO42-
atoms molecules ions
= 6.02 ´ 1022 / 6.02 ´ = 3.01 ´ 1024 / 6.02 ´ = 3.01 ´ 1023 / 6.02 ´
1023 1023 1023
= 0.100 = 5.00 = 0.500
Molar mass of CO2 Molar mass of SO42-
Mass of Pb atoms = 12 + 16 ´ 2 = 44 g = 32 + 16 ´ 4 = 96 g
= 0.100 ´ 207 Mass of CO2 molecules Mass of SO42- ions
= 20.7 g = 5.00 ´ 44 = 0.500 ´ 96
= 220 g = 48 g

5. (a) How many molecules are there in 3.00 moles of oxygen molecules?
Number of oxygen molecules
= 3.00 ´ 6.02 ´ 1023
= 1.806 ´ 1024

(b) How many ions are there in 0.600 moles of potassium ions?
Number of potassium ions
= 0.600 ´ 6.02 ´ 1023
= 3.612 ´ 1023
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, K = 39.0)
6. Calculate the number of moles of atoms in
(a) 127 g of copper

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Number of moles of copper
= 127 / 63.5
= 2 mol
(b) 12.8 g of sulphur.
Number of moles of sulphur
= 12.8 / 32.0
= 0.4 mol
(Relative atomic masses: Cu = 63.5, S = 32.0)
7. How many atoms are there in
(a) 2.50 moles of oxygen atoms?
Number of oxygen atoms
= 2.50 ´ 6.02 ´ 1023
= 1.505 ´ 1024

(b) 6.00 g of magnesium atoms?

Number of mole of magnesium atoms
= 6.00 / 24.0 = 0.25 mol
Number of magnesium atoms
= 0.25 ´ 6.02 ´ 1023
= 1.505 ´ 1023
8. What is the mass of 2.50 moles of magnesium atoms?
(Relative atomic mass: Mg = 24.0)
Mass of magnesium atoms
= 2.50 ´ 24.0
= 60.0 g

5. Worked examples:
1. What is the empirical formula of a compound containing 40.0% C, 6.71% H, and 53.28% O?
Solution:

Elements (atoms) % Composition Divide the ALL

divided by molar answers on the left
mass column by the lowest
number

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 Carbon(C) 40,0 3,33
12 = 3,33 3,33 = 1

Hydrogen(H) 6,71 6,71

1 = 6,71 3,33 = 2

Oxygen (O) 53,28 3,33

16 = 3,33 3,33 = 1

∴C = 1, H = 2 and O = 1
The empirical formula = CH2O

2. Determine the molecular formula of the compound in QUESTION 1, if its molar mass is
180g.mol-1.
MCH 2 O = 30 g.mol-1

Ratio = 180 = 6
30
Molecular formula (multiply each of the number of atoms in empirical formula by 6)
Molecular formula = C6H12O6

3. Nicotine, an alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants that is mainly responsible for the
addictive nature of cigarettes, contains 74.02% C, 8.710% H, and 17.27% N. If 40.57 g of
nicotine contains 0.25 mol nicotine, what is the molecular formula?
Solution

Elements (atoms) % Composition Divide the ALL

divided by molar answers on the left
mass column by the lowest
number

Carbon(C) 74,02 6,168

12 = 6,168 1,229 = 5
Hydrogen(H) 8,71 8,71
1 = 8,71 1,229 = 7
Nitrogen (N) 17,2 1,229
14 = 1,229 1,229 = 1

Empirical formula is C5H7N

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m =n
M
40,57
M = 0,25

162,28 g.mol-1 = MNicotine

M(C5H7N) = 81,14
162,28
Ratio = =2
81,14
Molecular formula (multiply each of the number of atoms in empirical formula by 2)
Molecular formula = C10H14N2A pure sample of calcium chloride CaCl2 was found to contain
7.10 g of Cl- ions. What mass of Ca+ ions do the sample contain?
Number of moles of Cl- ions = 7.10 / 35.5
= 0.200
The formula CaCl2 shows that the ratio of Ca2+ ions to Cl- ions is 1: 2,
hence no. of moles of Ca2+ ions = 0.200 / 2 = 0.100
\ Mass of Ca2+ ions in the sample = 0.100 ´ 40
= 4.0 g
4. A metal M ionizes to give Mn+ ions. If atomic mass of M is 24, and 1.2 g of M ionize to give
6.02 ´ 1022 electrons, calculate n (the charge on each ion of M).
No. of moles of electrons given.
= no. of electrons / Avogadro Number
= 6.02 ´ 1022 / 6.02 ´ 1023 = 0.100
No. of moles of M ionized
= 1.2 / 24 = 0.050
\ 0.050 mole of M gives 0.100 mole of electrons on ionization.
Thus 1 mole of M gives 0.100 / 0.050 = 2 moles of electrons.
Since the charge on an ion of M is numerically equal to the number of moles of
electrons given by 1 mole of M, each ion of M carries 2 charges, i.e., n = 2.
5. Complete the table below:

Substance Molar mass of Mass of Number of Number of

substance substance moles of molecules/
present substance formula units
present present
Sulphuric acid
98 g mol-1 58.8 g 0.6 mol 3.612 ´ 1023
(H2SO4)

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 Sodium
hydroxide 40 g mol-1 2.0 g 0.05 mol 3.01 ´ 1022
(NaOH)
Potassium
carbonate 138 g mol-1 331.2 g 2.4 mol 1.44 ´ 1024
(K2CO3)
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, H = 1.0, K = 39.0, Na = 23.0, O = 16.0, S = 32.0)

