Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education REGION

IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS
DIVISION OF BATANGAS BALAYAN
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CALOOCAN,
BALAYAN, BATANGAS
DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION
WEEK 6
INTRODUCTORY MESSAGE

Welcome to DRRR Senior High School, Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module for
Social Change!
Being ready is not a being ahead of anyone but it is an awareness to be prepared in
terms of calamity in our society.

This combined module is intended to the learner to be knowledgeable about Disaster and will
have an ability to plan everything to reduce some casualties may occur. Upon reading the content,
they are be advised that the DRRR is the subject to be discussed about on how to minimize the result
or the problem that will be encountered

This module is consisted of two lessons:

Lesson 11 – Earthquake Hazards
Lesson 12 – Natural Signs Impending Tsunami
Lesson 13 – Effects of Different Earthquake Hazards

Learning Competency
1. Identify various potential earthquake hazards (DRR11/12-If-g-17)
2. Recognize the natural signs of an impending tsunami; (DRR11/12-If-g-18)
3. Analyze the effects of the different earthquake hazards; (DRR11/12-If-g-19)

INTRODUCTION

If earthquake is regarded as one of the most frightening natural disasters, that is because seconds
of its occurrence can be more destructive than days of a typhoon.
Besides, an earthquake comes with very little warning.

An earthquake poses a lot of hazards which can contribute to large economic and human losses,
and represents a serious impediment to socioeconomic development, creation of jobs and availability
of funds for poverty reduction initiatives.

In this combined module you will be introduced to the different hazards brought about by an
earthquake and its potential hazards that may effects and Natural Signs of Impending Tsunami.
Earthquake hazard and risk assessment is a fundamental tool for developing risk reduction
measures and constitutes the first step to support decisions and actions to reduce potential losses.
And also a tsunami is a series of enormous ocean waves caused by earthquakes, underwater
landslides, volcanic eruptions, or asteroids.
You will learn about natural signs of impending tsunami and what you should do in the event of a
tsunami warning and some effects of earthquake.

On the lesson you learned the different parts of an earthquake, impending tsunami and various
potential earthquake hazards. Earthquake is considered as one of geologic hazards.

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It is a natural phenomenon that can occur in different parts of the world. We are always warned by
the Department of Science and Technology- Philippines Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
(DOST-PHILVOCS) about the possible coming of “The
Big One”, the question is what are the possible effects of an earthquake once it strikes the country?
In this module you will able to identify earthquake potential hazard and its effects and identify the
different earthquake related hazards that can affect your home and/or community.

DEVELOPMENT

Learning Task 1:
What are the different related hazards brought by an earthquake? Differentiate each and one of
them.

Learning Task 2
Directions: Give three countries in Southeast Asia which experienced Tsunami as one of the
related hazards brought by an earthquake. If possible, recall the exact year and place when and
where these happened.

TOPIC

Lesson 11
Earthquake Hazards

What are Earthquake Hazards?

Earthquake Hazards refer to earthquake agents which have the potential to cause harm to a vulnerable
targets which can either be humans, animals or even your environment.

The effects of an earthquake can be classified as primary or secondary.

Primary effects are permanent features an earthquake can bring out.

Examples include fault scarps, surface ruptures, and offsets of natural or human-constructed
objects.

Secondary effects happen when ground movement results to other types of destruction. Examples
include landslides, tsunami, liquefaction and fire.

Below are the four earthquake hazards which are considered as secondary effects of an earthquake:

1. Landslides
Seismic vibration is a common triggering mechanism for landslides. Landslides can have particularly
devastating effects like floods, blocking of rivers, death, and damage to land and natural resources.
Landslides can be prevented by reinforcing slope material, modifying the pathway for surface and
underwater and by putting piles and retaining walls.

2. Tsunami
A tsunami is a huge sea wave triggered by a violent displacement of the ocean floor.
Underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or landslides can cause tsunami. As it approaches a
shallow coastline, its speed decreased, but the height of the tsunami increases drastically, bringing
so much damage to nearby communities. Tsunamis can also overwhelm sewage systems, destroy
structures and kill people.

