Class 11 Project Topics & Guidelines

Guidelines
1. EVS is a compulsory subject so all of you need to purchase the EVS
project book available at the book store and make the project and
write 5 question and answer as an assignment .

2. In the project book write the topic as per the heading given in the
project book , if information is more write it till the last line .

3. The topics along with the information will be given to you , you just
have to write the project and submit the project in 1 week .

4. The graphs have to be drawn you are not suppose to stick any
pictures.

5 . The other half of your project book has assignment where in you
have to write 5 answers along with the questions at the bottom of
the pdf , there are 5 chapters so from each one question .

6. I have enclosed the image of the project book so buy that only .

Choose any One topic from the topics given below .

Project Topics
1. Area under natural ecosystems like
grassland & forest has reduced .
2. Lake receive more water from sewage
than natural water flow.
3. Effects of industrial effluents on water
resources
4. Flood & its impact on India
5. Solid Waste Management
6. Rainwater Harvesting
7. Noise Pollution in your area & ways to
reduce it & the its harmful effects
8. Organic Farming
9. Global Warming
10. Air Pollution
The cover page of your Project Book .
 Solid Waste Management

Solid Waste Management

1. Introduction

Solid waste management is defined as the discipline associated with control of

generation, storage, collection, transport or transfer, processing and disposal of solid
waste materials in a way that best addresses the range of public health, conservation,
economic, aesthetic, engineering, and other environmental considerations.Solid waste
management is an essential service in any society. Before introducing the process,
however, let's start with a discussion of the material being managed—solid waste.Solid
waste refers to the range of garbage materials—arising from animal and human
activities—that are discarded as unwanted and useless. Solid waste is generated from
industrial, residential, and commercial activities in a given area, and may be handled in a
variety of ways. As such, landfills are typically classified assanitary, municipal,
construction and demolition, or industrial waste sites.

Waste can be categorized based on material, such as plastic, paper, glass, metal, and
organic waste. Categorization may also be based on hazard potential, including
radioactive, flammable, infectious, toxic, or non-toxic wastes. Categories may also
pertain to the origin of the waste, whether industrial, domestic, commercial, institutional,
or construction and demolition.Regardless of the origin, content, or hazard potential,
solid waste must be managed systematically to ensure environmental best practices. As
solid waste management is a critical aspect of environmental hygiene, it must be
incorporated into environmental planning.In its scope, solid waste management includes
planning, administrative, financial, engineering, and legal functions. Solutions might
include complex inter-disciplinary relations among fields such as public health, city and
regional planning, political science, geography, sociology, economics, communication
and conservation, demography, engineering, and material sciences.Solid waste
management practices can differ for residential and industrial producers, for urban and
rural areas, and for developed and developing nations. The administration of
non-hazardous waste in metropolitan areas is the job of local government authorities. On
the other hand, the management of hazardous waste materials is typically the
responsibility of those who generate it, as subject to local, national, and even
international authorities.India faces major environmental challenges associated with
waste generation and inadequate waste collection, transport, treatment and disposal.
Current systems in India cannot cope with the volumes of waste generated by an
increasing urban population, and this impacts on the environment and public health. The
challenges and barriers are significant, but so are the opportunities. This paper reports
on an international seminar on ‘Sustainable solid waste management for cities:
opportunities in South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries’
organized by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Environmental
Engineering Research Institute and the Royal Society. A priority is to move from reliance
on waste dumps that offer no environmental protection, to waste management systems
that retain useful resources within the economy. Waste segregation at source and use
ofspecialized waste processing facilities to separate recyclable materials has a key role.
Disposal of residual waste after extraction of material resources needs engineered
landfill sites and/or investment in waste-to-energy facilities. The potential for energy
generation from landfill via methane extraction or thermal treatment is a major
opportunity, but a key barrier is the shortage of qualified engineers and environmental
professionals with the experience to deliver improved waste management systems in
India.