6. If we breathed in 3913 ´ 1018 molecules of air pollutant, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), how many
grams of NO2would we breathe in?
(Relative atomic masses: N = 14.0, O = 16.0)
Number of moles of nitrogen dioxide
= 3913 ´ 1018 / 6.02 ´ 1023
= 6.5 ´ 10-3mol
Mass of nitrogen dioxide
= 6.5 ´ 10-3´ (14.0 + 2 ´ 16.0)
= 0.299 g
7. (I) How many moles of calcium fluoride (CaF2) are present in 16.5 g of it?
Formula mass of CaF2
= 40.0 + 19.0 ´ 2
= 78.0 g
Number of moles of CaF2
= 16.5 / 78.0 = 0.21 mol
(II) How many calcium and fluoride ions are present?
Number of Ca2+ ions
= 0.21 ´ 6.02 ´ 1023 = 1.26 ´ 1023
Number of F- ions
= 0.42 ´ 6.02 ´ 1023 = 2.53 ´ 1023
(Relative atomic masses: Ca = 40.0, F = 19.0)

8. What mass of water contains the same number of molecules as 2.20 g of carbon dioxide?
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, H = 1.0, O = 16.0)
Number of mole of CO2 = 2.20 / (12.0 + 2 ´ 16.0) = 0.05 mol

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Mass of water
= 0.05 ´ (1.0 ´ 2 + 16.0)
= 0.9 g

1. Identity the substance which contains the greater number of molecules from each set:
(a) 2 moles of carbon dioxide molecules (CO2) or 8.40 g of sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
Number of CO2 molecules
= 2 ´ 6.02 ´ 1023
= 1.20 ´ 1024 (Greater number of molecules)
Number of moles of H2SO4
= 8.40 / (1.0 ´ 2 + 32.0 + 16.0 ´ 4) = 0.086 mol
Number of H2SO4 molecules
= 0.086 ´ 6.02 ´ 1023
= 5.16 ´ 1022

(b) 88.0 g 0f carbon dioxide (CO2) or 84.0 g of nitrogen (N2)

Number of CO2 molecules
= (88.0 / 44.0) ´ 6.02 ´ 1023
= 1.20 ´ 1024
Number of moles of N2
= (84.0 / 28.0) ´ 6.02 ´ 1023
= 1.81 ´ 1024 (Greater number of molecules)

(c) 5 ´ 1024 ammonia molecules (NH3) or 8.00 g of sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

Number of NH3 molecules
= 5 ´ 1024 (Greater number of molecules)
Number of moles of H2SO4 molecules
= [8.00 / (1.0 ´ 2 + 32.0 + 16.0 ´ 4)]´ 6.02 ´ 1023
= 4.91 ´ 1022

(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, H = 1.0, N = 14.0, O = 16.0, S = 32.0)

10. Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions:

(a) 23.4 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) solid in 1.0 dm3 solution.
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 Number of moles of NaCl
= 23.4 / (23.0 + 35.5)
= 0.4 mol
Molarity of NaCl solution
= 0.4 / 1
= 0.4 M
(b) 17.0 g of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solid in 200.0 cm3 solution.
Number of moles of AgNO3
= 17.0 / (108.0 + 14.0 + 16.0 ´ 3)
= 0.1 mol
Molarity of AgNO3 solution
= 0.1 / (200.0 / 1000.0)
= 0.5 M
(Relative atomic masses: Ag = 108.0, Cl = 35.5, N = 14.0, Na = 23.0, O = 16.0)

11. Complete the table below:

Mass of solute
Concentratio required to
Molar mass Molarity
Substance n prepare 250.0
(g mol-1) (M)
(g dm-3) cm3 of solution
(g)
5.60 g dm-3 ×
KOH 56.0 g mol-1 5.60 g dm-3 0.10 M (250.0/1000) dm3
= 1.40 g
159.5 g mol-1
CuSO4 31.9 g dm-3 0.20 M 7.975 g

126.0 g mol-1
(COOH) 2˙2H2O 30.24 g dm-3 0.24 M 7.56 g

(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, Cu = 63.5, H = 1.0, N = 14.0, O = 16.0, S = 32.0)

12. Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions

(a) 500.0 cm3 of 0.10 M sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) solution.
Number of moles of NaHCO3
= 0.10 ´ (500.0 / 1000.0) = 0.05 mol
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 Mass of NaHCO3
= 0.05 ´ (23.0 + 1.0 + 12.0 + 16.0 ´ 3)
= 0.05 ´ 84
= 4.2 g
(b) 100.0 cm3 of 3.00 M potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) solution.
Number of moles of K2Cr2O7
= 3.00 ´ (100.0 / 1000.0) = 0.3 mol
Mass of K2Cr2O7
= 0.3 ´ (39.0 ´ 2 + 52.0 ´ 2 + 16.0 ´ 7)
= 0.3 ´ 294
= 88.2 g
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, Cr = 52.0, H = 1.0, K = 39.0, Na = 23.0, O = 16.0)

13. 5.6 g of a metal M combine with 2.4 g of oxygen to form an oxide with the formula M2O3.
What is the atomic mass of M?
Let the atomic mass of M be Ar.
Mass of M in compound / Mass of oxygen in compound
= 2Ar / 16 ´ 3
= 5.6 / 2.4
= 56
Hence atomic mass of the metal M is 56.

14.A crystalline salt of formula M2S2O3. 5H2O is found to contain 36.3% by mass of water of
crystallization. Calculate
(a) the formula mass of the hydrated salt
(b) the atomic mass of the metal M.

(a) 5(1 ´ 2 + 16) / formula mass of hydrated salt

= 36.3 / 100
= 248
Formula mass of hydrated salt = 248.
(b) Let the atomic mass of M be A.