3. Liquefaction

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Earthquake motion can turn loosely packed, water-saturated soil to liquid— "liquefaction.” Liquefied
soil becomes less compact and ultimately lose the ability to support roads, buried pipes, and, of
course, houses. It is caused by vibration or saturation with water which causes the soil to decrease
in density. This poses danger for it lead to unstable structures of buildings due to ground
subsidence.

4. Fires
Earthquakes cause fires. Even moderate ground shaking can break gas and electrical lines, sever
fuel lines, and overturn stoves. To further complicate things, water pipes rupture, so it would be
impossible to extinguish the fire.

Most commonly used methods of reducing earthquake risks are as follows:

1. Effective recording and interpretation of ground motion
This can be done by effective instrumentation in order to determine the location, strength and
frequency of earthquakes. This assists in providing alerts and warnings especially to high-risk or
vulnerable areas for preparation and emergency response.

2. Constructing seismic hazard maps

A seismic hazard map shows the potential hazards in a given area. In many regions in our country,
seismic expectancy maps or hazard maps are now available for planning purposes. It serves as
basis for disaster management information like locations for evacuation and evacuation routes.
The anticipated intensity of ground shaking is represented by a number called the peak
acceleration or the peak velocity.

3. Developing resistant structures

Resistant structures are able to withstand collapse by redistributing forces caused by seismic
waves through shear walls. Developing engineered structural designs that are able to resist the
forces generated by seismic waves can be achieved either by following building codes based on
hazard maps or by appropriate methods of analysis.

Lesson 12
Natural Signs Impending Tsunami

What are the natural signs of an impending tsunami?

1. Feel an earthquake. Severe ground shaking from local earthquakes may cause tsunamis. However,
an earthquake may not be felt if the event is far away.
2. See ocean water disappear from beach, bay, river. Water may recede from the coast, exposing the
ocean floor, reefs and fish before returning as a fast-moving wall of water (tsunami). This is called
“drawback.” Drawback can exceed hundreds of meters exposing normally submerged areas.
3. Hear an unusual roaring sound. Abnormal ocean activity, a wall of water, and an approaching
tsunami can create a loud "roaring" sound similar to that of a train or jet aircraft.

What should you do when a tsunami threatens?

1. Preparations before a tsunami:

a. If you live near or visit a coastal area, learn about the risk of a tsunami. Some at-risk
communities have maps with evacuation zones and routes.
b. Learn the signs of an impending tsunami.
c. Know and practice community evacuation plans and map out your routes from coming
from your house, work, and other areas.
d. Create a family emergency plan with all your family members.

2. During the event of a tsunami:

a. Protect yourself first from an earthquake if you are in a tsunami area. Do the Duck,
Cover, and Hold. Tsunamis generated in distant locations will generally give people
enough time to move to higher ground. For locally-generated tsunamis, where you

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 might feel the ground shake, you may only have a few minutes to move to higher
ground.
b. If there is a warning, either from the officials or a natural sign, move immediately to a
safe place as high and as far from the inland as possible.
c. If you are outside the tsunami hazard zone and a warning has been issued, stay where
you are unless officials tell you otherwise.
d. If you are in school and a tsunami warning has been issued, follow the advice of
teachers and other school personnel.
e. If you are at home and hear there is a tsunami warning, you should make sure your
entire family is aware of the warning. Move in an orderly, calm and safe manner to the
evacuation site or to any safe place outside your evacuation zone. Always follow the
evacuation instructions of local emergency and law enforcement authorities.
f. High, multi-story, reinforced concrete hotels are located in many low-lying coastal
areas. The upper floors of these hotels can provide a safe place to find refuge should
there be a tsunami warning and you cannot move quickly inland to higher ground. On
the other hand, homes and small buildings located in low lying coastal areas are not
designed to withstand tsunami impacts. Do not stay in these structures should there
be a tsunami warning.
g. Offshore reefs and shallow areas may help break the force of tsunami waves, but large
and dangerous waves can still be threat to coastal residents in these areas. Stay away
from all low-lying coastal areas when there is a tsunami warning.
h. If you are in a boat at sea or in a harbor, do not return to port if you are at sea and a
tsunami warning has been issued for your area. Tsunamis are imperceptible and can
cause rapid changes in water level and unpredictable dangerous currents in harbors
and ports. Small boat owners may find it safest to leave their boat at the pier and
physically move to higher ground, particularly in the event of a locally-generated
tsunami. Severe weather conditions (rough seas outside of the harbor) could present a
greater hazard to small boats, so physically moving yourself to higher ground may be
the only option.
i. Contact the harbor authority before returning to port to verify that conditions in the
harbor are safe for navigation and berthing.