2. Importance

Planning the waste management and recycling for all of the rubbish produced in this
country is an enormous task which involves both logistical planning and scientific
knowledge and understanding in order to balance the impact on the environment and the
cost effectiveness of the process.Waste management and recycling companies are also
feeling an extra pressure to perform their role in the greenest ways possible

Waste collection and rubbish disposal play an extremely important role in the global
cleanliness and sustainability drive, with people’s health and the conservation of
resources being the responsibility of every government. To ease the pressure on
government agencies, numerous privately-managed organizations also play a part in
these waste management and recycling programs. In many cities it means that local
government agencies have been left with the responsibility of overseeing the work done
by these privately held organizations.Thousands of years ago humans simply dug a hole
and buried their refuse and waste. This was an effective technique for these early people
because their population was relatively small and they did not produce waste on the
same scale or with the levels of complexity that modern humans do. Burying the rubbish
helped to prevent bugs and rodents from becoming a nuisance and spreading
diseases.In the modern world burying all of our rubbish is not a sustainable solution.
While primitive humans produced very little waste, and that which was produced would
biodegrade quickly, modern humans produce much larger amounts of waste, much of
which is not biodegradable. Additionally, many types of waste may be damaging to the
soil, ground water and surrounding habitat.The most important reason for waste
collection is the protection of the environment and the health of the population.
Rubbish and waste can cause air and water pollution. Rotting garbage is also known to
produce harmful gases that mix with the air and can cause breathing problems in people.
By inspecting the vegetation around landfill sites carefully you can determine the
damage that can be caused by garbage and waste if left untreated in the open. To
address this problem modern waste management professionals place garbage in lined
holes and use bacteria to help facilitate its rapid decomposition. Rotting garbage and
waste emanates a foul smell that can cause nausea among people who come into contact
with it. It can also be a source for waterborne diseases such as cholera and abdominal
conditions and discomfort. Since water sources need to be protected the role of waste
disposal companies is very important. These organisations should make it a priority to
secure their landfill sites so that water bodies are not affected by the garbage and waste
collected from homes and commercial establishments.Waste collection companies also
sort the garbage into recyclable columns, as recycling the products that leave our homes
is of utmost importance. Recycling not only helps in conserving our natural resources
but also reduces the cost of production of many products. Products such as glass, oil,
plastic, paper can all be recycled which will ultimately put less pressure on the natural
resources used to manufacture these products.Lastly, waste management and recycling
collection can help conserve our planet’s natural beauty which can be flawed by
thoughtless disposal of waste, fly-tipping and senseless littering. Landscapes can be
ruined through littering and places of tourist interest can lose their attraction; it is also a
blight for those who live in areas wherewaste collection and recycling is not managed
effectively and responsibly. Natural beauty is a legacy and a right for future generations
and conserving it, as well as our natural resources, for their benefit is our responsibility
today.India is experiencing rapid urbanization while remaining a country with physical,
climatic, geographical, ecological, social, cultural and linguistic diversity. The population
of India was 1252 million in 2013, compared with 1028 million in 2001. Population growth
is a major contributor to increasing MSW in India.

Objectives

The primary goal of solid waste management is reducing and eliminating adverse
impacts of waste materials on human health and the environment to support economic
development and superior quality of life. This is to be done in the most efficient manner
possible, to keep costs low and prevent waste build-ups.

1. The objectives of the solid waste management are to;

• Minimize waste generation;• Maximize the collection efficiency of waste;• Reduce the
volume of waste requiring disposal and maximize the economic value of waste• Develop
and adopt environmentally sound treatment and disposal methods.

2. Waste Management systems• A waste management system should ideally consist of

environmentally acceptable waste management practices that are aimed at minimising
waste generation from both domestic and industrial/commercial activities. • Further, the
system must provide for the protection of human health and the
environment.HIERARCHY OF WASTE MINIMIZATION

1. Waste Prevention This means avoiding the potential for waste generation in the first
place. It is usually linked with manufacturing industry, and is synonymous with: - –
Reductions in resource use, –Resources Selective, –Avoiding certain types of resources,
especially hazardous wastes

2. Waste Minimization Waste minimization strategies include all actions to reduce the
quantity of waste requiring disposal. Waste minimization includes: –Reducing waste at
source –Reusing materials –Recycling waste materials –Reducing use of toxic or harmful
materials

3. Waste minimizations has the following advantages:Reduced volume of waste for

disposal • Reduced costs of collection and disposal • Longer life of disposal sites •
Reduced environmental and health impacts • Reduced costs through more efficient use
of resources

4. Waste Re-UseThis refers to the re-use of discarded items without any additional
processing. • In manufacturing industry, for example, this may refer to packaging
materials such as wooden pallets or cardboard boxes used to transport products from
factory to warehouse to retail outlet. • In office or household terms it may involve the use
of glass cups rather than paper/plastic cups and Refillable bottles.