Formula mass of hydrated salt

= 2Ar2 + 32 ´ 2 + 16 ´ 3 + 5(1 ´ 2 + 16) = 248

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 Ar = 23
Therefore, the atomic mass of M is 23.

15. 10.0 g of hydrated iron (II) sulphate, Fe2SO4.nH2O, on strong heating, gave 4.53 g of
water. Find the value of n.

FeSO4 H2O
Relative mass (g) 5.47 4.53
5.47 / 152 = 0.036 4.53 / 18 = 0.252
Relative no. of mass
0.036 / 0.036 = 1 0.252 / 0.036 = 7

Therefore, n = 7
16. A metal M forms two chlorides A and B which contains 55.9% and 65.5% by mass of
chloride respectively. The empirical formula of A is found to be MCl2. Determine the
empirical formula of B (without having to find the atomic mass of M).
If mass of M in chloride B is the same as that in chloride A (i.e., 44.1 g), mass of
chlorine in chloride B will be (by proportion) equal to
65.5 ´ 44.1 / 34.5 = 83.7 g
Therefore, for the same mass (hence same no. of moles) of M,
Mass of chlorine in chloride B / Mass of chlorine in chloride A
= no. of moles of chlorine in chloride B / no. of moles of chlorine in chloride A
= 83.7 / 55.9 = 1.5
Since formula of chloride A is given to be MCl2, formula of chloride B should be MCl3.

Exercise 1

Hydrogen peroxide decomposes at room temperature according to the following

balanced chemical equation:

2H2O2(aq) → O2(g) + 2H2O(ℓ)

1.1 What does the (aq) represent in the equation above? (1)

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1.2 Identify the type of reaction above. Choose between PRECIPITATION and (2)
REDOX. Give a reason for the answer

1.3 Is the reaction an example of a physical or a chemical change? (1)

1.4 Define the term one mole of a substance. (2)

1.5 If 4 moles of hydrogen peroxide decompose, calculate the volume of gas

formed at STP. (4)

1.6 Calculate the number of oxygen atoms in H2O2 if 17 g of H2O2 decomposes. (4)

[14]
Solutions
1.1 Solution in which the solvent is water. (1)

1.2 Redox. There is a change in oxidation number of atoms involved this reaction (2)
(i.e. hydrogen and oxygen).

1.3 Chemical change (1)

1.4 One mole is the amount of substance having the same number of particles as
there are atoms in 12 g carbon-12. (2)

1.5 n(H2O2) : n(O2)

2:1
Therefore n(O2) = 2 mol
V
n (O2) =
Vm
V
2=
22,4
V = 44,8 dm3
(4)

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1.6 m
n(H2O2) =
M
17
n(H2O2) =
34
n(H2O2) = 0,5 mol

N
n(O2) =
NA
N
(0,5)(2) =
6,02 × 10 23
N = 6,02 × 10 23 atoms (4)

[14]

Exercises 2
2.1 The empirical formula of a certain compound is to be determined. On
analysis of a sample of the compound it was found to contain 40% C, 6,6% H
and 53,3% O

2.1.1 Define the term empirical formula. (2)

2.1.2 Determine the empirical formula of the compound. Show ALL

calculations. (5)

2.1.3 If the molecular mass of the compound is 60 g·mol-1, calculate the

molecular formula of the compound. (3)

2.2 The molar mass of hydrated sodium carbonate is found to be 268 g∙mol-1.
The formula of the hydrated sodium carbonate is Na2CO3.xH 2O.

Calculate the number of moles of water of crystallisation (x) in the compound. (4)

[14]
Solutions

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 2.1.1 The empirical formula is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in
a compound. (2)

2.1.2 If 100 g of the compound is available, then:

Elements (atoms) mass divided Divide the ALL

by molar mass answers on the left
column by the lowest
number

Carbon(C) 40,0 3,3

12 = 3,3 3,3 = 1

Hydrogen(H) 6,6 6,6

1 = 6,6 3,3 = 2

Oxygen (O) 53,3 3,3

16 = 3,3 3,3 = 1

∴C = 1, H = 2 and O = 1

The empirical formula = CH2O

(5)

2.1.3 MCH 2 O = 30 g.mol-1

Ratio = 60 = 2
30

Molecular formula (multiply each of the number of atoms in

empirical formula by 2)

Molecular formula = C2H4O2

(3)

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2.2 M (Na2CO3) = 106 g·mol-1
M (x H2O) = 268 – 106 = 162 g·mol-1

n(H2O) = 162
18
n(H2O) = 9 mol
(4)
[14]
QUESTION 3

3.1 Reaction in which a proton/hydrogen ion/H+ is transferred from one reactant

to another. (2)

3.2 18 cm3 (1)

3.3.1 Number of moles of solute per cubic decimetre/litre of solution. (2)

3.3.2 0,1
%CaCO3 = x 100
0,25
%CaCO3 = 40% (3)

3.3.3 m
n(CaCO3) =
M
0,1
n(CaCO3) =
100
n(CaCO3) = 0,001
n(HCℓ) = 2 x n(CaCO3) = 2 x 10-3 mol

Volume acid
n
c=
V
3
2x10
0,1 =
V
V = 0,02 dm3 (5)

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 [13]

QUESTION4

4.1 Gas forming (1)

4.2.1 M(Na2CO3) = 2(23) + 12 + 3(16)

M(Na2CO3) = 106 g.mol-1 (2)

4.2.2 m
n(Na2CO3) =
M
10,6
n(Na2CO3) =
106
n(Na2CO3) = 0,1 mol (2)