Lesson 13
Effects of Different Earthquake Hazards

Potential Earthquake Hazards

1. Ground Shaking
Definitions: disruptive up, down and sideways vibration or movement of the ground during
an earthquake. (DOST-PHIVOLCS,N.d.)
Effects: Damage, falling or collapse structure resulted by shaking of grounds. Ground
shaking is a hazard created by earthquakes and at the same time it can also be triggered for other
hazard such as liquefaction, landslide and fires.

2. Ground Rupture/ Ground Displacement

Definition: deformation on the ground that marks the intersection of the fault with the
earth’s surface (DOST-PHIVOLCS,n.d.) Ruptures occur along zones of weakness, such as pre-
existing faults or fractures.
Effects: fissuring, displacement of the ground due to movement of the fault.

Characteristics of Ground Rupture

a. Length- It depends on the magnitude of an earthquake. Earthquake with 6.5 magnitudes
and above will result to larger rupture.
b. Width- deformation along the length of ground rupture also largely dependon the type of
faulting

Two type of Ground Ruptures

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 a. Vertical Displacement- occurs when one side of the ground goes up or down or both sides
move with one side going up and the other going down.
b. Horizontal Displacement- happens when there is lateral movement from side to side; one
side goes to left or right or both moves sideways in different directions.

3. Liquefaction
Definitions: transformation of the behavior of a body of sediments or soil form to liquid form.
(DOST-PHIVOLCS,n.d.). It is a process caused by water pressure which makes soil more compact.
It decreases the ground’s ability to support structures.
Effect: sinking and/or titling of structure above it; sand boil; fissuring

4. Tsunami
Definition: series of waves caused by an earthquake under the sea. (DOSTPHIVOLCS, n.d.).
Wave’s height could be greater than 5 meters. It is also known as tidal waves.
Effect: flooding, coastal erosion; drowning of people and damage to properties

5. Earthquake-induced landslide
Definition: down slope movements of rocks and other debris commonly triggered by strong
shaking. It may include soil, debris, and/ or rocks. (DOSTPHIVOLCS,n.d.).
It may include soil, debris and or rocks.
Effect: erosion, burial and blockage of road and rivers

6. Earthquake-Induced ground subsidence

Definition: It is the sinking or settling of the ground surface due to various causes, such as
extraction of ground water and natural gas, mining and earthquakes (DOST-PHIVOLCS, n.d.).
Effects: ground subsides; the structures on the surface can tilt or collapse due to weakened
foundation.
ENGAGEMENT

Learning Task 3: “Tsunami VS Tidal Wave”

Directions: Read the following statements. Write TSUNAMI if the statement is true. Otherwise, write
TIDAL WAVE. Write your answers on a given answer sheet.

1) I should go to the shore to watch a tsunami.

2) All undersea earthquakes cause tsunami.
3) If I felt a strong earthquake while near the coast, I should wait to hear the rumbling sound before
moving to high ground.
4) If a small tsunami is coming, I should get out of the water and wait until I hear it is safe to return.
5) If a big tsunami is coming, I should move as far inland as I can or to higher ground.
6) If I am swimming when a small tsunami comes, I could get dragged out to sea by the strong rips
and currents.
7) A tsunami is most often caused by undersea earthquakes.

ASSIMILATION

Learning Task 4: Let’s Try This: Community Preparation for Earthquakes

The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) always conduct a
Nationwide Earthquake Drills. This drill was conducted simultaneously in schools, establishments,
government and non-government offices. Design a plan about a program in your community which
aims to teach the residents what to do before, during and after an earthquake. Include the following
components:
I. Title of the Program
II. Objectives
III. List of Activities

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