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2021 vertical projectile

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  VERTICAL PROJECTILE MOTION

 LINEAR MOTION

 Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity.

o Symbol a.
o Unit: meters per second squared (m∙s-2).

 Acceleration due to gravity (g): The acceleration of a body due to the force of attraction of the
earth.

 Displacement: Change in position.

o Symbol: Δx (horizontal displacement)
o Δy (vertical displacement).
o Unit: meters (m).

 Gravitational force: A force of attraction of one body on another due to their masses.

 Position: Where an object is relative to a reference point.

o Symbol: x (horizontal position)
o y (vertical position).
o Unit: meters (m).

 Projectile: An object upon which the only force acting is the gravitational force.

 Velocity: The rate of change of position.

o Symbol v.
o Unit: meters per second (m∙s-1).

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  FREE FALL

 A free-falling object is an object that is moving under the sole influence of the Earth‟s
gravitational force.
 In other words, an object is in a state of free-fall when the only force acting on it is the
gravitational force.
 The projectiles fall freely with gravitational acceleration g of 9,8 m.s-2 downwards and it is a
constant acceleration irrespective of whether the projectile is moving upward or downward or
is at maximum height
 Projectiles take the same time to reach their greatest height from the point of upward launch as
their greatest height from the point of upward launch as the time they take to fall back to the
point of launch. This is known as time symmetry.
 Projectiles can have their motion described by a single set of equations for the upward and
downward motion
 Use equations of motion to determine the position, velocity and displacement of a projectile at
any given time

KEY!

 At maximum height, the object„s: velocity = 0 m.s-1, kinetic energy = 0 J and potential energy is
maximum.
 Gravitational acceleration is always 9.8 m.s-2 downwards.
 For rising and falling objects, the value of velocity is the same but in the opposite direction.
 Free-falling objects do not experience air resistance (frictional force).
 Acceleration tells us “how much the velocity is changing by every second” and whether the
velocity is decreasing or increasing.
 If the object is moving downwards it is accelerating downwards and its velocity will increase in
magnitude.
 If an object in free-fall is moving upwards it is accelerating downwards and its velocity must
decrease by 9,8 m.s−1 during every second of its motion.

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  Equations of motion for vertical projectile motion

KEY!
vi → the initial velocity of an object (VECTOR)

vf → the final velocity of an object (VECTOR)

a → the acceleration of an object (VECTOR) = g = 9,8 m.s−2 DOWNWARDS (VECTOR)

Δy → the displacement of an object in the vertical plane (VECTOR)

Δt → time interval (SCALAR)

o Draw a sketch diagram

o Write down given variables
o Choose positive direction:
If the YOU choose UP AS POSITIVE, then a = −9,8 m.s−2 ALWAYS
If the YOU choose DOWN AS POSITIVE, then a = +9,8 m.s−2 ALWAYS
o Solve

 INVESTIGATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS

 Independent variable is the one you can control / change.

 Dependent variable is the one that is influenced by the changes made on the other variable.
 A hypothesis and an investigative question involve the relationship between dependent and
independent variables

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  HOT AIR BALLOON

 When an object is dropped from a moving reference (hot air balloon), the initial velocity will be
equal to that of the reference.
 The acceleration of the object will be downwards a t 9,8 m·s−2, regardless of the acceleration of the
reference.

 HOW TO ANSWER MCQ QUESTIONS

Step 1: Read the question at least twice (Without looking at the options).
Step 2: Underline or highlight all the key words or phrases.
Step 3: See if you know the answer the before looking at the options. If you don‟t know the answer, look
at the options given.
Step 4: Eliminate the obvious incorrect 2 answers by crossing them out in pencil.
#Eliminate
 Get rid of choices you know are incorrect at1st glance
 doing so improves chances of selecting a correct answer
Step 5: From the 2 remaining alternatives choose the most correct. Never leave an MCQ without an
answer.
KEY!

 Three rules to remember when taking multiple choice questions.

 Budget Time Wisely

 Relax and Don‟t Panic!

 Always answer a MCQ question, don‟t leave it blank.

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  MATHEMATICAL MANIPULATIONS

 Learners to copy the formula as it appears in the in the data sheet

 Learners to make substitutions before changing the subject of the formula.

 Write an answer with correct SI Unit

 Use of calculators

 Use a calculator you are familiar with

 Round off the final answer correctly to a minimum of two decimal places.

 FORMULAE

 Use formulae in the formula sheets to avoid using incorrect formulae / equations.

 Always include the subscripts in formulae that have subscripts

 Write the formula for the law of conservation of momentum as Σ pbefore = Σ pafter

 UNITS

 The final answer should always have a unit.

 Avoid using capital letters in the place of small letters

 Capital letters in Science have a different meaning to small letters e.g F is net force and f is

frictional force

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KEY! # CALCULATIONS

o Make a choice of direction e.g. Up is positive.

o Draw a diagram, if necessary.

o Choose a reference point x = 0.

o Write down all the given and known quantities.

o Choose a suitable equation.

o For free-fall: the direction of the acceleration is always downwards.

o Velocity at the highest point of the motion is zero.

o When an object returns to its point of release, the time taken for the upward motion is equal to the

time taken for the downward motion.

o During free-fall, the velocity of the object will decrease on the way up and increase on the way

down.

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  GRAPHS OF MOTION

 RULE 1:

 The gradient of a position (x) versus time (t) graph is equal to the velocity (v) of that object.

 RULE 2:

 The gradient of a velocity (v) versus time (t) graph is equal to the acceleration (a) of the object.

 RULE 3:

 The area under a velocity (v) versus time (t) graph is equal to the displacement of the object.
 When graphing vertical projectile motion, we are simply graphing free-fall.
 Free-fall is simply constant acceleration downwards.

 PARTS OF PROJECTILE PATH

TIME: tA = t D tB = t C

DISPLACEMENT: ΔyA = ΔyD ΔyB = ΔyC

VELOCITY: viA = vFd vfA = viD viB = vfC

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  OBJECT DROPPED FROM HEIGHT (C+D)

 OBJECT THROWN DOWN FROM HEIGHT (D)

 OBJECT THROWN UP FROM HEIGHT (B+C+D)

 OBJECT THROWN UP AND CAUGHT (A+B+C+D)

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  OBJECT THROWN UP, LANDS AT HEIGHT (A+B+C)

 OBJECT THROWN UP FROM HEIGHT, BOUNCES (A+B+C)

KEY!

o Be in the position to interpret graphs.

o If a graph is given, check if upwards is positive or negative.

o Look out for a given reference point, it will be important when drawing the x vs t graph.

o Divide the motion into segments, e.g. upward and downward motion.

o When drawing an x vs t graph, ensure that the gradient matches the sign of the velocity.

o The gradient of a v vs t graph is equal to the acceleration of the object.

o The area under a v vs t graph is equal to the displacement of the object.

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  BOUNCING BALL

KEY!

 Downwards direction of positive movement

 The ball bounced 2 times

 The gradient of the graph represent Acceleration of the ball

 The collisions between the ball and ground.

o After each bounce there is a change is the velocity of the ball

o and therefore a change in kinetic energy.

o The collisions are inelastic as kinetic energy is not conserved.

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  POSITION VS TIME

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 MERCY!!!!!

WHERE TO START MATHS AND SCIENCE TUTORING

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