4.2.3 n(Na 2CO 3) : n(CO 2)

1:1
Thus: n(CO 2)=0,1mol
m
n(CO2) =
M
m
0,1 =
44
m = 4,4 g (4)

4.2.4 V
n (CO2) =
Vm
4,87
n (CO2) =
22,4
n (CO2) = 0,217 mol

n(CO 2) : n(NaCl)
1:2 (6)

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 n(NaCl) = 0,434mol
m
n(NaCl) =
M
m
0,434 =
58,7
m = 25,16 g

4.3 Mass of H2O = 14.2 – 5,3

= 8,9 g
m m
n(Na2CO3) = n(H2O) =
M M
5,3 8,9
n(Na2CO3) = n(H2O) =
106 18
n(Na2CO3) = 0,05 mol n(H2O) = 0,5 mol
Na2CO3 : H2O
0,05 : 0,5
0,05 : 0,05
1 : 10
Thus X = 10 (5)

[20]

Exercise 5

5.1 Temperature: 0 °C or/of 273 K (2)

Pressure : 101 ,3 kPa or 1 atm ü

5.2.1 m
n(Na) =
M
10
n(Na) =
23 (5)

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 n(Na) = 0,43 mol
Na : H2
2:1
Thus 0,22 mol H2 produced.
m
n(H2) =
M
m
0,22 =
2
m = 0,44 g H2 produced

5.2.2 V
n(H2) =
Vm
V
0,22 =
22,4
V = 4,93 dm3 (3)

5.2.3 n(Na) : n(NaOH)

2:2
Thus mol NaOH = 0,43 mol
m
n(NaOH) =
M
m
0,43 =
40
m = 17,2 g (4)

5.2.4 n
c=
V
0,43
c=
2
c = 0,22 mol.dm-3 (3)

[17]

QUESTION 6
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 6.1.1 One mole is the amount of substance having the same number of
particles as there are atoms in 12 g carbon-12. (2)

6.1.2 2
0,67 mol mol
3 (1)

6.1.3 V( N2) : V(H2) : V(NH 3) = 1 : 3 : 2

1
V(N2 reacted = V(H2)
3
1
V(N2 reacted = (24)
3
V(N2 reacted = 8 dm3
Volume N2 remains = 10 – 8 = 2 dm3
Volume of gas that remains = 2 + 16
Volume of gas that remains = 18 dm3 gas
(4)

6.1.4 m
n=
M
80
n=
2
n = 40 mol (2)

6.1.5 1
V(N2) = (40) x 22,4
3
V(N2) = 2 98,67 dm3 (2)

6.2 m(O 2) = 239 – 207 = 32 g (5)

m
nPb =
M
207
nPb =
207
nPb = 1 mol
m
nO =
M
32
nO =
16
nO = 2 mol
n(Pb) : n(O) 1 : 2
∴ PbO 2

[16]

Section B

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1.1
1.1.1 Ionises / dissociates completely in water. ü (1)

1.1.2 / Nitrate ion ü (1)

(3)
1.2
1.2.1

(3)
1.2.2 Burette ü (1)

1.2.3 Bü
Titration of strong acid and strong base. üü (3)

1.2.4 The number of moles acid in the flask remains constant.ü (1)

1.2.5

(3)

(5)

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ELECTRCITY AND MAGNETISM

Question 1

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10
APP BPP CPP CPP APP CPP Aüü Aüü Aüü Düü

Question 2

2.1 The (magnitude) of the electrostatic force exerted by one charge on another is (2)
directly proportional to the product of the chargesP and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between their centres.P

2.2 F=k P

F31 = (9x109) P
F31 = 3 N to the left

F32 = (9x109) P
= 13,5 N downwards

FR = F31 + F32
(FR)2 = (3)2 + (13,5)2P
FR = 13,83 N.
ꝋ = tan-1 P
= 77,47

OR
ꝋ = tan-1
= 12,53
Net force = 13,83 N in the direction 77,47/192,53P (7)

Question 3

3.1

(2)

3.2 nelectrons =
= P

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 = 2,5 x 1010 electronsP
N.B: Learners can leave out the signs when substituting.

3.3
(4)

3.4 New charge = PP (3)

-9
= - 1x 10 P

Question 4

4.1 The magnitude of the electrostatic force exerted by one point charge (Q 1) (2)
on another point charge (Q 2) is directly proportional to the product of the
magnitudes of the chargesP and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance (r) between them.P

4.2 n= P OR n= P (3)

= = P
= 2x1011 P = 2 x 1011P
4.3

Accepted labels
w Fg/Fw/weight/mg/gravitational force
T FT/tension
Page 42 of 74 P.T.O
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 FE Felectrostatic/FQ1Q2/F/coulomb force

4.4 Fnet = 0P (5)

mg + FE = T
mg + k –T=0
(0,007)(9,8)P + (9 x 109) =T

T = 9,39 x 10-2 N P

Question 5

5.1 The electric field at a point is the electrostatic force experienced per unit (2)
positive charge placed at that point.PP

5.2 F=k P (4)

= (9x109) P
= 1,35 NP

OR
F=k P
= (9x109)
= -1,35 N
Magnitude of F = 1,35 NP

5.3 Four(4)P (1)

5.4 E(6µC) = P
=(9x ) PP
= 1,35 x N.C-1 to the left.

E(4µC) =
=(9x ) PP
=1x N.C-1 to the right.
To the right as positive
Enet = - 1,35 x + 1x
= - 1,25 x N.C-1
Enet = 1,25 x N.C-1 to the left.P

OR

Enet = P
= (9x )( P+ )PP

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 = -1,35 x +1x
= -1,25 x N.C-1
Enet = 1,25 x N.C-1 in the direction of the 6 µC charge.P (6)

Question 6

6.1 Electric field is a region of space in which an electric charge will experience a
force.PP
6.2

Criteria for sketch Marks

Correct shape as shown P
Direction away from positive P
Field lines start on spheres and do P
not cross for correct diagram.