5. RecyclingRecycling involving the utilization of discarded material to produce another

product of the same grade or lower.RESOURCE RECOVERY THROUGH WASTE
PROCESSING This is biological or thermal treatment of waste can result in recovery of
useful products such as compost or energy.

6. Biological Processes Biological treatment involves using micro-organisms to

decompose the biodegradable components of waste. Two types of processes are used,
namely: (a) Aerobic processes: Windrow (row of drying grass) composting, aerated static
pile composting and in-vessel composting etc. (b) Anaerobic processes: Low-solids
anaerobic digestion (wet process), high solids anaerobic digestion (dry process) and
combined processes.

7. Thermal ProcessesThermal treatment involves conversion of waste into gaseous,

liquid and solid conversion products with concurrent or subsequent release of energy.

3. Three types of systems can be adopted, namely:(a) Combustion systems

(Incinerators): Thermal processing with excess amounts of air (b) Pyrolysis systems:
Thermal processing in complete absence of oxygen (low temperature).(c) Gasification
systems: Thermal processing with less amount of air (high temperature).
8. Waste disposalThe final functional element in the solid waste management system is
waste disposal.Today the disposal of wastes is done by –Uncontrolled dumping. (Open
damp) –Land filling

9. Open dump

An open dumping is defined as a land disposal site at which solid wastes are disposed
of in a manner that does not protect the environment, are susceptible to open burning,
surface and ground water contamination, detrimental to the natural beauty of the land,
deteriorating soil quality and are exposed to scavengers

10. Open dumpIt is a predominant method of waste disposal in developing countries

leading into; – Illegal dumping problems – Groundwater contamination, – Air pollution, –
Pest and – Health hazards

Project Work Methodology

There are six functional components of the waste management system, as outlined
below:

Waste generation:

This encompasses any activities involved in identifying materials that are no longer
usable and are either gathered for systematic disposal or thrown away.

