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The document discusses fundamental principles of counting, permutations, combinations, and probability. It provides examples and formulas for calculating the total number of possible outcomes for compound events using the multiplication principle, permutations of objects with and without repetition, combinations, circular permutations, and probabilities of single and compound events occurring. Key concepts covered include sample spaces, events, mutually exclusive and inclusive events, dependent and independent events, and the difference between permutations and combinations.

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Jayson Mendez
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41 views4 pages

Grade 10 Reviewer

The document discusses fundamental principles of counting, permutations, combinations, and probability. It provides examples and formulas for calculating the total number of possible outcomes for compound events using the multiplication principle, permutations of objects with and without repetition, combinations, circular permutations, and probabilities of single and compound events occurring. Key concepts covered include sample spaces, events, mutually exclusive and inclusive events, dependent and independent events, and the difference between permutations and combinations.

Uploaded by

Jayson Mendez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fundamental Principle of Counting

States that if one event happen in 𝑛1 different ways, the second event in 𝑛2 different ways , and so on, and the kth
event may occur in 𝑛𝑘ways, the total number of ways the compound event may occur in 𝑛1 • 𝑛2 • 𝑛3 • 𝑛𝑘

An outcome refers to each result of an experiment or a succession of events


A sample space is the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment.
An event is a subset of all possible outcomes.
A compound event occurs when an event is composed of two or more outcomes.

Example 1: Suppose a quiz has only two questions. The first is a multiple choice question with four choices ( A, B,
C, D). The second is a true-false (T,F) question. In how many ways can this quiz be answered?
4•2 = 8

Example 2: New license plates for cars in the Philippines come in 3 letters and 4 digit format ( LLL-DDDD).
A. How many license plates in this format are possible?
26 • 26 • 26 • 10 • 10 • 10 • 10 = 175 760 000
B. How many will have all their letters and digits distinct?
26 • 25 • 24 • 10 • 9 • 8 • 7 = 78 624 000

Permutation
A permutation of a set of n objects is an ordered arrangement of the objects and the total number of these
permutation is given by
𝑛𝑃𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) • (𝑛 − 2) ··· 3 • 2 • 1

Example:
5𝑃5 = 5 • 4 • 3 • 2 • 1 = 120

In how many ways can 4 books be arranged on a shelf?


4𝑃4 = 4 • 3 • 2 • 1 = 24

Factorial
The factorial n! Is defined for a natural number n as
𝑛! = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) • (𝑛 − 2) ··· 2 • 1
4! = 4 • 3 • 2 • 1
7! =7 • 6 • 5 • 4• 3 • 2 • 1

Permutation of n different objects taken r at a time.


𝑛
The number of permutation of set of n objects taken r at a time, denoted as 𝑛𝑃𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑃 (𝑛, 𝑟) 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑟 is given by
𝑛!
𝑛𝑃𝑟 = (𝑛−𝑟)!
Example
A class is to select a president, vice president, secretary and treasurer from 7 class members. How many
arrangements of classes are possible?
7! 7!
7𝑃4 = (7−4)! = 3! = 7 • 6 • 5 • 4 = 840

6! 6! 6•5•4!
6𝑃2 = (6−2)!
= 4!
= 4!
= 6 • 5 = 30

Permutation with identical objects

If a set of n objects to be arranged is such that 𝑛1are of one indistinguishable type, continuing until there are 𝑛𝑘of
kth indistinguishable type, then number of possible permutation if the n objects os given by:

𝑛!
𝑛1•𝑛2•...•𝑛𝑘

Example: How many different words (real or imaginary) can be formed using all the letters in the word
MISSISSIPPI?
11!
4!•4!•2!•1!
= 34650

Circular Permutation

𝑛!
The number of circular permutation of n objects is 𝑛
𝑜𝑟 (𝑛 − 1)!

Example: Find the number of circular permutations of 6 people sitting around the table.
(6 − 1)! =5 • 4 • 3 • 2 = 120
6! 720
6
= 6

Combinations
Combinations refer to the number of ways r elements can be selected from n elements
𝑛
𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝐶 (𝑛, 𝑟) 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑟

𝑛!
𝑛𝐶𝑟 = 𝑟!(𝑛−𝑟)!

Example:
Twenty students are applying for 3 scholarship slots. How many different ways can the scholarship be awarded?

20! 20! 20•19•18•17! 6840


20𝐶3 = 3!(20−3)!
= 3!(17!)
= 3!•(17!)
= 6
= 1140
A committee of 3 members is to be formed from 6 women and 5 men. The committee must include at least 2
women. In how many ways can this be done?

The problem suggest that:


6𝐶2 • 5𝐶1 or 6𝐶3 • 5𝐶0

Thus a committee of three consisting of at least two women can be formed in


6𝐶2 • 5𝐶1 o+ 6𝐶3 • 5𝐶0

6! 5! 6! 5!
2!4!
• 1!4!
+ 3!3!
• 0!5!
15 • 5 + 20 • 1 = 75 + 20 = 95
Probability of an event is the ratio that compares the number of favorable outcomes to the number of possible
outcomes
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑛(𝐸)
𝑃(𝐸) 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 = 𝑛(𝑆)

A probability of 0 means that an event is impossible.


A probability of 1 means that the event is certain to happen.
The probability is closer to 1, the more likely to happen.

Example:
A blue die and green die are rolled. Find the probability of the following events.
A. A={ The green die show a 6}
B. B={ The sum of 2 numbers is 8}

Solution:
a. A={(1,6), (2,6), (3,6),(4,6),(5,6),(6,6)}
6 1
𝑃(𝐺6) = 36 = 36
b. B={(6,2),(5,3),(4,4),(3,5),(2,6)}
5
𝑃(𝑠𝑢𝑚8) = 36

A compound event consists of two or more simple events that are connected by the words and or or.

Probability that one event or the other occurs


A. Mutually exclusive events or Disjoint events - Two events cannot occur at the same time.
𝑃(𝐴∪𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)
Example:
A card is drawn at random from a standard deck of cards. What is the probability of drawing a king or a queen?
4 4 8 2
𝑃(𝐾 𝑜𝑟 𝑄) = 52 + 52 = 52 = 13

B. Two events are Not Mutually Exclusive events or Inclusive events - Two events are inclusive if both events
can occur at the same time.

𝑃(𝐴∪𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩𝐵)


Example:
If there is a 30% chance of rain on Saturday, 70% chance of rain on Sunday, and 21% chance of rain on Saturday
and Sunday, what is the probability that it will rain on either Saturday or Sunday?
𝑃(𝑆𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑢𝑛) = 0. 3 + 0. 7 −. 21 = 0. 79%
Probability that both events Occur

Dependent Events
Two events are dependent when knowledge of whether an event occurs affects the probability of a second event.

A box contains the letters A, E, U, G, R, T, F and L. Supposed Resty


selects a letter from the box and then selects another letter from the box
without returning the first selected letter. What is the probability that
Resty selects a vowel first and followed by a consonant?
3 5 15
𝑃(𝑉∩𝐶) = 8 • 7 = 56

Independent Events
Two events are independent when knowledge of the first event does not affect the probability of the second.

A jar contains 4 white balls and 1 black ball. A ball is drawn from the jar and returned before the next draw. What is
the probability of drawing 2 white balls?
4 4 16
𝑃(𝑤∩𝑤) = 5 • 5 = 25

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