6.3 EPA = P (5)

= P
= 2,88x N.C-1 to the right.

EPB = =
= P
= 8,00x N.C-1 to the left.
Enet = EPA + EPB
= (2,88 x + (-8,00 x )P
-1
Enet = 5,12 x N.C P

Page 44 of 74 P.T.O
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Grade 11
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM ANSWERS

QUESTION 1

1.1 B üü (2)

1.2 C üü (2)

1.3 B üü (2)

1.4 D üü (2)

1.5 D üü (2) [10]

QUESTION 2

2.1 False üü Electric field lines should never cross (2)

Electric field lines start on a positive charge and end on a negative

2.2 False üü (2)
charge

2.3 False üü The force will change if the third point charge is brought closer as
the resultant force or net force will be exerted. (2)

2.4 False üü
... is not zero but a maximum.
(2)

2.5 True üü (2)

2.6 False üü Electric field strength is a vector quantity. (2) [12]

Page 45 of 74 P.T.O
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QUESTION 3

3.1 Resistors in parallel:

1 1 1
= + ü
R R1 R2

1 1 1
\ = + ü
R 4 4

1 1
\ =
R 2

\R = 2Ωü

\ total R = 2 + 3 + 3 = 8 Ω ü (4)

V
3.2 I = ü
R

12
= üü
8

= 1,5 A!ü (4)

3.3 a) V = IR

= 1,5 ´ 3 ü

= 4,5 V ü (2)

b) V = IR

= 1,5 ´ 2 ü

= 3Vü (2) [12]

Page 46 of 74 P.T.O
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QUESTION 4

4.1 The current in a conductor or resistor is directly proportional to the potential

difference across the resisitor if the temperature remains constant. üüü (3)

4.2
Battery ü
Resistors in parallel ü
Resistor in series ü
Ammeter in series ü (4)

4.3 Resistors in parallel

1 1 1
= + ü
R|| R1 R2
1 1 1
= + ü
R|| 5 20
1 4 +1
=
R|| 20
1 5
=
R|| 20

\ R|| = 4Ωü

\ total R = 4+2=6Ωü (4)

4.4 V = IR ü

= (2)(6) ü = 12 V ü (3) [14]

Page 47 of 74 P.T.O
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QUESTION 5

5.1 Rheostat or variable resistor – to vary or change the resistance of the circuit üü (2)

5.2 To keep the temperature constant üü (2)

5.3 1) Set the rheostant at lowest or highest level. ü

2) Note the readings on the voltmeter and ammeter. ü
3) Vary or change the rheostat to get different readings on the voltmeter and
the ammeter. ü
4) Ensure that the temperature of the water remains constant by adding
cold water or ice.
5) Note and record the readings quickly. (3)

5.4 As the temperature rises the resistance of the nichrome wire will increase. (1)

5.5
5

4 •
Current (A)

3 • üü
üü
2 •
1 •
0 3 6 9 12 (4)
15 Potential difference (V)
I
5.6 The gradient of the graph at any point is R = .
V
12 9 6 3
Hence R = 3 Ω ( of of of ). ü (1)
4 3 2 1
€
5.7 The gradiënt of the graph of potential difference vs current gives the resistance
of the €
nichrome
€ wire € temperature is kept constant. üü
€ if the (2) [15]

Page 48 of 74 P.T.O
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QUESTION 6

6.1
Potential difference (V) Current (A)

1,5 0,25

3,0 0,5

4,5 0,75

6,0 1,0

7,5 1,25 üüüü (4)

6.2 There is a relationship between the potential difference across a resistor and the
current in the resistor. üü (2)

6.3

üüü

(3)

6.4 Vary the potential difference across the resistor by adjusting the rheostat.
Take five readings of potential difference and current. Keep the temperature
of the resistor constant. üüüü (4)

6.5 The current in a resistor is directly proportional to the potential difference

across the resistor, if the temperature remains constant. üü (2) [15]

Page 49 of 74 P.T.O
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QUESTION 7

7.1 The ratio of the resistors in parallel is 2:1. In other words the resistance in the
top branch is double that in the bottom branch. ü

\ ratio of current in the parallel branches is 1:2. In other words, current in the
top branch is half the current in the bottom branch.

\ current in top branch = 1 A. ü

\ current in total parallel combination = 1 A + 2 A = 3 A. ü (3)

V 4,5
7.2 R = ü = üü = 4,5 Ω ü (4)
I 1

7.3 Resistors in parallel

1 1 1
= + ü
R R1 R2

1 1 1
= + üü
R (4,5 + 4,5) 4,5

1 1 1 3
= + =
R 9 4,5 9

\R = 3Ωü

\ RT = 4,5 + 3 = 7,5 Ω ü

emf = I(R + r) ü = 3(7,5 + 1) üü = 25,5 V ü (9)

7.4 a) Increases significantly üü (2)

b) Decreases significantly üü (2)

c) Becomes zero üü (2) [22]

Page 50 of 74 P.T.O
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QUESTION 8

8.1 emf = IR + Ir ü

18 = 16,2 + 3r üüü

18 - 16,2
\r = = 0,6 Ω for the battery ü
3

= 0,2 Ω per sel ü (6)