E-WASTE is a collective terminology for the entire stream of electronic equipment such
as TVs, refrigerators, telephones, air conditioners, computers, mobile phones etc. that
has reached its Position Paper on PPP in Solid Waste Management 11 end of life (EOL)
for its current user. Such devices are generally considered toxic when disassembled or
incinerated and are typically targeted for hazardous disposal or are slated for recovery
and reuse. As a result, the E-waste industry is emerging with markets that need to be
assessed for growth potential. Market Size: World-wide, the UN estimates that between
20 and 50 million tons of e-waste is generated every year and approximately 12 million
tons of this comes from Asian countries. It is estimated that the global market for
electronic waste will rise at an average annual growth rate of 8.8 per cent from USD 7.2
billion in 2004 to USD 11 billion in 2009 (source: Electronic Waste Recovery Business).
Although much of the e-waste comes from developed countries in India, much of it also
originates from within India. As of March 2009, approximately 400,000 tons of e-waste
was reduced in India; 19,000 tons of this comes from Mumbai, the largest e-waste
generator in India (source: Toxics Link). Growth prospects: E-waste has been mounting
rapidly with the rise of the information society as the rate of obsolescence of electronic
equipment is rising. E-waste is the fastest growing segment of the MSW stream. E-waste
equals 1% of solid waste on average in developed countries and is expected to grow to 2
% by 2010. In developing countries, like India, E-waste as a percentage of solid waste can
range from 0.01 % to 1 %. Globally, computer sales continue to grow at 10 % plus rates
annually. Sales of DVD players are doubling year over year. Yet the lifecycle of these
products are shortening, shrinking to 10 years for a television set to 2 or 3 years for a
computer. As a result, a high percentage of electronics are ending up in the waste stream
releasing dangerous toxins into the environment. Concern for India: After China imposed
a ban on the import of e-waste in 2002; there is a concern that India may emerge as one
of the largest dumping grounds for the developed world. Once the electronic equipment,
mostly computers, turns obsolete in the West, they are mostly exported as e-waste into
the South Asian market. The E-waste related laws in India includes (i) Hazardous Waste
(Management and Handling) Amended Rules, 2003: In Schedule 1, waste Position Paper
on PPP in Solid Waste Management 12 generated from the electronic industry is
considered as hazardous waste, and (ii) DGFT (EXIM policy 2002-07): Second hand
personal computers/laptops are not permitted for import under EPCG scheme under the
provisions of para 5.1 of the EXIM policy, even for service providers. Second hand
photocopiers machines, air conditioners, diesel generating sets, etc, can also not be
imported even if these are less than ten years old. However, the classification of e-waste
as hazardous in Indian legislation is still unclear as its status depends upon the extent of
presence of hazardous constituents in it and there are no specific laws or guidelines for
e-waste. Hence, there is an impressive need for stringent norms and regulations for
handling e-waste in India. International responses to E-waste: In US; California passed
the “Electronic Waste Recycling Act of 2003” (SB20), USA’s first comprehensive
electronics recycling law, establishing a funding system for the collection & recycling of
certain electronic wastes, the EU parliament passed a directive that requires producers
to take responsibility for recovery & recycling of e-waste, In Japan; since 2001,
manufacturers have had to recycle appliances, TVs, refrigerators, and ACs and charge a
recycling fee to consumers.The local economy impacts on waste composition, as
high-income groups use more packaged products, resulting in higher volumes of
plastics, paper, glass, metals and textiles. Changes in waste composition can have a
significant impact on waste management practices. MSW may also contain hazardous
wastes such as pesticides, paints, used medicine and batteries. Compostable organics
include fruits, vegetables and food waste. Healthcare waste contains disposable
syringes, sanitary materials and blood containing textiles and is governed by the
Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998 and the Amended Rules, 2003,
and should not be mixed with MSW. The average composition of MSW produced by
Indian cities is approximately 41 wt.% organic, approximately 40 wt.% inert, with
approximately 19 wt.% potentially recyclable materials. Most organic waste is generated
from households, and inert waste is generated from construction, demolition and road
sweeping. Waste samples collected from Delhi, Ahmadabad and Bangalore indicate that
MSW composition varies between cities.World waste production is expected to be
approximately 27 billion tonnes per year by 2050, one-third of which will come from Asia,
with major contributions from China and India. Waste generation in urban areas of India
will be 0.7 kg per person per day in 2025, approximately four to six times higher than in
1999. The problems associated with waste become more acute as the size of
communities increase and this provides opportunities for decentralized waste
management by self-help groups and NGOs. The waste produced in urban areas of India
is approximately 170 000 tonnes per day, equivalent to about 62 million tonnes per year,
and this is expected to increase by 5% per year owing to increases in population and
changing lifestyles. Urban India generated 31.6 million tonnes of waste in 2001 and is
currently generating 47.3 million tonnes. By 2041, waste generation is predicted to be 161
million tonnes, a fivefold increase in four decades.

Onsite handling, storage, and processing:

This relates to activities at the point of waste generation, which facilitate easier
collection. For example, waste bins are placed at sites that generate sufficient
waste.Waste collection:

A crucial phase of waste management, this includes activities such as placing waste
collection bins, collecting waste from those bins, and accumulating trash in the location
where the collection vehicles are emptied. Although the collection phase involves
transportation, this is typically not the main stage of waste transportation.

Waste collection, storage and transport are essential elements of any SWM system and
can be major challenges in cities. Waste collection is the responsibility of the municipal
corporations in India, and bins are normally provided for biodegradable and inert waste.
Mixed biodegradable and inert waste are often dumped, with open burning a common
practice. Improvements to waste collection and transport infrastructure in India will
create jobs, improve public health and increase tourism. Local bodies spend around Rs.
500–1000 per tonne on SWM with 70% of this amount spent on collection and 20% spent
on transport.

Waste transfer and transport:These are the activities involved in moving waste from the
local waste collection locations to the regional waste disposal site in large waste
transport vehicles.

Waste processing and recovery:This refers to the facilities, equipment, and techniques
employed to recover reusable or recyclable materials from the waste stream and to
improve the effectiveness of other functional elements of waste management.

