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Smart Stadium using Cloud Computing and Internet of Things (IoT): Existing
and New Models

Article in International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research · May 2021
DOI: 10.7753/IJCATR1005.1002

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 International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research
Volume 10–Issue 05, 111-118, 2021, ISSN:-2319–8656

Smart Stadium using Cloud Computing and Internet of

Things (IoT): Existing and New Models

Mustafa Jamal Mahdi Abbas Fadhil Aljuboori Mudhafar Hussein Ali

College of Engineering College of Engineering College of Engineering
Al-Iraqia University University of Information Al-Iraqia University
Baghdad, Iraq Technology and Communications Baghdad, Iraq
Baghdad, Iraq

Abstract: In our life technology is important there are two entirely various technologies are cloud computing and the IoT and both are
very portion of our lives. They are supposed to be more common in their acceptance and use, making them essential ingredients of the
future Internet worldwide. Because of the lack of time in our working life and the follow-up of all operations that we must follow
before any match is held on any stadium in the world. An aspect of precautionary measures is discussed here before every match. In
this research, a discussion was conducted on how to integrate cloud computing and the IoT and use them to work in developing
stadiums in the word and made it smart. Several existing and new models of smart stadium are although explained.

Keywords: IoT, Cloud Computing, Smart Stadium, Web Application, Smart Application.

most disruptive innovations, allowing computing scenarios

1. INTRODUCTION that are omnipresent. Internet of thing is described by tiny,
Smart Stadium for Smart Living is an effort intended to
widely distributed real-world items with fixed storage and
integrate IoT and smart stadium technology for organizations
processing ability that involve issues of accuracy, efficiency,
and partners. The initiative joins Arizona State University in
safety, and particularity [3]. It features a smart development
Tempe- Arizona: Dublin City University in Dublin- Ireland:
of the playground that supports IoT to evaluate application
Gaelic Athletic Association of Ireland; and Intel Corporation
requirements and recommend architecture for the cloud of
to turn two stadia ASUs Sun Devil Stadium and Ireland's
things. This is achieved by incorporating the connections with
Croke Park Stadium into twinned smart stadia with the
the surrounding world between new-generation services,
possibility to be world kind testbeds for exploring smart
where the following is centered here: 1- Designing a piece of
stadium apps and IoT solutions. To date, these initiatives have
common evidence to merge the cloud with the IoT. 2-
concentrated on two wide areas of implementation. 1-
Developing and testing the application based on the IoT and
Enriching the fan/attendee trial, and 2- Improving operations
the cloud. 3- Developing devices for this work to facilitate
at the stadium. While the implementation focus of these
interactions with smart devices using the cloud. 4- Improving
initiatives is set in the framework of events related to
in the mechanism of work and making the exchange of data-
stadiums, they are applicable to broader areas of application
efficient using JavaScript [6]. The Internet of Things is a term
for smart cities. Under these projects, the complete spectrum
rich with many specifics and modern technologies that,
of projects covers crowd control, fan participation, event
luckily, are set to change life dramatically in our modern
planning, by ply use a set of sensors like video cameras and
world. This means that the IoT is a wide community of
mounted microphones, stadium security and environmental
devices that are interconnected used to collect and exchange
for monitoring issues [1]. Smart Stadium is an increasingly
information between devices and to store, evaluate, or analyze
popular fact in cities across the world. The concept of a smart
the effects of that information [7]. Stadium operators are in a
stadium is not recent, but it has changed largely due to the
squeeze game between customers expecting a more
advent of new technologies, while implemented, allows
immersive experience and host stadium seeking higher returns
smarter resources and processes to extend the stadium's ability
on the dynamic investments of their sport. They need to find
to function in a more effective, scalable, interactive, and
new ways to fill the arena, push fans to spend more, and keep
sustainable manner [1]. Football is one of the world's most
everyone healthy with today's advanced home entertainment
common sports, which is why all suitable conditions for
systems and the latest stats and alerts available on mobile
growth and advancement must be given. And in terms of
devices [3].
setting rules, designing, and improving this game in all
respects, the party responsible for this is FIFA. Many
advancements that have changed the game have recently been
implemented by the company responsible for the growth and 2. CLOUD COMPUTING
advancement of the standard of football worldwide. For Over the past few years, cloud computing has emerged as a
instance, Goal Line Technology (GLT) has been implemented transformative model with the potential to convert IT
to decide if the entire ball has reached the goal line to help companies and make them more flexible and lither than no
referees make their decisions. [2][3]. Furthermore, to build prior. Cloud computing can especially allow complex
safe and comfortable environments, FIFA has issued technical organizations such as stadiums to operate more effectively,
guidelines and criteria for the construction of new football create new opportunities, and open new business models
stadiums [4]. Of requirements and things organized a special because of its numerous and important advantages. The
football pitch should note that several aspects including debate about how cloud computing can enable stadiums to
lighting. for control and track the function of lighting towers, become smart has revealed a multitude of applications, in any
it relies on IoT and cloud computing. It represents one of the way of the size and level of organization and resources of a