8.2 Voltmeters are designed with very high resisatnce and ideally will not allow
any current to pass through üüü (3)

8.3 Resistors in parallel

1 1 1
= + ü
R R1 R2
1 1 1
\ = + ü
R 3 6
1 2 +1 3
\ = =
R 6 6

\R = 2Ωü

V2 = IR ü

= 3 ´ 2 üü = 6 V ü (7)

8.4 VR = 16,8 – 6 ü = 10,8 V ü

V
R = ü
I
10,8
= üü = 3,6 Ω!ü (6) [22]
3

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QUESTION 9

kQ
9.1 E = ü
r2

(9 ´ 10 9 )(4 ´ 10 -10 )
= üü
(30 ´ 10 -3 ) 2
€
= 4 000 N•C–1 ü (4)

9.2 F = QE ü

= (8 ´ 10 -10 )(4 000) üü

= 3,2 ´10 -6 N ü (4)

9.3 Attraction force ü (1) [9]

QUESTION 10

10.1 The electrostatic force which one charge in rest exert on another is directly
proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between the two charges. üüü (3)

kQ1Q2
10.2 F = ü
r2

(9 ×10 9 )(8 ×10−9 )(6 ×10−9 )

= üüü
(4 ×10−1 ) 2
€
= 2,7 ´ 10-6 N attraction ü (5)

€
F
10.3 E = ü
Q

2,7 ´ 10 -6
= üü
6 ´ 10 -9

= 450 N•C–1 ü (4) [12]

Page 52 of 74 P.T.O
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QUESTION 11

11.1

üüü

(3)

kQ1Q2
11.2 F = ü
r2

(9 ´ 10 9 )(3 ´ 10 -9 )(5 ´ 10 -9 )
= üüü
0,5 2
€
= 5,4 ´ 10–7 N, attraction üü (6)

11.3 Increases üü (2)

Q1 + Q2
11.4 Charge = ü
2

(-3 ´ 10 -9 ) + (+5 ´ 10 -9 )
= üü
2

= 1 ´ 10–9 C ü (4) [15]

Page 53 of 74 P.T.O
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Grade 11
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
MATTER AND MATERIALS ANSWERS

QUESTION 1

1.1 D üü (2)

1.2 A üü (2)

1.3 C üü (2)

1.4 D üü (2)

1.5 D üü (2)

1.6 B üü (2)

1.7 C üü (2)

1.8 D üü (2)

1.9 C üü (2)

1.10 C üü (2) [20]

Page 54 of 74 P.T.O
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QUESTION 2

2.1 False üü An alpha particle is a Helium nucleus (2)

2.2 True üü (2)

2.3 False üü Ideal gasses do not exist (2)

2.4 False üü Molecules in a gas sample move at different velocities/speed (2)

One mole gas occupy 22,4 dm3 at 0 °C and 1 atmospheric

2.5 False üü (2)
pressure.

2.6 True üü (2)

2.7 True üü (2)

2.8 False üü An Aluminiumatom has three valence electrons. (2)

2.9 Falseüü The oxidation number of manganese in KMnO4 is +7. (2)

2.10 Trueüü (2)

2.11 False üü The oxidation number of sulphur in Na2SO4 is +6. (2)

2.12 False üü The shape if the carbon dioxide molecule is linear. (2) [24]

Page 55 of 74 P.T.O
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QUESTION 1

1.1 The pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to the volume if the
temperature is kept constant. üü (2)

1.2 a)

üüü

(3)

b)

üüü

(3)

1.3 The mass or temperature of the gas. ü (1)

1.4 Thabang must wait a while for the air to return to the original temperature after
increasing the pressure on the air. ü (1)

1.5 The pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to the volume if the
temperature is kept constant üü (2)

1.6 Boyle’s Lawü states that the pressure of a fixed amount of gas is inversely
proportional to the volume if the temperature remains constant. ü (2) [14]

Page 56 of 74 P.T.O
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QUESTION 2

2.1 To investigate the relationship between the pressure and the volume of a
inclosed mass of gas. üü (2)

2.2 Pressure ü (1)

2.3
To allow the temperature of the enclosed gas to return to room temperature. ü

To allow the oil to run down the sides of the tubeü (any correct reason) (2)

2.4 1
p (kPa) V (cm3) (cm-3)
V
105,0 30 0,033 ü
126,0 25 0,040 ü
157,5 20 0,050 ü
210,0 15 0,067 ü (4)

8.5

üüüü

(4)

2.6 The pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to the volume if
the temperature is kept constant üü (2) [15]

Page 57 of 74 P.T.O
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2.3

üü

(2)

2.4 On the graph üü (2) [20]

QUESTION 3

3.1 The pressure of a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to the

temperature of the gas. üü (2)

3.2

üüü
üü

(5)

3.3 The pressure of the gas is directly proportional to the temperature. üü (2)

3.4 He must extend or extrapolate the graph until it bisect the temperature axis. üü (2)

Page 58 of 74 P.T.O
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3.5 If the temperature of the gas is increases the speed of the particles increases.
The particles collide with bigger forces against the inside walls of the
container. üüü (3)

QUESTION 4

4.1 The pressure of a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature is inversely

proportional to the volume of the gas. üüüü (4)

4.2 The pressure of a gas is an indication of the average force with which the
molecules of the gas collides with the walls of the container, as well as the
frequency of these collsions with the sides of the container. üü
If the volume decreases there will be more molecules per unit volume and
therefore more frequent collisions with the insides or walls (higher frequency of
collisions). üü
Therfore the pressure of the gas will increase. (4)

m
4.3 n = ü
M

0,12
= ü
4

= 0,03 mol ü

Page 59 of 74 P.T.O
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 pV = nRT ü

nRT
\p =
V

0,03 ´ 8,31 ´ 373

= üü
10,0 ´ 10 -3

= 9,3 ´ 10 3 Pa ü (7)

