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Thermodynamics PS

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Thermodynamics PS

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gokulabcdef89
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THERMODYNAMICS 1 But pluncmenen J dard Sty abot Kinabes Ordered foro fy Dispersed form fp pees Grange Tel tee Cnega Transfer pL a ~ work(w) Heat: (%) caus ov oat Systems Pak fh Umtverae 5 tahich [4 Under Interest [scope g shudy Sereoundings = Rete A Undvecte System + Survourdiog = Ontverse Tyreh 4 System = tan Byte chtes Tiverse ‘antverte. Covers mes Cxchange | only Coargy Seahange ras, Energy tuck froay onchange mas te been od Ui we Sloe oot ctr bs byttemn and ar Sifter and Luvzevndingt farveunalingt Boundary t- Tk ts an Emmagirary / ant pekich seperate Sytem fem Surroundings Bircedjoarte propatio — Extensive = dependent upon spsanbily Tatensive 1 Todapendunt 4 quuantiby @ maw eh may - V, HU,S,G,A te, " OR Te iadlaes fx Cong TORT AM ML ter te ees Tea eS 23 “dennity aeeetiel aay toilet wily lence ferfaee fntien reso Vicon Vobacens Benen: 7 = Note CxtenBéve propertin ene additive tm nature. x met addstive Vpe XM Btu ye amy eke Dettorts Laws A protid pemme z . aye nam hg nt Na tee Nye spe" ? Np aa { Kia, + FeEan See oe + ae melt me WO Eatanbtee . seytennive 2 my Eakentive wpe PE Re 7% Spptem Eupreted (mn tama J certain powemeters + Mag be x Oy fisting thee parameters , Hate a Syttem Can be Sxprosed i state ty this pa Sxgrened A Be es Pca Vs Th tng a these fotarnetins change ; Gar move to nether State a hore tb cenge tn ahaa ps Thesrnelyrenste feosktons + Siete fection PBR fusebion = < thermodgmante prepay which dipend enby, + Thanmede ame paperty eohteh depend eipen Upon initial and fimek Hake Ptr faltered * Obeys Culer's theorem a Heat, Werk they ‘ frer-s 5 feo hw skate fonction & GH, S, UA tke, ves eM |B ems tot v A Th final T 14 tame fn beth Mp? he, pe Yew + _Spa Népar ce ys neyeT D> ndpar= neyoT + neoT we near ee Thieroedpoarie: Potent TE th the tony G Chonglng/ fining parameter bo chinge State 4 a Sfttem. Precon, Pocus + piseen ix ble Byseem wd huereowndins x Volume changes # st thermal eyaitierium Ouse % Ba Foxe J + arse; fe, opse Temperabine kept canstant frreenstele proms Retest eu ny ere Same a be wy ara x eee ges s a Ae LZ oe aa: 7» = ae me Ce e, a ~ Toe % proce cctum tnfimtertmali, staaby- 4 wep, fav Tnkernal Gnergy "VU Sum §, att. forms ty Craxgy vs Un Translation + Rotational + Whrakimnel + - Sone cont Snead, 9 Law Squiportition Energy 7 energy Gr degree freedom = 3 eT ¥ number Agrees dp fradem = 3h <4 eS tm Fratlntionat — atational Vibrational UU ey ep Mspoatamte & zs a 3 Be ye ge Datmis L o fer eo Corgi) 1 { Cont Reid) a a BF ak Phyotents BRT BRR = 3 2 ° eye Wen hii 3 3g Gu-6) BOu-DRT — 20N-DR (BN-2)R. ee Preseure —Vebueme Work te tent copacity :- C Ment energy Pumutred to matte the tenprmatune 0 Substane ty te sat Wiles that Gopaethy 8 Ment Enurgy ampiidad to Suite the temperature Ge Lmate 4 pes te > [CER by te. 2 _ Spastic Wook Cmpysily 8 t- Went Energy tuqjsinad to vache -the temperature 5 4 pram sg fe ros > Com ae Mathereont pose — (dlabetic prose arse er OE @ aus we pur-W oo wees) SB ‘<, TS © 2 ag 0 oe sie went aca +) ats -ouTw oT mag te Ee ov -6,1) 7 aa Enthatpy (iM) I= Tabak Heat content: oy the System x H (obtuse enthatplg) Connat be meauuanite [ %,200 Min = Only 4H Can be memibuveble 4 Th @ State function, Extensive property 4 DN = % = mepeT ane BUtW tT “few oY 6) GAY GH (py) Gol -aneT oa =x eat 1 xan y are ei ean vai, han (0 (siete le sh sn i 18 6-erae te (9) ere wane 2. hor bog en ‘0 moray MA 0 tomy on 2. Ostet te tounge core sora (wise sae incon 58 «ihre prota 2 - area se poets AE = 0 for ovary oyte proce f[State function 1.55 ofr whch pom? LA oye roves» Histol seach eborc eparson paces (9 tmcwicpecnis SETOC (Adu pme @ ey @ 50 es dare in isothers pam = bt=0 ; BU=0 ; BH=0 » Ineversible proceni- Cone step) = Pot (et) iat how) Meer OW) 5 Alem grades 50 Jo hasta work done on te tem 104 The change inner nergy ing sont pan ee hws svt * Daving Expantion ; As mumber § Ateps inerentes ; Novk clene by the r Frcremaed 2 Dusing. comprenin; Ma numeer fy Steps Increases ; Werk dane on the got dacrentes + Reveratele proces i (0° steps) 9 Pane = Pray Cluny) Le fy far 9 ue fee . var(la) Pah = (a wpe compe eee ea Coe aa tenga ca) Pou *@ > wero Free Expantion 18 Tetherenal and Adianatic > Abendeaneouthey a eure 42390 ; aaco > om 2 ato Wok dme in feoshods sce t= * Volume Constant 4 BV=0 3 mo Eupansion, Ne Compremion rere Wek dere ty Lasbarte own + % Pronuce Comteank + apse Wns done to Adtadchie place Ags # We au- neyeT ewe MRT + Weave never Pye mer 4 i Bask arent re ome Io tuna > Co qtunete lie Adintette A Lp both ore Sxpandad to Same final Volume, fap. Supansion Cdietererat > Dyadic < Tp both one Euparcted bo Same final preveure + scetermat” Op satai fee tae 6 mmr sce fin a Sa sco hen Ne eptlinien () 20 bp ee tity e @) 40.45 kK" mot ee (4) 75:48 JK mor" aa 7. Twomols of an eal moncatomic ge ar alowed fo expand adabaicaly and rovers Eo IBBBIR. The work done by the system is (Cy = 12.5 uiK/mole), () 125K B25 3 wnneyley) (8) 6254 4) 500 Ks wet (12s)(-100), 8. Out ote olowing conect statement fg fw 2+ 3500T (Cy is independent of T fora amas. &Y” Sar eae kT (2 A process in which tinal temoerature equals intial empsrature must be an iscchovic process, (pT = olor every adabat proeae na ns ste ‘Af tase pens 2 haat prin ott uh a () weo @, 26-0 @ ‘Mot hse 10. Reverse heating GN costal Pis nt cohectyepaned by — ny ca eas ) aro wed . Ia YO @ aE>0 ) aH>o igus ord mer ee Hat) <0 Mesttrement A oy ond Olt = Semb. colorimeter a ( tts. colerimekoe w Volume {4 Contant A Heat Paleaed = %y premure (4 Constant 4 Heat Realenud 2% A gy = 402 near som, 8 Gs ah nepar + dis U4 one ch ans aut aCe) wae ave near 4 athe 204 Pla) «BH eo + VeP Thermo cherstey | ¥ Enthelpy 4 _fermatten Emeryy change during Jovration 4 Smale § 0 compounds from tts tlemants ot Gtardesd Conditions Te R48 Prat Rag Pedatm 4 Cy + % —> 5 eee ei i ~ wo o%,] wm wate wo, * pone ty > My / af Ge, Bd we, J: “4 Magy Hayy > ay? ans 2(4,) - (+ a +8 2) ates (43) Enthalyy J Combustion t- Croryy change during combustion § 4 real compound with bufficet is Sarly A wal a Mhay* ‘bq Maha) > ats Cat) Sy 4 $0, —> #80, opts (as) ) ‘~ S, Labbatiy tp Solution! Crergz change ; whey me male dp tubrtanee Aitoluad ty suthabte fobiene bo form a febction BE Fey te Khe) car ot) hots € tM Koen Diftenestad Cxtelry Boepel Gotha Heat evolved or abborbed cohen ma. mate Heat Cvolved ov abterbed lolun Curtain 4 Selvent added to(Infinite) Excem amount quocity dy tebutlon with known Concentration 8 Aolation ak a Conttant temperature and Ut added to Exton amount 4 Solvent Concent ration Enthalyy Gf Nuskeabitabion i Energy change ; cohen A male dy strarg acd Gned) th used to ‘rebrabise Lobe dy Strang bat (m2) at standard Cencltbions Amal tenet * Hel + Naot nach + Myr ya's at . — Man) D5 te Mnaabrabczation “ on 22131 Kea mol! on) a 49, ia ” » oy = -5TE ET mel ger WA) wey taboed Enaygy it Lan then (27 beat mel! A because Lome tort 3 Enorgy 14 utilised for tenitation , fe eilyeeeth > cages yey ra = +x heat moi Be ote ow 1 seatien wh On meubeebiting : ble with He a || etn +) Rend ma! engesen > ogeee oman won ov) win Snete an Cie +x) Real mst! ue 7 abate ET) Om meubeebsting 5 L mabe ceria Son Sieleo— . 7 Haag * Nao) 7 Energy Subeand 14 wore am 13:7 Keak mol ew Sh 1 pin BY Foy] ld \Eathalry q. phase change: Lime kd >» Byued x 4H ie. Enagy change ductng connersiro A Noh My 2 as te Rete a aw 1 Leplece- weiter toto tohen a raeckin |procan 14 averted ; Thin Ayn Ail anges 7 Block phosphorass 15 tharwody nat cably Stable fvron at Standard Comatthten » Py > P waste” elnen © Cee) cit ermal hyo —> Hae, y dH = be Keak a) co) yeh 2 Bas ET ml! Sy > Sp aie 08 AT wl! there goctinie eu.ne 7 Gy) ae; Cee) DO - Thy Tagg 4H = Het head mal! o Pay 7 At Xtina Nay tng My Hay Harcay —> Hayy > ahegy OT Exttalry 4 tybration' Energy charge cohen L wrote 4 Anhydrous Lott emverted to bydrated Soll AuS0y4) + 51%.) > CuSOy THO, 7 a2 ~ 1869 teat mei! ane Energy henge dining Convertion of Limb 4 « Aubytanes fn bo Cossatponding stows fn genous plete by baeating alt types bonds als 435° kT mal! Eetheting 4 Ages tation: 1 rn , gy ys Cag Fay ty 7 ails lees kT mai! Hers Mee $_Gonttort Mao Summation fevoraling £0 Hem Yous: Enerpy Change charting. a & vr, of proces fo Gndependint § number G steps fmolveck Cay tnt ee I : e Fy 74 Agile OH4 atty t Oty My s Bend distoctation Cnthalpy%- Energy requutte Lo broak a parkiautes. bond fn Lmale Ge Ht on 7 ae uae RT mel! ” mic) oe wot oy 4 . wi! erent Oty > My + Oy) 2 EE ABO KT mW lg ON A ot any eee Wyo 9 aHt Oy ane 928 kT moi! a a? an EE i ve He EEL ty heme eu ee Freeage Paty Baber Cond Eraryy 1 Enogy vabsatd Burtog bond formative ra (Be)=-G0e) ¢ [eel =/B-P«/ Reseren: ee Geargg i Crerpy diffdence blw mort Stable Conmmtoad form and Resonance hybrid. * Higher the Reonenca Enagy 7 more Stable the Rstomante. bybrid form, thas ay bil, = 30m *fereed Cin > OO: RES oly 3(eH) an am e3e, 460 yang 2 tes etal act ay] leaner ne] fengene. ea soe = Rebmance. Cree Le Le dey RE sate] 60m 45H -sey ton = ean) oh sey 4 [oa ea Meo Mow Aepanae } enogy tltend das to dMaabtaion 4 Te deed. ett) ie, Cabra Mtostlity attained oy Petinsing SUMY eee Co caus” © Merete a as OP) produst ans 0 2. (a0 A= ON ctante Opt b= OE, criray CPD teeds. EXERCISE 7.3 24g) + Oe) 249,08) ate gu 4 ener ao a aae esha ar whens (8) Herd AS os resto nn ean ater 12 The Entra of conbuston a catan and eaten mance ie S80 kl and -278 Kd respectively. The ninspy a ematon a ator most (0013 Bnew (6) e680 13° The ves ato omaton 0 80; an 0, are -S962 4) and 198.2. The heat of oman of ie roses tee $05+ 20,80, + oa = Qp,~ [4ttat 42%] oy Ol, au +eDeT Gt By yi Fh ayer Gaya Tee > <0 7 Aha Ho9,5 Ay = 518 KT mal g(r Ge) My eee deley ta Mees oan iO se “200 ks 302K + FP ile area cate nae wine ao at TB Systm ag ot ove fase. fom et nee 2 mua Ha ay 5 wnunes 6 une 1S. Bond ciation enthalpy is used to define erthaipy change of a reaction as ~ ‘W734 = tan acon expen acon ee 2 -20erdenesaon tao cco eh srs 13 -20endansain th od ecco toh ‘ t 16. Wenthalpy of a reaction C > Ct dwt aa) Z ae y CHCl, AG, 2H, 20, aes, ee 1482 kano ana bon esciton analy ot CH) bond tea = 2Cis)+ 2 (Heck) 5k! an ban dsscolten erly cep choos ae) 91 ee tna srk Tr teat 652 na (6 Oat intent 11, The mation HYG) « C1) — C1040) + HCA) has ab » 28 ka and bond dtciatn eng t 2 Cenc rs trl 0 cao. esses oo Se 875 a o@ aipens es 2s Ne Oly HH Le Mpeet n25 = 4(4a) + (60) - 3 (ta) — 94-103 ua ~ 25 + BH +108 = Ha OH = ox Ca " lee vm Kirehhott’s Law 4 Ae Temperature changer 5 Henk Cmpacthy changes Acq- Lrcpy- Dicry i.e) em Increating temperature 5 More kak is Pampuired bo get Le aise fn temperature aH, - 8 aep- tn 51 7 ay ‘at QG isnaependentofemperaure over Slime temoertre ane, buen ne fompersturedependinen othe capes rustbe‘sten to acount we eine Snothereeuston Trouton's Rule - 2, . Un” On Trouton's Rule. Ta% ge hak cna hf pan se gin isan ee oceue 2 Trutasts few A aperidabion gg Tmt! K! % Sskeod Soro dy Tharenedynarses, t- Cheubius Statermert: Heat Can nenr pos from caldler body bo hotin baly wlth ont help G Crtarnat Cxorgy Adlyln Rkatement {- Th 1A tmpanteh fe Conteruct « Saigemepaepatetmmanstion machine which convert: heat: te work @r) Weevewsa Crterepy t= Entropy fy Universe. 16 atuiays Increnting *Surnbverse >2 Entropy “s+ op gS + TE tha State function ; Extensive propert- Y Meawure gf Rendommes * Henk exchange wlth Sueroun Lon nav he spoke bring. ang turbulence “in Soveundings fe \ Given “a! bring more charge et how Pe aa ae, 4 Absolute Cntzepy ts mantumhe » Entrory ot foro betvtn Us taken 200. S, AS PoWkeb te meatuve Exton Ips Sy ttew i eoert State stb ¥ AS Entropy ha State funckion a a0 as TE 14 tedipendunt Sy pith falloused ev OH BUS mdr of = a a a a 24 oa ” ‘ fase [rear + 2 Jrav a i ‘ Adiebabic proses —_Heoaebte process :- bokeote proce - fest Progen > Adlabetie procew _itecbBls. proud t= Usbeete pecan i =nen(S) “ape? Ape