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community, albeit obviously at an early stage. [4]. Economic the cloud provider. Apps are planned and built to be
advantages, pace, nimbleness, versatility, high elasticity, and accessed over the Internet by different cloud
more creativity are promised by Cloud Computing. The customers at the same time. CSP, which maintains
organizations reasons for migrating their apps to the Cloud are and ensures the up to date working of the system,
nearly connected to the next main features of Cloud [4]. There manages the hosted program. Multitenancy is
are five important countenances of cloud computing listed provided by the hosted framework, is ready on-
below, by depended on the report of the National Institute of request, and can be scaled up to down. Some SaaS
Standard Technology. [5]: providers operate on PaaS or IaaS offerings from
other cloud providers. [7]. Example of SaaS: Email
 Broad Network Access. Cloud computing services and Office output: Email apps, word editors and
are ready and deliver over the network and are processors, spreadsheets apps, presentations apps
utilized through much client apps for various types are model examples in this denomination. [8].
of platforms such as PDAs and mobile phones.
Resource Pooling. The services of the provider are  Platform as a Service (PaaS)
gathered to be used by various clients using a form
of multi-renter with various resource allocated and PaaS is a development service that is provided to
assigned dynamically according to the order of the users through the Internet. No software installation
client. or hardware specifications are required by the user,
thereby saving costs. It is a middleware that has
 Cloud computing elasticity has an infinite number built-in tools, built-in protection, and web service
of services; at any time and quantity, these interfaces for the deployed applications on which
resources can be delivered from provider to PaaS applications are built. You can integrate the
customer. As the application load increases and vice deployed application on the same platform with
versa, the given resource can be automatically other applications and interface it with else apps
increased. outside of the platform. “PaaS” has software
combine a database, middleware, and evolution
 Measured Service Although several different clients material.[7]. proverb of “PaaS” [8]:
(such as multi-tenancy) share and pool computing
resources, the cloud infrastructure can use a) Application Deployment.
appropriate mechanisms to calculate what resources
b) Database.
have been used by each individual client. The hiring
rate varies from one cloud provider to another. c) Development and Testing.

2.1 Cloud Computing Ingredients d) Business Intelligence.

Cloud computing have three basic Ingredients as follows [6]: e) Integration.
 Client Computers: Using client computers, the end-  Infrastructure as a Service. (IaaS)
user may communicate with the cloud.
These is the distribution of servers as a service,
 Distributed servers: they are servers spread between storag, network, and operating system. IaaS requires
various locations but behave as though they were an imaginary computer that the operating system
working together. has formerly installed and formation. IaaS enable
 Data Centers: The compilation of servers are the the storage of data in different geographical
data centers. location. Providers monitor cloud data center
operations while enabling users to implement and
manage computing services themselves with
flexibility. The user has arrival to virtual machines,
storag, network infrastructure, device deployment,
and running computing resources. The cloud
provider handles only SW and HW, such as servers,
host OS, storage devices and virtualization
hypervisors. A standard graph of the cloud
architecture available to cloud users [7]. Ex. of I-a-
a-S [8]:
a) Content Delivery Networks: To enhance system
rendering, such as velocity and cost linked with the
Figure 1. Ingredients of Cloud Computing
acceptance of content for web-based applications,
2.2 Cloud Computing Services CDNs recording user content and files. This is
The cloud infrastructure can be split into the front end back helpful in handling various types of content for any
end the and. The front end is made available to the user over websites or mobile apps.
Internet connection, allowing the system to communicate with b) Backup and Recovery: This offers the capability
the user. [7]. The back end includes the different models of to backup and restores files seamlessly.
cloud services:
c) Compute: This requires server specifications to
 Software as a Service. (SaaS) manage cloud services that can be dynamically
purvey and configured.
The user is given a hosted collection of software
working on a platform and infrastructure owned by