Disposal:The final stage of waste management. It involves the activities aimed at the
systematic disposal of waste materials in locations such as landfills or waste-to-energy
facilities.SWM disposal is at a critical stage of development in India. There is a need to
develop facilities to treat and dispose of increasing amounts of MSW. More than 90% of
waste in India is believed to be dumped in an unsatisfactory manner. It is estimated that
approximately 1400 km2 was occupied by waste dumps in 1997 and this is expected to
increase in the future.Properly engineered waste disposal protects public health and
preserves key environmental resources such as ground water, surface water, soil fertility
and air quality. Indian cities with containment landfill sites include Mumbai, Kolkata,
Chennai, Nashik, Vadodara, Jamshedpur, Allahabad, Amritsar, Rajkot, Shimla,
Thiruvananthapuram and Dehradun.

The UN Environmental Programme defines landfill as the controlled disposal of MSW on

land in such a way that contact between waste and the environment is significantly
reduced, with waste disposal concentrated in a well-defined area. Engineered landfill
allows the safe disposal of residual MSW on land, but protects ground and surface water
from pollution and avoids air emissions, wind-blown litter, odour, fire hazards, problems
with animals, birds and other pests/rodents, and reduces greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions and slope instability issues. Properly managed engineered landfills should
replace dumps in India. This would significantly reduce the environmental impact of
waste lands .

