INTRODUCTION TO MODELLING

AND DESIGN
22ME305
2023-24
Ravikumar Beeranur

Ravikumar Beeranur
 Module -I

Introduction to Computer Aided Sketching: Review of graphic interface of

the software, Review of 2D sketching, Thread Terminology, forms of threads –

BSW Thread, Sellers thread, ISO Metric thread, Square and Acme thread,

Conventional representation of threads, 2D assembly drawing of Hexagonal

headed bolt and nut with washer, Square- headed bolt and nut with washer.

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 Introduction

 A screw thread is formed by cutting a helical groove on a cylindrical surface.

 The threaded rod is called a screw. The screw are used for joining two parts
temporary.

 Threads are generally cut on a machine called a lathe. On a small size screw .
Thread is often cut by means of a tool called a die. A small-size hole is
threaded by means of a tool called a tap. Such a hole is called a tapped hole.

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Screw thread

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Definitions:
(1) Crest : The crest is the outer-most part of a thread.

(2) Root : The root is the inner-most portion of a thread.

(3) Flank : The surface between the crest and the root is called the flank of the thread.

(4) Angle : It is the angle between the flanks, measured on an axial plane.

(5) Depth : The depth is the distance between the crest and the root, measured at right
angles to the axis. It is equal to half the difference between the outside diameter
and the core diameter.

(6) Nominal diameter : It is the diameter of the cylinder piece on which the thread is
cut. The screw is specified by this diameter.

(7) Outside or major diameter : It is the diameter at the crest of the thread measured at
right angles to the axis of the screw.

(8) Core or minor diameter : It is the diameter at the core or root of the thread. It is the
smallest diameter of the screw and is equal to the outside diameter minus the depth
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of the thread.
Screw thread

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(9) Effective diameter : It is equal to the length of the line, perpendicular to and
passing through the axis, and measured between the points where it cuts the flanks
of the thread.

(10) Pitch : It is distance measured parallel to the axis, between a point on one
thread form and a corresponding point on the adjacent thread form, i.e. from crest to
crest or root to root. It may also be described as the reciprocal of the number of
thread forms per unit length i.e. P = 1/n

(11) Lead : It is the distance measured parallel to the axis from a point on a thread to
a corresponding point on the same thread after one complete resolution. It can also
be described as the distance moved by nut in the axial direction in one complete
revolution. The lead is equal to the pitch in case of single-start threads.

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 FORMS OF SCREW THREADS

(i) Triangular or V thread

(ii)Square thread

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 TRIANGULAR OR V THREADS
(1) Unified thread
In 1947, the international Organization for Standardization ( I.S.O ) of which India, USA,
United Kingdome, Canada and a number of other countries are members, came into being. It
is decided to adopt the unified screw thread profile as the I.S.O basic profile.

 Metric
systems
 Inch systems

The maximum depth of

engagement between the
external and the internal
is 5/8 D

Root is D/8

Type of thread Thread angle Theoretical depth D Actual depth d

External thread 60 0.866 P 0.61 P
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Internal thread 60 0.866 P 0.54 P
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 (2) Metric thread

(2) Metric thread : The Bureau of Indian Standards has recommended the
adoption of the Unified screw thread profile based on metric system as a
standard form for use in India, and has designated it as metric screw thread
with I.S.O, profile,. In this system, the pitch of the thread is fixed

Metric thread is designated by the letter M followed by the nominal diameter, e.g
M 20, where 20 is the nominal diameter of the screw in millimeters (mm).

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 (3) Whitworth thread
This form of thread is also known as British Standard Whitworth (B.S.W) thread and has
been adopted as a standard form in the united kingdom.
The angle is 55, The theoretical depth D = 0.96 P, where P is the pitch of the thread.
1/6 of the theoretical depth is rounded off at the top and at the bottom.

Therefore, the actual depth d = 0.64P

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(4) British Standard Fine (B.S.F) and British Standard
Pipe(B.S.P) thread

These have the same Whitworth profile but their pitches are finer and hence, the
depths smaller, Thus, they have larger effective and core diameter than the B.S.W.
threads.