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d) Storage: Storage that is extremely scalable computing, cloud computing, machine learning, and so
capacity is also available for recording application on are the main technologies in the application layer.
activities, file backups, and file recovery and
storage.

3. INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

Smart and self-formation nodes connected in complex and
universal network infrastructure are the foundation of the IoT
paradigm. It is one of the most innovative inventions for
universal and popular computing scenarios.
Internet of Things is the true world and tiny items with
restricted storage and processing ability and consecutive
issues of fineness, efficiency, protection, and singularity are
generally [9]. The IoT is a network that, according to
specified agreements, via RFI, infrared sensor, universal
position systems, laser scanner, and other datum-sensing
devices, it intelligently recognizes, locate, track, monitor, and
manages objects. [10]. The awareness layer, the network
Figure .3 Different Apps of IoT in Human Life
layer, and the apps layer are included in the basic Internet of
things architecture; see Figure 2 [11]. 3.1 Technologies of IoT
Different IoT classification technologies are used, but the four
prime techniques are as follows: [14]:
a) Radio Frequency Identification “RFID”.
b) Machine to Machine Communication “MtoM”.
c) Vehicle to Vehicle Communication “VtoV”.
d) Near Field Communication “NFC”.

a) Radio Frequency Identification “RFID”.

RFID itis a system consisting of two components: a data-
containing wafer and a reading interface. The number of
individuals assessed is dependent on the method of granting
entry to the building. A simple estimate of space use can be
provided by calculating the number of check-ins [15]. RFID
technology is based on readers and tags, as we have already
mentioned, so RFID describes three configurations in the
initial research stage.[14]: -
 active RFID.
Figure 2. The Basic Architecture of IoT  passive RFID
 Perception layer: To fix the issue of data collecting in  active Reader Active Tag.
the material world and to realize the target of detailed
data perception, the perception layer first Collecting b) Machine to Machine Communication
data from the outer material environment over cameras, M2M The referred is to connection among computers,
sensors, and other devices. The principal technologies embedded processors, smart sensors, actuators, and mobile
of the perception layer include (RFID), sensor devices. In this case, the use of M2M connection is increasing
networks, and so on.[11],[12]. at a quick rate. For example, researchers estimated that,
 Network layer: Data obtained in the network layer is except for mobile phones, yon will be 1.5 billion wireless
distributed over current Internet, the connection web, linked devices by 2014. Currently, there are almost. 2 billion
the radio and tv networks, the different arrival wirelessly linked devices that can collect information from the
networks, and special networks. The transport layer's sensors, analyze that information, and send the information to
core technologies are far- reaching wire and wireless other devices to implement some mission. The device receives
connection protocols, network incorporation the information and executes task with the assistance of
technology, and intelligent mass information processing triggers, sensors, embedded processors, and apps
technology.[11]. software.[14].

 Application layer: To obtain a wide variety of smart c) Vehicle to Vehicle Communication

apps solutions, like Smart Stadium and smart In that technique, the objects are cars, that can connect with
transmission, the apps layer combines IoT technology other car or the sensors around there. The key point of worry
with real industry apps. [13], [11]. see Figure 3. here is that, since the object move and interacts with else
Intelligent computing technologies like edge movable object or for the sensors at the wayside, there is no
proper method of specifying the protocols. So, we are unable

