general: two domains» bacteria and archaea, high genetic and metab. diversity, 1st life on earth, important functions in biosphere. oldest archaea REMINDER- genus, species, strain (Escherichia coli) 1. DOMAINS of prokaryotes 1.1 Archaea (archaeon): Unicell, NO peptidoglycan cell wall and mb nucleus or organelles No. Can live in extrem environments. They have different biochem and RNA markers from other cells. ether mb lipids, polymerase eukaryote-like. examples: methanogens: metabolize H, and CO, -» CH, common in wetlands halophiles: extremophile [1] of salt, some require extreme conditions to survivellive thermoacidophiles: live in acid, [St] and + T°C morphology: bacteria 1.2 Bacteria: single-cells, beneficial roles: = fix N from air + organic compound for plants - inhabit the rumen’ of rumiant animals - digestive processes - _ prepare products food, pharmaceutical, genetic... 2, MORPHOLOGY 2.4 Cell wall Only bacteria contains murein (peptidoglycan) at cell walls. - [RAW (double mb) mb + murien + mb, protects more be of the double mb, més patogenitat - [RAMEE simple structure) murein + cell mb, no antibiotic resistance— lack of LPS 2 Gram regtve aca 1 Gramps ceria hoodhara bees Loe —s Seip eke 2OQO0QO0Cc DOGOQOSOOOOL baer] U. Sococceeanoonencaame car eaPfeccaseeoe RooerprraaaP * microbial ecosystem in which large populations of microorg digest and ferment the polysaccharide cellulose(main component of cell walls)2.2 Mobility Cae Fimbriae+ attachment to surfaces depends on species if they have it or not Pili transfer genetic material, only gram- Flagels—> no son extensions del citoplasma, son proteines unides a la surface of the cell (Cell division: binary fission, asexual rep) ‘Some contain capsule (polysaccharide) confers protection and form biofilms (unions btween bacteria) 3. BACTERIAL GENOMES Genome encodes all info needed to program cell functions. - _ single double-stranded DNA molec (one circular chromosome) - Bidirectional replication - not associated to proteins (Jack histones) - chromosomes adds to cell nucleoid - essential genes (housekeeping) and specie specific genes = 85-95% genes of genome - nojintrons, has operons = genes very close to each other - base pair compositions 20-70% GC - contain plasmids 3.1 Plasmids - circular double-stranded DNA wi few genes(<30) - autoreplicate - gen info not essential antibiotic resistance - contains genes that confer special property to cell-> unique metab, - transfer genes from cells to another bacteriocins production = can loose plasmid—» Curation 3.2 Genotypic mechanisms: The success of bacterial life is exemplified by the wide variation in their genetic content. Bacterial genetic is key for microbial diversity and habitat adaptation - mutations: change one base: substitution, addition, deletion mobile genetic elements: material that can move around the genome - horizontal gene transfer = conjugation: donor cell F* (F plasmid) contact by sex pilus, plasmid activated and transfer F plasmid to obtain F* cell. There can be genetic evolution if there's a similitude between the sequence of original cell into host cell, there's hybridization and recombination which leads to genetic modification- transformation: competent cell when is able to take up DNA and transform it. Lysed bacteria releases DNA which enter a living cell+ recombination, This leads to genetic change - transduction: transfer DNA by bacteriophage (bacterial virus) Inclusion bodies (cytoplasmic granules) like glycogen, polyphosphate, PHB, sulfur globes. EXC C#; = 4, MICROBIAL METABOLISM ‘Some bacteria have inclusion bodies (cytoplasmic granules) that serve as storage areas for nutrients. not organuls because don't contain membranes - glycogen: storage form of glucose - polyphosphate granules: storage form for inorganic phosphates(metahromatic, granules, composed of polyphosphate) - PHB: reserve of C and energy source - Sulfur globules: intracell globules of S in bacterias growing in risc H,S environment 5, ENERGY FLUX ENERGY SOURCE CARBON SOURCE LIGHT CHEMICAL co, photoautotrophic chemoautotrophic ORGANIC CHEM —_photoheterotrophic chemoheterotrophic atp reducing power NAD(P)H Metabolism: photoautotrophs: oxygenic (H,O —+ O,) and anoxygenic (H;S > X) sov2 photoheterotrophs: photosynthetic metab chemoautotrophs: respiratory metabchemoheterotrophs: respiratory (two types) and fermentation Oxygen necessity Obligate aerabe: requires oxygen to do cell respiration Obligate anaerobe: dies in presence of O,, do fermentation or anaerob respiration and use nitrates or sulfates as final acceptor. Eagultative anaerobe: aerobic respiration» makes ATP if O, present, but can use fermentation if O, is absent