4.4 Helium is a monoatomic gas with relative small atoms. üü

The temperature is relatively high. üü

The pressure is relatively low. üü (6)

4.5

ideal gas
üü

ideal gas at
higher
pressure

Temperature (K)
(2)

QUESTION 5

5.1 0 +1 –1 +3 –1 0

2Al + 6HCl ® 2AlCl3 + 3H2 üüüüüü (6)

3+
5.2 Al ® Al + 3e– üüü (3)

+
3.3 2H + 2e– ® H2 üüü (3)

–
5.4 Cl üü (2)

Page 60 of 74 P.T.O
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5.5 HCl üü (2) [16]

QUESTION 6

2+
6.1 Zn ® Zn + 2e– üü (2)

2+
6.2 Zn ® Zn + 2e– üü (2)

6.3 CuSO4 üü (2) [6]

QUESTION 7

7.1 The number we allocate to an element in a compound to keep track of the

electrons during a reaction. üü (2)

7.2 Oxidation number for K = +1

Oxidation number of four O-atoms = –8

The sum of the oxidation numbers in a neutral compound is equal to zero.

\ oxidation number of Mn in KMNO4 = 8 – 1 = +7 üü (2)

7.3 M[KMnO4] = 39 + 55 + 4(16)

= 158 g•mol–1 ü

m
C = ü
MV

20
= ü
158 ´ 0,3

= 0,42 mol•dm–3 ü (4) [8]

Page 61 of 74 P.T.O
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QUESTION 8

8.1 a) pV = nRT ü

pV
\n =
RT

1,013 ´ 10 5 ´ 1´ 10 -3
= ü
8,31´ 273

= 0,045 mol ü

m
M =
n

1,26
= ü
0,045

= 28 g•mol–1 ü (5)

b) N2 üü (2)

8.2 Assume 100g of the compound

K Fe C N

m 42,5 15,1 19,6 22,8

Mole ratio (n = ) üü
M 39 56 12 14

1,09 0,27 1,63 1,63

1,09 0,27 1,63 1,63

Divide by smallest value üü
0,27 0,27 0,27 0,27

4 1 6 6 üü

\ empirical formula K4FeC6N6 of K4Fe(CN)6. ü (7)

Page 62 of 74 P.T.O
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8.3 M[H2SO4] = 2 + 32 + 4(16) = 98 g•mol–1 üü

m
c = ü
MV

\ m = cMV

= 0,25 ´ 98 ´ 0,2 üü

= 4,9 g ü (6) [20]

Page 63 of 74 P.T.O
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Grade 11
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
CHEMICAL CHANGE ANSWERS

QUESTION 1

1.1 B üü (2)

1.2 A üü (2)

1.3 C üü (2)

1.4 C üü (2)

1.5 D üü (2) [10]

QUESTION 2

2.1 fALSE üü One mole water has a mass of 18 g. (2)

2.2 True üü (2)

2.3 True üü (2)

2.4 Falseüü In a chemical reaction a base will accept protons and an acid
will donate protons. (2)

2.5 False üü Reduction is th gain of electrons by an atom or an ion or

molecule during a chemical reaction. (2)

–
2.6 False üü Die HSO4 -ion is the conjugated acid to the sulphate ion. (2)

2.7 False üü The equation CuO + H2 ® Cu + H2O represents a REDOX

reaction because electrons are transfered. (2)
Page 64 of 74 P.T.O
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2.8 True üü (2)

2.9 Trueüü (2)

2.10 True üü (2)

2.11 True üü (2)

2.12 Trueüü (2)

According to the Lowry–Brfnsted theory, acid–base reactions

2.13 False üü (2) [26]
involve the transfer of protons (H+).

QUESTION 3

3.1 4 ´ C–H = 4 ´ 414 = 1 656 kJ

2 ´ O=O = 2 ´ 499 = 998 kJ

\ energy gained = 2 654 kJ üü (2)

3.2 2 ´ C=O = 2 ´ 799 = 1 598 kJ

4 ´ O–H = 4 ´ 460 = 1 840 kJ

\ energy lost / released = 3 438 kJ üü (2)

3.3
Exothermic. ü The energy released is more than the energy take up / gained.

DH = 2 654 – 3 438 = –784 kJ ü

\ the reaction releases energy to the surroundings. ü (3)

Page 65 of 74 P.T.O
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3.4
Energ
y

(3) [10]

QUESTION 4

4.1 Energy gained / taken up / needed:

8 ´ C–H = 8 ´ 414 = 3 312 kJ

2 ´ C–C = 2 ´ 347 = 694 kJ

5 ´ O=O = 5 ´ 499 = 2 495 kJ

\ total = 6 501 kJ üüü

Energy released:

6 ´ C=O = 6 ´ 799 = 4 794 kJ

8 ´ O–H = 8 ´ 460 = 3 680 kJ

\ total = 8 474 kJ üüü

\ DH = 6 501 – 8 474 = –1 973 kJ üü (8)

4.2 Exothermic üü (2)

4.3 2C4H10 + 13O2 ® 8CO2 + 10H2O üüüü (4)

4.4 The reactants do not have enough energy to activate the reaction. The flame
provides the activation energy for the reaction. üüü (3) [17]

Page 66 of 74 P.T.O
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QUESTION 5

5.1 2 ´ H–H = 2 ´ 436 = 872 kJ ü

1 ´ O=O = 499 kJ ü

\ total = 1 371 kJ ü (3)