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to identify any protocol for routing. This interaction will Pervasive (things placed Ubiquitous (resources usable
function for a long distance and create successful contact everywhere) Ubiquitous from everywhere)
between objects’. This technology was mainly developed for (resources usable from
the purposes of transit control, protection, and prevention of everywhere)
accidents. [14]. Real world things Virtual Virtual resources
resources
d) Near Field Communication (NFC)
Limited computational Virtually unlimited
NFC is it integrates an RFID reader into a mobile phone, capabilities Virtually computational capabilities
somehow a bit like RFID, which makes it faster, more secure, unlimited computational
and more effective for users. NFC is a low-extent wireless capabilities
technology for a hesitation of 13.56 MHz, work for so short Limited storage or no storage Virtually unlimited storage
distances up to 4 cm. Complementing Bluetooth and 802.11 capabilities Virtually capabilities
with the tall-extent capabilities at a range of above at 10 cm, unlimited storage capabilities
NFC allows for conjectural initialization of wireless networks. Internet as a point of Internet for service delivery
It was first founded by companies such as Philips and Sony. convergence Internet for
The exchange of data was approx. 424 kbps. In NFC, during service delivery
data reading, energy exhaustion is beneath 15ma.In NFC Big data source Mean to Mean to manage big data
technology, there are two modes [14]: Active. Passive. manage big data

4. CLOUD AND IOT: THE NEED FOR

 The problems solved and the benefits achieved by
THEIR INTEGRATION implementing the Cloud IoT paradigm are described
The cloud world and IoT world have visible a fast and below [16]:
separate development. Both world are so unlike from any
other and, until best, they features are also complement, as  Storage resources. IoT offers a broad range of sources
Table 1 implies. The main explanation of why much of information “like, stuff” with three Big Data features
researchers have propose and are proposing their integral is that generate a large amount of nonstructured or semi
such complementarity, usually to gain benefits in specific structured data: volume “like, data size”, variety “like,
applications [9]. data types”, and velocity “like, data generation
frequency”.
 Computational resources. IoT systems have restricted
Table 1. Aspects of Cloud and IoT
resources for processing and don't allow data processing
Internet of Things Cloud Computing on- location. Data composed is typically transmitted to
extra efficient nodes where it is possible to aggregate
Displacement Pervasive Centralized and process, but without proper infrastructure,
Reachability Limited Ubiquitous scalability is difficult to achieve.

Components Real word “things” Virtual  Communication resources. One of the IoT
specifications into allow IP_enabled devices to connect
Computation Limited Virtually via dedicate hardware, and it can be very costly to
al capabilities support such communication. Cloud provides an easy
Role of the Point of Means for delivering and affordable solution that uses personalized portals
Internet convergence services and built-in apps to link, monitor, and manage
Big data Source Means to manage something from anywhere and anytime.
 New capabilities. Very height frequency from devices,
technologies, and protocols characterizes the IoT. It can
In general, Internet of things can take feature of the Cloud's
therefore be very hard to obtain scalability,
nearly infinite capacities and resources to compensate for its
interoperability, reliability, performance, availability,
technical shortcomings for instance storage, processing,
and security.
communication. Cloud may provide an efficient sol for IoT
operation, department, and installation as well as for 5. SMART WEB APPLICATION
execution apps and services that take advantage of the stuff or
data generated via them. On the different part, the Cloud IN SMART STADIUM
would interest of IoT via expansion itis range to deal with real One of the findings of the case study was that the knowledge
world things in a extra distributed and dynamic way, and to produced by the instruments could be better used to monitor
offer new services in a wide variety from real life scenarios. the stadium and around it. And optimize the advantages of the
tools through this. An application that can be used by Stadium
management often offers useful feedback, as seen by the Edge
In Tab.2, the finished Cloud and IoT feature emerging from Olympic, for the data lake. These could have a beneficial
the various literature proposals and exciting the Cloud IoT effect on the declared objectives for each smart device,
paradigm are reported. however on cost reduction and user experience support. This
type of approach can easily be implemented on the network if
Table 2. Complementarity and Integration of Cloud and a stadium has a rigid basic infrastructure. [15].
IoT
IoT Cloud

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IoTCloud is an open-source project aim at merge stuff

(smartphones, tablets, robots, websites, etc..) with background
to handle sensors and they messages and to provide an API
for apps that are concerned in these data. The Cloud may
provide an efficient solution for implementing the
management and composition of IoT resources as well as
applications that take advantage of stuff or data generated by
them.[9]. CloudIoT has given origin to a new collection of
intelligent services and apps so as to can have a huge effect on
daily life as shown in. Figure .4[9].