B.S.F threads are generally used in automobile and aircraft work.

B.S.P threads are used for gas, steam or water pipes.

They are specified by the bore of the pipe and not by the outside diameter.

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 (5) Sellers thread
This form of thread is adopted as a standard form is U.S.A. It has an angle of 60. One-
eighth (1/8) of the theoretical depth is Cut-off parallel to the axis of the screw at the top
and at the bottom. The crests and the roots of this thread are therefor flat.

Theoretical depth D = 0.866 P

Actual depth d = 3/4 D = 0.649P

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 ( 6) British Association ( B.A) thread
It is generally used for small instrument screws. The angle of the thread is 47.5 , 0.236
of the theoretical depth is rounded off at the top and at the bottom, leaving the actual
depth equal to 0.6 P

Theoretical depth, D = 1.136 P

Actual depth d = 0.6 P

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 Square Thread
This thread has its flanks or sides normal to the axis and hence, parallel to each other. It
is generally used for transmission or power. It is also used for obtaining larger axial
movement of the nut or the screw per revolution. For the same nominal diameter of the
screws, the pitch of the square thread is usually greater than that of the triangular
thread. The depth and the thickness of the thread are each equal to half the pitch. They
are used in lead-screw of lathe machine, jack screws and vices.

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 Acme thread IS : 7008-1988
This thread is a modification of the square thread. It is easier to cut and is stronger at the
root than the square thread. It is particularly used where the nut, which is made in two
parts, is required to engage with or disengage from a screw of frequent intervals as in the
lead-screw of the lathe. The thread angle is 29. Depth d = 0.5 P + 0.25 mm. The
thickness of the thread at the crest is equal to 0.3707P

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 Knuckle thread
This thread is also a modification of the square thread. It is formed by rounding off the
corners of the square thread to such an extent that it has a completely rounded profile. Its
section comprises of semi circles of radius R= 0.25 P, The depth d= 0.5 P. This thread
can withstand heavy wear and rough usage. They are used in coupler of railway
carriages and electrical bulbs

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 Buttress thread
This thread is a combination of the triangular and the square threads. One flank of
the thread is perpendicular to the axis of the screw. The angle between its two flanks is
45. The theoretical depth is equal to pitch, one-eight of which, is cut-off parallel to the
axis at the crest and at the root. This thread is suitable only when the force acts
entirely in one direction as shown by the arrow F. Its use is commonly made in the
screw of a bench-vice
Theoretical depth, D= P
Actual depth, d=3/4 D = 0.75 P

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Conventional Representation of Threads

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 Multiple-Start Threads
In a single start thread, the pitch is equal to the lead, since the depth of the thread is
dependent on the pitch, greater the lead, greater will be the depth of the thread and
smaller will be the core diameter. When a nut is required to move a considerably long
axial distance in one revolution ( i.e when lead is large), the core diameter of the screw,
in a single- start thread, will be so much reduced as to make the screw too weak. This is
avoided by cutting what are known as multiple-start threads, in which two or more
threads having the same pitch as in a single-start thread, but with increased lead, run
parallel to one another

The pitch being the same, the depth of the thread remains the same as in a single-start
thread and the core diameter also remains unaffected. The depth to the thread in each
case remains the same, i.e D = 1/2 P, while the slope S os equal to one-half the
corresponding lead L.

No of start Pitch P Lead L

Single start P L=p
Double start P L = 2P
Triple start P L = 3P
In general N start P L=NXP
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Multiple-Start Threads

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 Right-Hand and Left- Hand Threads
If a nut, when turned in clockwise direction screws on a bolt, the thread is a right- hand;
but if it screws off the bolt when turned in the same direction, the thread is said to be a left-
hand thread. .
When the axis of the screw is vertical, the lines
slope downwards from right to left in case of the
right-hand thread. They slope in the reverse
direction, i.e from left to right downwards when it
is a left-hand thread.

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Ravikumar Beeranur
 Module -I

Introduction to Computer Aided Sketching: Review of graphic interface of

the software, Review of 2D sketching, Thread Terminology, forms of threads –

BSW Thread, Sellers thread, ISO Metric thread, Square and Acme thread,

Conventional representation of threads, 2D assembly drawing of Hexagonal

headed bolt and nut with washer, Square- headed bolt and nut with washer.