Aerotolerant anaerobe: don't use O; but can survive in it. reduce takes protons into, and oxy frees protons away, like cytochrome complex coxygenic doesn't go as a cicle, but when the cell doesn't need reduce power o algo asi la vd que no se does cicle behavior susbtrate level phosphorilation(ATP) anoxygenic metab can work like a cicle way or not, chemoautotrophy=chenolitotrophy inorg compund— oxidation electron transport chain—+ O, acceptor 5.2 Cyanobacteria group of oxigen phototrophic bacteria. First oxigen-evolving phototrophic organisms on earth, converted the anoxigenic atmosphere to oxygenated atmosphere, unique set of pigments used in photosynthesis, called phycobiliproteins, give blue-green colour. unicell and filamentous form, some of them are colonial. Many are capable of fixing N» by forming specialized cells called heterocysts. 5.3 Microbial communities = Microbiota: community of all microorganisms in the environment - Metagenome: community of genes and genomes of the microbiota,and plasmids. = Microbiome: community of genes and genomes of the microbiota, also its products and the host environmentEUKARYOTES - MICROBIOLOGY ORIGIN of EUKARYOTES Sintrophy: nutritive symbiosis. It's complementary to endosymbiosis Features \equired by eukaryotes Loss of cell wall, more than 1 chromosome, cell division by mitosis, have cytoskeleton , intracellular digestion (endosymbiosis), a/sex rep... May contain dna in mitochondria and chloroplasts. DNA associated to histones 1, DOMAINS Eukaryotes— animals, plants, fungi, protists Protists— algae and protozoa Some have mobility, contain organelles and nucleus Locomotion structures - Pseudopods: (cyto) cytoplasm extension for mobility or ingesting nutrients. = Cilium: (pelo) organelles that moves coordinately to move the cell - Flagella: (cola) cyto extension, move the cell Vacuoles: If the cell size increases, it decreases surface/volum relation - Contractile vacuole: involved in osmosis, regulate quantity of water - Food vacuole: digestive f(x) Mineral Skeleton: Calcium (foraminiferans) Silicia (radiolarians, diatoms) 2. PROTISTS 2.1 Protozoa > Diplomonads (most known Giardia intestinallis) Contain two nuclei, very small Causes: giardiasis ‘Type: parasite, heterotroph > Parabasalids wio mitochondria, contain hydrogenosomes for anaerobic metabolism. Lack introns, live in intestinal and urogenital tract of in/vertebrates Causes: sexual disease in humans ‘Type: parasite or commensal symbionts > Kinetoplastids Presence of kinetoplast (dna in single and large mitochondria) Live in aq, feed bacteria, only one flagelle Causes: african sleep (trypanosoma brucei) chaga (trypanosoma cruzi) other (leishmanis) Type: parasite> Dinoflagellates Unicell photoauto/heterotrofs, produce neurotoxines, some of them are toxic. Can be symbiotic > Apicomplexans Nonphototrophic obligate, produce sporozoites (transmission of parasite to new host) Also ocontain apicoplasts (degenerate chloroplasts that lack pigment and phototrophic capacity) Causes: malaria (plasmodium) and toxoplasmosis (tocoplasma) 2.2 Algae > Diatoms unicell photoautro, major component of phytoplankton (1 nivel xarxa), produce cell wall (frustule) Silicia, which protects the cell against predation. a/sex > Brown algae multicell, produce carotenoid pigment (fucoxanthin) Most of the seaweed, important role > Green algae Have chloroplasts (chlorophylls a, b), most inhabit freshwater while others are found in soil, other live as symbionts in lichens. From unicell to filamentous Two types— chlorophytes (chlamydomonas and dunaliella) ex: Chlorella has proteins and lipids, carbohydrates, use for biofuels » charophyceans (chara) FUNGI Unicell: yeast (reproduce by budding) pluri: mostly Grow as filaments hyphae, digestion-rextem releasing enzimes (by hyphal tips) then absorving nutrients (extotrof nutrition), Are heterotrophs (chemohetero), rep: a/sex, produce spores ‘Some can be plant pathogens, cause diseases, symbiotic w/ plants. ‘Some obtain nutrients saprophytes: organisms that feed on dead organic matter Coll wall / \S\septum (0) Coenocytic hypha {) Soptate hypha Elements: - hyphae (septate or coenocytic) = myceli (conjunt hyphae) - septum (divides each hyphae) - cell wall chitine and glucans, no cellulose3.1 Fungal Structure Conidia spores: formed at the tip of hyphae, asex spores f(x) disperse the fungus to new habitats. Etuiting bodies: where spores are produced and can be dispersed by wind, water... Haustoria: modified hyphae found in parasitic fungi, f(x) absorb nutrients from host 3.2 Nutrition ‘Symbionts: mutual benefit ex: lichens (photosyntetic algae or cyanobac - fungus) and mycorrhizae (fungi-roots) Saprophytes: decomposers, produce enzymes that degrade complex polymers (important decomposition of cellulose) Parasites: absorb nutrients from cells living hosts, some are pathogenic 3.3 Reproduction Good conditions environmet-» asex rep rapidly Bad conditions— sexual 4, Asexually: types fragmentation: growth and spread of hyphae budding: cell division of yeast spores (conidia) ens SPORES Each spore contains a reproductive cell will form new organism. Are nonmotile and can be dispersed by the wind, water. Formed: - directly at the tips of hyphae: conidiophores - inside sporangia: sporangiophore - on fruiting bodies 2. Sexually: steps 1. hyphae from 2 mating types (+ an -) fuse (fertilization) hypha w/ 2 nuclei zygote 3. zygote divides to make—-spore x4. Evolution fungal phylogeny Five fungal phyla distinguished by their reproductive features > Chytridiomycota: flagellated spores, fruiting body contains zoospores, ideal for dispersal in aq. Chitin cell wall. Some are saprobes (degrading material) while others are parasites protists, plants, animals. > Zygomycota (molds): includes blights, terrestrial. Hyphae are coenocytic, no cross-walls (aseptate). Septa only found in rep cells. Grow fast, mostly saprobes and parasites. Asex structure: sporangium make spores > Ascomycota: include unicell. yeast and complex multicell. cup fungi hyphae are septate asexual rep—> specialized hyphae tips from chains of asexual spores (conidia) sex rep-+ fuse hyphae from opposite mating strains: ascus sac that makes ascospores specialized hyphae ascocarps example saccharomyces cerevisiae—-+ baking and brewing yeast, unicell, asex budding, exceptionally sex rep, facultative aerobes,asio ferment when t[sugar] > Basidiomycota: important decomposer of wood/plants mat. mushrooms, toadstools...puffballs, smuts, rusts... basidium structure in which basidiospores are formed by meiosis (sex rep) mushroom fruiting body called basidiocarp, mycelium—ssmall button-shaped structure underground—full-grown basidiocarp(mushroom). Ecological and biotec impact of fungi: - ecosystems depend on fungi as decomposers food even plastic = fungi form symbiosis ~ some fungi are pathogens Ike athlete's foot, ringworm - canbe consumen = produce many products used in medical field, penicillin, antibiotics, cortisone = genetic engineering - used to make ethanol, bread yeast lichens used as biomarkersVIRUS - MICROBIOLOGY (seminar) Acellular genetic element that can replicate only inside a living cell (host cell) -Are obligate intracellular parasites, relay on host cell: energy, metabolic intermediates, protein synthesis -Have their own genome that encodes: f(x), extracellular form (virion) allows viruses to go to other cells. In order to replicate, the virion has to infectate a host cell. Infect specific host cells. VIRAL SIZ] ‘Smaller than prokaryotic cells, 20-300 nm. Smallpox virus (200 nm) Poliovirus (28 nm) VIRAL STRUCTURE, and shape 1, Envelope: outer lipid _mb(phospholipid bilayer and proteins). Acquired from the host cell during viral replication or release. Virus-specific envelope is critical for the virion to replicate (attachment and release) 2. Nucleocapsid: Capsid composed of capsomers, and nucleic acid HOST OF VIRUSES Particular host cells, and even particular kinds of cell, due to affinity of surface and complementary proteins on host cell Generalists, infect many kinds of cells of diff hosts - bacteriophage (phage) infects: bacteria Most common head-tail phages containing double-stranded DNA genome Significance: model for animal cell viruses, gene transfer bacteria, medicine - plant viruses infect: food crops, fungal viruses, animal viruses VIRAL GENOME Type genome: DNA or RNA, unusual both at the same type, but at diff stages of life cycle Linear or Ciruclar Single-stranded: + sense have same base sequence than mRNA _ Sense have complementary Double-stranded encode from few up to 350 genesVIRUS LIFE CYCLE In a permissive host cell (that supports the complete replication) The Baltimore Classification System Genetic material present inthe virion Group! Group!t_— Group! Group!V_—GrowpV— Group VI__Group vit honeona AAAs reson AAA DAR PADS ORD. NAW) NATH) RNALS/-) RNAS) RAG) RNA) —DNA(+/) vecconac AR Sine DT NAG) \: BACTERIOPHAGE REPLICATION © occasion the prophage may @ Frage sashes trie Yom the beri! romosore Phage DNA to host cell and ‘by another recombination event, re inet One| ‘hing yc cyte curennaone Many cet CoO) ) nec DNA cvcutrioa and enters © Lys0genie bacterium eyele reproduces normaly Piephage pd ® ‘ew phage DNA and © poge onA regen within ne frotane sre oythetzed bectral chromosome by recombination, Sd easmbled ino virions becoming a prephage