5.2 4 ´ O–H = 4 ´ 460 ü

\ total = 1 840 kJ ü (2)

5.3
Energy

The reaction is exothermic because DH = 1 371 – 1 840 = – 469 kJ. ü (6)

5.4
Where DH > 0 , the reaction is endothermic. The forward reaction in this case
is exothermic. Therefore the reverse reaction is endothermic. It means we
need to add energy for the reaction to take place. üüü
(3)

5.5 The reaction only liberates water as a product. It does not release any other
hazardous substances. üü (2)

5.6 The cost of the tanks are to expensive for the average car owner.
The tanks take up too much space for an average motor or car to run
effectively.. üü (2) [18]

Page 67 of 74 P.T.O
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QUESTION 6

6.1 M[NH4NO3] = 14 + 4 + 14 + 3(16) = 80 g•mol–1 üü

m
c = ü
MV

\ m = cMV

= 2 ´ 80 ´ 0,25 üü

= 40 g ü (6)

6.2 a) Mass of oxygen = 50 – 46,31 = 3,69 g üü (2)

m
b) n = ü
M

3,69
= ü
16

= 0,23 mol ü (3)

m
c) n = ü
M

46,31
= ü
201

= 0,23 mol ü (3)

d) The ratio in mole Hg to O is 1:1. ü

\the empirical formula for mercury(II)-oxide HgO. üü (3) [17]

Page 68 of 74 P.T.O
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QUESTION7

7.1 pV = nRT ü

pV
\n =
RT

1,013 ´ 10 5 ´ 100 ´ 10 -6
= üü
8,31´ 273

= 4,5 ´ 10 -3 mol ü

m
M =
n

0,3
= ü
4,5 ´10 -3

= 66,7 g•mol–1ü (6)

7.2 M[Na2SO4] = 142 g•mol–1 ü

2 ´ 23
% Na = ´ 100 = 32,4 % ü
142

32
%S = ´ 100 = 22,5 % ü
142

4 ´ 16
%O = ´ 100 = 45,1 % ü (4)
142

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7.3 Assume that there is 100 g of the compound. ü

C H O

m 40,0 6,67 53,3

Mole ratio (n = ) üüü
M 12 1 16

3,33 6,67 3,33

3,33 6,67 3,33

Divide by smallest value ü
3,33 3,33 3,33

1 2 1 ü

\ empirical formula CH2O. üü (8) [18]

QUESTION 8
8.1 M[NH4Cl] = 14 + 4 + 35,5 = 53,5 g•mol–1 ü

m = n ´ M = 0,75 ´ 53,5 ü = 40,13 g ü (3)

14
8.2 %N = ´ 100 = 26,2 % üü
53,5
4
%H = ´ 100 = 7,5 % üü
53,5
35,5
% Cl = ´ 100 = 66,3 % üü (6)
53,5

8.3 a) Assume there is 100 g of the compound. ü

Na S O

m 17,03 47,41 35,56

Mole ratio (n = ) üü
M 23 32 16

0,74 1,48 2,22

0,74 1,48 2,22

Divide by smallest value
0,74 0,74 0,74

1 2 3 üüü

Page 70 of 74 P.T.O
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 \ empirical formula NaS2O3. (6)

b) Formula mass of empirical formula = 23 + 2(32) + 3(16) = 135 g•mol–1 ü

true formula mass 270

Ratio of = =2ü
empirical formula mass 135

\ true formula Na2S4O6. ü (3) [18]

QUESTION 9

m
9.1 a) n = ü
M

5,4
= üü
27

= 0,2 mol ü (4)

b) The ratio of Al to AlCl3 is 1:1. ü

\ 0,2 mol AlCl3 is produced. ü

M[AlCl3] = 27 + (3 ´ 35,5)ü

= 133,5 g•mol–1

\m = n´M

= 0,2 ´ 133,5 ü

= 26,7 g ü (5)

c) The ratio of Al to H2 is 2:3. ü

\ 0,3 mol H2 is produced. ü

\ V = n ´ VSTP ü

= 0,3 ´ 22,4 ü

Page 71 of 74 P.T.O
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 = 6,72 dm3 ü (5)

9.2 Assume that there is 100 g of the compound. ü

Na S O

m 36,5 25,4 38,1

Mole ratio (n = ) üüü
M 23 32 16

1,59 0,79 2,38

1,59 0,79 2,38

Divide by smallest value ü
0,79 0,79 0,79

2 1 3 ü

\ empirical formula is Na2SO3. üü (8) [22]

QUESTION 10

10.1 M[KOH] = 56 g•mol–1

m
c = ü
MV

1,4
= üü
56 ´ 0,25

= 0,1 mol•dm–3 ü (4)

c a Va na
10.2 = ü
c b Vb nb

c a ´ 30 1
\ = üü
0,1 ´ 25 1

1 ´ 0,1 ´ 25
\ ca =
1 ´ 30

= 0,083 mol•dm–3 ü (4) [8]

Page 72 of 74 P.T.O
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QUESTION 11

11.1 ’n Base is a proton acceptor. üü (2)

11.2 A standard solution means that the exact concentration is known üü (2)

11.3 Volumetric flask üü (2)

18.4 M[NaOH] = 23 + 16 + 1 ü = 40 g•mol–1 ü

m
c = ü
MV

12
= üü
40 ´ 0,5

= 0,6 mol•dm–3 ü (6) [12]

QUESTION 12

12.1 Exothermic ü (1)

12.2 DH < 0 üü (2)

12.3

Energy

(6)
12.4 Methane is greenhouse gas. It contributes to the greenhouse effect. üü (2) [11]

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