Figure 6. The four tier web pattern

b) Reasons for Usage

If any of the above applies, the developer wants to use this
pattern: Needed to build a modular cloud system. To have
many interfaces for his system. And link different apps to
every other (using Amazon cloud services, Google Cloud...
etc.). [16].
c) Implementation
A standard implementation of an n tier architecture is based
on a four-tier architecture. The most significant thing is
whither each layer goes...Figure.7 illustrates how much a
Figure 4. Services made potential thanks to the CloudIoT paradigm develop can divide the layers that it cloud services offer.
Three layers are used in the standard web application:
presentation, application, and database. However, you usually
see the presentation layer divided into two separate layers
when dealing with stable and modular web applications: client
and representation. Figure.5 shows the three_tier web pattern
[17].

Figure7. Deployment of the n-tier architecture

In the 'n'-tier architecture system, three distinct client layers
are given: one for basal HTML and JScript, the other for
iPhone clients device and iPad clients device, and a tertiary
for desktop clients. Each of this three layers will sitting the
user with the data and set it up directly on the client's device.
Figure 5. The Three tier_web_pattern A developer has almost no faith in anything coming from
a) The- tier - web pattern either of these clients, so all authentication and authorization
below this layer must be done by a programmer. The
It is crafted to relief developers to read the core components candidate layer that allows a developer to recap the
of the framework for developers to make it more flexible and authenticate and license from the representation and app
scalable. This architecture is planned to have an overall layers is straight underneath client layers. It sits direct on top
public-facing interface. By divide an app into many levels, he of the layer of representation, altering any input and output
can install middleware, safeguard every individual layer, and flowing in which. Both two layers need to talk same protocol
until give up layers to untrustworthy third-party apps. [17]. of communication.
Figure.6 show an alternate version of the tiered web style that
splits the presentation layer to two layers. The developer will 6. LITERATURE SURVEY
offload the client layer to the individual client by breaking the Looking to the smart stadium's institutional context helps us
display layer into the client and representative layer to positioning the overarching rationale of innovation
effectively provide several different clients with a single crisscrossing the "permeable boundaries" of the stadium, who
representation. no way to stands alone in the analysis. We discuss how the
stadium is built by the IoT and Cloud Computing techniques