merle) 4,ereh) Dye me m(é) Chaseckarsbics 4; Cxboropy t— + Cokvepy fy a State. forction ; fas =0 TE Betenstie prperky 4 Tiatherrmal proens Gebel AS => MSyserauntingy + Frage Toveversibte Bt at, gh Means 2? Adiabatic. presen = Bree Maye 8 Og ce Byewtinle® 88990 5 Ohare 7 AStoeat 72 K Equthtosive geoctions To attain Syutlievium; a5,,>0 Sy Ae eguibertann 7 of os Entropy change editing Phete tramsikisn i Mancen z ae a yee ice —_, lee — My —> Hoy My) Te be iy ME) oem rs ee atents EXERCISE 7.4 18 Entropy sa oF tas act st esa pny IE ne py (@) Pah uncon and extensive propery (9) Pat fancton and irtenshe property 19, Which is inconct statment? (1) The erty of to univer nreases an tnd War he maximum valve 2 At noua proceses are reverts (2) For reverse slate processes, change of entopy is z= ‘LAF For inovesbleexpancion of iad process, enttopy change < 0x 20. For whieh of he ellowing process AS ya 8200? (1) teal 2 tobaie CF Acabatc (ochre 21. Cleat the entropy erange when EIEN cas expand_stemaly ae rversiy rm an nial volume of Lie fra volume of 1OL at 27, wee ae Bag ARG) Cllearasen tal 22. Whe Enhapy f vaporsaton for waters UOT ats NEHER. Th entopy ots vaporsaton at bing point wl be ‘05 kd" mat 10K meet ( 18KIK" mor! (20194 mot note Cheumrus freniuebiy Aiea 8.2 Se . Sts re Gry 5iy>[ Yt) + TE 15 a state function 4 Extentine property 4 TE fq mentsure 4 tog nits as % Two! eriving. fence te Tnerbye! tn Entrary (osr0) AR Decesase. I Crthadhy (ah <0) tohen beth operate + 4G = aH-T0s Mier A 8G BH eTos au as aa ve te ve CSpertenaous only at high benpecotion) te aves tee (Always men -Apantunsous) eve te -ve Cabuoys Spontaneous) ve ve Ne Cepentansous any at foo Lerpesaines) a Getty Hevspy do an -aygi-sat AW duyfav 4Ndp doe wavy A-sar dG. vap- sar a> a G 1. é 3. 6G =- [non ev wank) deveNdp- sd 46.2 -W, 28557 Mays TAS mie op? sal “oy 2G gyn> 2% For mixture To reach Squifhbiium ; asco pve -N . +A Comba tempontane Wega Sis far -7a5, ‘ Gs vert #) plod oa tat 2 Cs ae ~ 28, at = -(aas 8) 6 1) “a a oat G Gahed 7 PT ome conrtont 26.qcn® iat tt Fs Spy # ACL, tebe = AG, = 064 ThA Te ranch cquilsbrium ; 26<0 WA asvo nee tem 8 Eme bo cur ” BG zomee ; aes mee? = cone 4 erly Cab we MRE Smee + Ceeoctanti) # | aT “et satin Graane 4 | " f Z, Zz 7 23, Change in Gibb’ energy (at constant temperature and pressure) represents tigi = web | gst reversible condtion @ Wyy ieversilecondton yy (wes rovobi conn @ werhimowric contin —~ Tah | 24, A reaction is impossbie Com. (ner-dpetaranss ats) veces vas (1) Both aH and A$ are negative (@) Both aH and AS ate positive Dns (@)AHis negative and AS is positive Jay AH is positive and AS is negative 25. ALQQK, the eacions wich haw the Alosingyalies of hermoso palmer, show non spokane reachon (0). AG" =-400 kd mot LI aie = 200d mot asta are (Rood Gas @) AH’ =~ 200k) mot!; AS"=— 4 JK-Imo" ; -gs04 Qed (ab == 200K) mot; aS"=— 40K mor gy Sale wetmurn | 26. For a reaction, A+ B -+ C, AH = 30 kJ mol" and AS = 60 JK-' mol-". Th6 temperature, above which reaction Wil be spontaneous