D.2 OTHER STATISTICAL TABLES ‘Three often-used statistical tables whose use and interpretation are discussed in detail in Chapters 4 and 5 are given below. The equations used to generate each table are also presented. D.2.1. yx? Distribution Chi square is a density function for the distribution of sample variances com- puted from sets with degrees of freedom selected for a population. The use Of this distribution to construct confidence intervals for the population vari- ‘ance and to perform hypothesis testing involving the population vafiance are discussed in detail in Chapter 4. The x? distribution is illustrated in Figure D2. “The x? distribution critical values given in Table D.2 were generated using the following function. (Critical x* values for both tails of the distribution were derived with a program using numerical integration routines similar to those used in STATS.) eo wf yey a Dt rem te ae where v is the degrees of freedom and I’ is the gamma function, which is ses roel It is computed as T(») = (@ — D! = @ = Iw ~ 2ev ~ 3) +++ BAM. du o, a e Figure D2 x distribution,ELI S99 ny 1966 $616, wit 9998 Gr OL ve wee = 99 Zui 399 1z09 or ones wes el ores bets 660 6E9S 60S ero ass ber 086 Sor zsh we wes c69F 598 aris 9h 08 «cer arty aL ice O8ze 869 ofr —OFITy sro 1Esr — 000r eh ws wer aSRe +89 1s lece Ore 9 lor or wise os we ster che ws ¥6E cue see or are a 80% od espe Ree ise cd Ieze oF 8 we Iz ole 8 097 se EST ose ore al BeLz ese woz at site U9 86Ie sor ver oro 8 wer | ecOC wr 660 oo ok sree seat wo 390 seo 8 1s0z SLI sso 10 icObae Lyset 98h of0 Io oo Ff scot bez zo 100 wo Og Is€l 0901 zoo oo ood Ts0r use 4810000 _6£0000 _zo00070 a tooo S000 aloo sz sv —OT)—wOSD Dosa —swD—swD—S6HD ww uopaqunsid X om oj sonTeA IHD TO ATAVL 56522 t Distribution ‘The + distribution (also known as Student's distribution), shown in Figure D3, is used to derive confidence intervals for the population mean when the sam- ple set is small. It is also used in hypothesis testing to check the validity of a sample mean against a population mean. The uses for this distribution afe discussed in greater detail in Chapter 4. ‘The ¢ distribution tables were generated using the following function. (Crit- ical f values for the upper tail of the distribution were derived with a program using numerical integration routines similar to those available in STATS.) ret pn (8) Von Fw/2) (1 a “) oy where I’ is the gamma function as defined in Section D.2.1 and w is the degrees of freedom in the function. In Table D.3, critical values of ¢ are listed that are required to achieve the percentage points listed in the top row. The distribution is symmetrical, and thus F-0 = 1- FO 0) re } x Figure D3 + distribution, .wre tere ug ze seso seco sO vee use sre gtso sao Ire tere sre uso use0 HO wee WEE HOLT Isso es | REO SETO wee OE BLT 30 eso ee SCO woe Stee OL 7580 orso a0 OSTO We HEE OSL #80 oes © GaED(8STO Sie sore ELT sse0 orso gee ose Ie ewe LT sse0 Teo geo 90 me = SEE GLLZ 9580 1e0 060 9570 jabsaeeire ae tate 9680 leo 06€0 9670 spre be Loe ise0 Teo 060 9870 owe = ORE LoRZ 880 E50 O60 9SeO See OEE GIR 880 zso oso ose mee 8 ase TRE 6580 ws Tero seo feee esse Shee 0980 50 160 USTO ieee RSE TOR 1980 0 160 LSeO ose TIDE BURT wR wes weeDLSTO Ouse = Lee BRT £980 ves 5D STO oy BRE I26z S980 seco Zs STO slo MELE Lhe 9980 ses 5D RSTO ary se Lust 9980 150 $50 RSTO op = SHE ZOE 180 8650 feeO STO eer eve | SUE e180 sis © S8ED «STO wry ede SOE 9180 ors S60 ose0 sor Gey aE «80 ws 6D sO isch tory ose £380 so S60 190 ws ols see 6880 ors Gord zaTO sors SLY (OSE 9680 eso oro eSeO Iss ors ROLE 906°0, 50 FORD s9z0 oss sees ceOY, 0260 60 © sor0 seo ors = Us F8 Tr60 eso IPO Leo psecl «SIT BS 8160 vaso | ero LAZO siste tort S056 1501 90 SPO ECO S199 OT BIE EDD SLE Lo olso__seeo sooo 1000 so 1D STOO _—_—osvY_—vo'D_—ostO or aszo_—wrd—oseD —corD MORNGENSIC 1M) 305 SOMIEA TOD CC ATAVL 567D.23. F Distribution This F distribution (also known as the Fisher distribution), shown in Figure Da, is used to derive confidence intervals for the ratio of two population variances. It is also used in hypothesis testing for this ratio. Uses for this, distribution are discussed in Chapter 4. Critical # values for the upper tail of the distribution were derived with a program using numerical integration routines similar to those used in STATS. ‘The tables were generated using the following function: Te, + »9/2 ey” ene I Te DEO,I2 \v,)_ 1 (ver? where I’ is the gamma function as defined in Section D.2.1, v, the numerator degrees of freedom, and v, the denominator degrees of freedom. 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