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Nuts
Nuts are generally in the form of hexagonal or square prisms. Other forms are also
used to suit specific requirements.

Hexagonal nuts are generally used in most of the applications. The spanner used for
turning the nut can have better hold on a square nut than on a hexagonal nut, but the
angle through which the spanner will have to be turned to get another hold is only 60°
in case of a hexagonal shape, while it is 90° in case of a square shape. Hence, it is
more convenient to screw-on a hexagonal nut than a square nut. An octagonal nut
would require only turn, but there would be greater tendency for the spanner to slip.
Hence, this shape is seldom used. Nuts of forms other than the above two are usually
provided with special facilities for screwing them on or off the bolts.

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 HEXAGONAL NUT

The upper corners of this nut are rounded-off or chamfered. The chamfering is generally
conical. The angle of chamfer is 30° or 45° with the base of the nut. Due to chamfering, an
arc is formed on each vertical face, and a circle is formed on the top surface of the nut.

The dimensions of the hexagonal nut cannot be expressed exactly in terms of the nominal
diameter of the bolt. The standard proportions for nuts and bolt-heads may be obtained
from tables. For elementary work, the following approximately standard dimensions may
be adopted

If D = the nominal diameter of the bolt,

Thickness of the nut, T=D

Width across flats, W = 1.5D + 3 mm

Angle of chamfer = 30°

Radius of chamfer arc, R = 1.4D (approx.)

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Very often, and especially when a nut is shown in one view only, the following rough
rule dimensions are used.

Thickness of the nut, T=D

Distance across diagonally

opposite corners = 2D

Angle of chamfer = 30°

Radius of chamfer arc, R = 1.5D(approx.).

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 Approximate Standard Dimensions
No. Description Dimensions
1 Height or thickness of the T=D
nut T
2 Width across flats, W W = 1.5 D +3
3 Angle of Chamfer 30
4 Radius of Chamfer arc, R R = 1.4 D (Approx.)

Rough Rule Dimensions

No. Description Dimensions
1 Height or thickness of the T=D
nut T
2 Distance across diagonally 2D
opposite corners
3 Angle of Chamfer 30
4 Radius of Chamfer arc, R R = 1.5 D (Approx.)
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Problem : To Draw three views of a hexagonal nut for a bolt diameter “ d “by approximation
standard dimensions

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Three views s of Hexagonal Nut

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Problem. : To draw three views of a hexagonal nut for a bolt diameter D, by
approximately standard dimensions .

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Problem : To draw three views of a hexagonal nut by rough-rule dimensions

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 SQUARE NUT

The upper corners of the square nut are also chamfered in the same manner as those of
the hexagonal nut. The widths across flats of a square nut and a hexagonal nut, for the
same size of bolt, are also equal.

Dimensions of a square nut:

If D = the nominal diameter of the bolt,

Thickness of the nut, T = D

Width across flats, W = 1.5D + 3mm

Angle of chamfer = 30°

Radius of chamfer arc, R = 2D (approx.).

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 Square Nut Dimensions

No. Description Dimensions

1 Height or thickness of the T=D
nut T
2 Width across flats, W W = 1.5 D +3
3 Angle of Chamfer 30
4 Radius of Chamfer arc, R R = 2 D (Approx.)

Problem: To draw the front view and the top view of a square nut.

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Problem : to draw the front view and the top view of a square nut

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 Washers
A washer is a cylinder piece of metal placed below the nut to provide smooth
bearing surface for the to turn on. It spreads the pressure of the nut over a greater
area. It also prevents the nut from cutting into the metal and thus allows the nut to
be screwed-on more tightly. It is sometimes chamfered on the top flat surface.

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 Approximate dimensions of a washer
D = The nominal diameter of the bolt

No. Description Dimensions

1 Diameter of washer 2D + 3 mm
2 Thickness 0.12 D
3 Angle of Chamfer 30
4 Diameter of hole D + 0.5 mm

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Example:

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