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and university projects, which serve as an information store the data obtained from the SCP data service layer. 3-
infrastructure that conditions those facts, techniques, and The Big Data Analytics Unit will provide real analytics,
smartness narratives to be applicable in the present. identify data of interest, and improve algorithms and services.
S. Panchanathan et al [1] The Authors discuss here on three M. U. Bokhari et al [5] The authors focus primarily on the
fan enrichment initiatives were presented within the concept of cloud computing technology and different levels of
framework of the Smart Stadium for Smarter Living action. cloud architecture. Also, cloud service and implementation
These ventures centered on enhanced protection Crowd models are discussed briefly. Comparison of different cloud
Under-standing, fan participation Sporty Demonstrator computing services models, implementation models: private,
Platform, and deficiency /convenience (Wait Time/Queue public, and community cloud, as well as public and private
Estimation). Each data collection was split into a classified cloud information security specifications according to
training set and an unclassified set randomly. 10 percent of different service models, have been provided. Cloud
the dataset size was set to the batch size. From the computing, however, has many features, including on-demand
unclassified set, a batch of samples was queried, appended to self-service, large network connectivity, pooling of resources,
the classified collection, and the output was assessed on entire elasticity, and calculated service, but it cannot be fully trusted.
unclassified collection. Finally, the main challenges and issues of cloud computing
with regards to security for further research have been
M. M. Froufe et al.[2] The Authors discuss here on proposes discussed in the chapter.
that the key drivers and systems of smart buildings be
identified and compared by associating them with the main P. Srivastava et al [6]. The authors focus primarily on the
beneficiaries: consumers, owners, and the climate. On the brief review of the implementation, development, forms, and
basis of the approach adopted, 11 drivers and eight systems components of cloud computing in cloud computing, as well
have been identified and drivers have been grouped into three as various cloud computing methods and some of its benefits.
groups from the study of the key beneficiaries: consumers The cloud computing application area will be gradually rising.
primarily concerned with health, wellbeing and meeting Cloud computing is now used by almost all small and large
expectations; owners primarily concerned with improving the industries to handle storage, traffic, and hardware
cost benefit ratio; and the environment primarily concerned requirements.
with reducing consumption and pollution. The analysis had
three main objectives: first, to discuss the main drivers that Odun-Ayo et al. [7]. The key objective of the authors is to
improve the knowledge of a building by rating them define, analyze and clarify the emerging developments and
according to the main beneficiaries; second, to investigate the growth in the architecture of cloud computing.
main systems that are sitting in those buildings; and third, to A. Botta, W. De Donato, V. Persico, and A. Pescapé.[9] The
investigate the relationship between drivers and systems. We Authors focused on how we integrate cloud computing and
used a three step way to achieve these objectives: the Internet of Things, or what we call CloudIoT. And look
bibliographic scan, identification of the smart building's key for important challenges such as hardware and technology
drivers and systems, and find of the relationships between inconsistencies, hardware, reliability, scalability, and safety.
drivers and systems. He also showed that the CloudIoT model is related to energy,
energy efficiency, etc.
S. A. Alhadad et al [3]. The Authors focus here on Addresses
the importance of the use of specialized equipment in the area J. H. Nord et al [10] The authors focused on establishing an
of a sports organization. It starts with an introduction of how, extensive review and explanation of the IoT, including
with live examples, they are of a paramount benefit to either discussion of IoT architecture, applications, and impact. In
the fans of the stadium's infrastructure facilities, e.g., Parking addition, IoT priority areas challenges were identified, and a
lot entrance, the ability of the controlling smart systems to theoretical framework and conceptual model-based.
detect any emergency or defect to handle the problem at once. G. Mei et al. [11] The authors concentrated on IoT
After that, how the information security system work in the implementations, innovations, and problems in the protection
stadium, accompanied by exclusive and unique pictures and of geo-hazards. The IoT is commonly use in the preventing of
graphics. Three producers are essential in the first stage, three collective classifications of geo-hazards: (1) collapse of
cameras, sensors, and the IoT gateway. Cloud analytics slopes, include landslides, flow of debris and Rocks (2)
rabidly capture and evaluate them, allowing stadium managers surface deformation, include surface clefts, collapsing of
to make data-driven decisions. surfaces and decline of surfaces, and (3) Earthquakes. Risks.
C. Kakderi et al [4]. The authors also concentrate on the The emphasis was on providing a detailed survey of
STORM CLOUDS model as a sol for municipalities applicable IoT research and technical advances related to the
everywhere (1) deploying a purse of governance, economic prevention of geo-hazards. In the monitoring and early
and quality of life smart city applications on a single cloud- warning of seven types of common geo-hazards, including
based platform, and (2) using the platform and its landslides, debris flow, rockfall, soil subsidence, surface
corresponding resources to move their current appls to the collapse, surface cracks, and earthquakes, it first surveys the
cloud environment. It plays an important role in making IoT implementations, then examines the main geo-hazard
efficient use of services that are distributed. Also discussed mitigation technologies while using the IoT. And the concerns
was the expansion of SCP for the rapid deployment of sensors of IoT-based tracking and early warning systems for geo-
and motors connected to the network at the city level and hazard avoidance are finally summarized. Furthermore, the
three modern modules must be developed to back up the basic possible recommendations for using the IoT for the protection
reform of IoT solutions. 1- The control unit will deal with the of geo-hazards are also illustrated.
interface of the device and enable the risky response in time A. Tiwary et al [13] The authors concentrated on IoT and its
as it is composed of the interface and the operating system. 2- applications in various science and technology fields. It is also
A data provisioning unit that provides a unified acquisition of given alongside the launch of the IoT literature review. It also
sensor data to enable additional processing steps as it will addresses the design and components of the IoT along with its

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various applications. Architecture and various IoT elements 8. REFERENCES

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