is on aco Ty i see foe ot, = (9 wre @ 7c aucras 7» Sau sok 27. Iron metal can be produced by reducing Fe(Il) oxide with hydrogen. ante, Fe,0,(s) + 3H,(g) —+ 2Fe(s) + SH,0(g) ve EEN ons OH? = +98.8 kJ; AS? = +1415 JK ws Which is corect for above reaction? (0) Spontaneous above 298 K (2) Spontaneous below 298 K (@ Spontaneous below 698 K WAI Spontaneous at or above 699 K | 28. AG} of GH is x and AGF of His. The AG" for reaction Jecmnanee Soy) BCH, is 7 ad 1 reaction In above diagram, the point represents equibrium is a ada c @ > 31, IAG" for a reaction is -RT Jimole at particular temperature T. Ky, fr the reaction is M Ke 2) Kq=10 e ® Ke Keg bay #6 “Think tow 6, ctrcsedyeoics + At abtatate 2er0 (avant oy cae lating) 5 Entry $< Spon Wilt be zeae ME | mere ten nde: mead tk ¢o no ete, Rian ak abselute 202 7 S cmnvat be Eatin ak Zero Nloke - Tysthermat Reverstole proce = Th Me x age meyln Bt nthe st : sa mT pM a Ten) oye BTR a Sy [alll He Sy oe Adimretic: Rvercbbe presen i a's ai a (2) " re Bigs nev bn) + ema) as: Tt ee — Ms maf ee) | ana < melt) + we be (%) yyy eo Dux’ f edahatic. Expertion; AS 72 ig Temperattiore ducreates + Wr > Mirren GL Baw ¥ a8, 90 " pre mer ea pinicnase aes, dis du + pdv One mole of an ideal gas with the adiabatic exponent *Y goes through a polytropic process 4s @ result of which the absolute temperature of the gas increases t-fold, The polytropic constant ‘equals n. The entropy inerement of the gas in this process is (rR (aD Cdr = nda + phy aC = t4 (z) mC mby + Me es ‘An ideal gas with the adinbatic exponent 7 goes ‘through a process a, where P, and are positive constants and Vis the volume, At what volume will the gas entropy have the maximum value? +2, e+) equals n, The entropy increment of the gas process is this (pk (0-0) a ty) PDD iy io (ny), io (nk (n=)R (n=Y)R co) MH DR iy a) PDR ig, 2 a-) — (n=l) ‘Two blocks of copper metal are of the same size (heat capacity = C) but at different temperatures T, and T;, These blocks are brought together and allowed to attain thermal equilibrium. The entropy change of system is Comprehension 1V ‘An ideal gas whose adiabatic exponent equals is expanded according to the law P =| value? WP, VF a » A ©) aly) © ay +1) an, of V, where ois a constant. The initial volume of the gas is equal oF. As.a result of expansion, the volume increases 4 times. 10, What isthe in the increment of the internal energy of the gas? ¥; w we yl 1save 1sacy+ DK en) © de 11. What is the magnitude of work performed by the gas? , fa) 15a wm 7 © w Secon 24-D 12, What is the molar heat capacity of the gas in the process? a) ROD © 2q-) o oS @ ‘One mole of an ideal gas whose adiabatic exponent equals undergoes a process in which the gas pressure relates to the temperature as p = a7", where a and care constants. 13, Whats the magnitude of work performed by the At what value of a will the heat capacity be _2as if its temperature is increased by AT? negative? (a) RO -ayaT () RaaT (a) a<-1 (b) a

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