Observation
The political will is the first priority. Generally, Government bodies and municipalities
give priority to present problems which they face but do not think for future problems
due to environmental decay. Their view is that, they will solve problems when they will
face it but not now. Because doing something for environment does not provide political
gains or assure next time seat. Now questions are that how can we change this
mentality? We believe there should be a positive approach for a long-time planning and
implementation. Legislation and its effective enforcement are a key to sustainability for
which the framework requires to be established. Efforts to improve waste storage and
collection are required. This can be done when each household and locality are provided
standard bins that are placed outside for ease of collection. In areas where this is not
appropriate, centrally located waste collection points should be established that are
shared by a number of households. Wastes need o be increasingly sorted at the source,
to separate materials that can be recycled and to reduce the number of wastes requiring
collection and disposal. Co-operation is required among communities, the informal
sector, the formal waste collectors and the authorities. An effective Solid Waste
Management system should aim at minimizing manual handling and 100 % collection &
transportation of solid wastes should be achieved. In solid waste management, one thing
became very clear that segregation at source is to be practiced. There are lots of
initiatives to manage wastes but goes in vain because of not identifying wealth in wastes.
In India, we cannot afford sanitary land filling as land is precious here and there are lot of
municipalities who do not have land as trenching ground. The source segregation needs
lot of study on human behavior against waste littering. A continuous sensitization
programme is to be planned according to the sentiments of the residents towards their
city and ultimately it will work as wonders. If waste segregation is practiced, the potential
threats can be minimized directly. Besides, the quality of materials retrieved will be better
due to absence of mixing. The pickers can thus, fetch better money on the European
Scientific materials retrieved besides having lesser threats of catching diseases, cuts
and wounds encountered in the usual practice of waste picking. The adoption and
transfer of the technologies from the developed countries without adapting them to the
local or regional perspective would be fallacious on the part of the developing countries.
Therefore, the technical aspects for a waste management would have to take into
account many points for planning and implementation of strategies according to
situation of the country. It would call for the strengthening of the management sector
which has to go hand in hand with technical planning. General public can play a very
important role. Public participation is necessary for a proper waste management system.
Changes in the habits of segregation, littering, can change the approach towards wastes.
For example, in a heritage town of West Bengal, there was a movement related to waste
management. Within a span of two years, it successfully sensitized residents for
segregation at source and not littering in open areas. Now the city is really becoming
clean and other people are also participating in the movement. In order to improve the
system efficiency and increase the coverage to 100 percent in each city, it is
recommended to explore alternative arrangements for collection of waste like involving
private operators. A mechanism to generate revenue from the citizens should also be
developed. However, the approach to public-private partnerships pursued in the
developed countries cannot be replicated for Indian towns in general. This approach can
only be implemented after some modifications taking into account the local conditions.
There may be separate parallel decentralized schemes by the government. Financial
support by the community based on decentralized schemes will provide the right
impetus for the development of waste management method. For example, the
municipality of Bangalore has a parallel scheme, “Swachh Bangalore”, which levies
mandatory fees for all households, businesses and educational institutions to increase
its financial resources. These user fees imply that the residents will expect the
municipality to provide proper waste collection services. It integrates them into the
overall waste management strategy in all localities thereby helping to reduce the number
of wastes going outside the locality. The levying of waste collection and disposal fees
should be based on waste generation rates and according to the economic standard of
the area, whilst considering the nature of the waste wherever necessary. However, these
fees should not be levied solely to meet the financial lacunae for management and the
equipment demand. In India waste management could materialize only if service delivery
will be linked to private sector participation. “It is imperative that the private European
Scientific sector comes forward and enables the public sector stakeholders to devise
appropriate frameworks that result in a win-win for both sides.” Although there are some
initiatives taken by corporate but there are strong needs that all corporate must come
forward to take first step. At least they should manage their industrial waste rather
littering and throwing in the rivers as we can find many examples in Indian cities like
Kanpur, Varanasi, Agra, etc. The private sector could also play an important role in
building the capacities of municipal bodies. Solid waste management, along with
recycling, presents plenty of opportunities for partnerships. For example, EXNORA is an
NGO in Chennai that focuses on the environment through their solid waste management
program, which works in municipalities throughout Tamil Nadu. In fact, despite the lack
of proper legal and financial support by public agencies, the informal sector has a firm
standing and gives an invaluable service to a large section of the society in relation to
waste management. There is an urgent need to understand the vital role of this informal
sector engaged in municipal solid waste management, study their socio-economic
conditions, and to integrate them with the formal sector to achieve sustainable solid
waste management on one hand and improve their living conditions on the other. The
possible future policy options available with the policy makers for management of
municipal solid waste are to promote either/all of the existing alliances between
private-private enterprises, private-public enterprises and private-public-community. The
selected scenario should be based on socio-economic, environmental and health
considerations. It should fulfil the basic goal of recycling the maximum waste generated,
creating maximum employment through cleaner methods without bringing any
threat/reducing the potential health hazards to the lower rung of the waste recycling
sector and improving their socio-economic conditions, as well. The Self-Employed
Women’s Association (SEWA), Ahmedabad, India successfully improved the living
conditions of women paper pickers, by organizing them into cooperatives and by
searching for easily accessible raw materials in bulk quantity. There are several missing
links and many loose ends both in terms of management, technology and professional
skill. The solutions need thorough understanding, for example, deployment of competent
persons qualified in solid waste management (real hard taskmasters and not people who
turn up with a handkerchief to cover their nose to keep the stink away), application of
efficient combination of waste handling equipment’s in cost effective manner and
streamlining of the handling of waste at various stages throughout its journey
fromsource of generation to ultimate safe disposal site, without intermediate dumping
and accumulation of waste for days together. A flawless continuous flow sheet of waste
management has to be developed. Matching financial support, discipline and attitudinal
change in all concerned will obviously be the key for effective and successful waste
management in India. In India the landfill, sometimes described as `sanitary landfill’, does
not go beyond filling up of low-lying areas with stinking waste conveniently bypassing
the recommended requirements for `sanitary landfill’. In the end, anything that is emptied
at dumping or landfill sites continues to cause serious environmental depredation. The
developed countries do boast that they handle their waste in a more scientific manner at
landfill sites by laying the dumping grounds with a vulcanized plastic sheet to avoid
leaching of toxic digested and undigested waste into the ground underneath. In our
country’s authorities practicing landfill do declare that they assiduously implement
requirements for recommended landfill to assuage citizen concern. The quantum of solid
waste is ever increasing due to many reasons. Plastics waste is a significant portion of
the total municipal solid waste (MSW). Recycling of plastics should be carried in such a
manner to minimize the pollution level during the process and as a result to enhance the
efficiency of the process and conserve the energy. Newer techniques related to recycling
and reuse of plastic can be adopted. Any new paradigm should include a cradle-to-grave
approach with responsibility being shared by many stakeholders, including product
manufacturers, consumers, communities, the recycling industry, trade, municipalities
and the urban poor. The Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation, as well
as Agriculture, should develop the market for compost, and if required provide subsidies
for compost manure – first to provide organic soil nutrients to the farmers and to solve
the urban waste problem which continuously is polluting land through uncontrolled
dumping. In order to make proper waste management activity sustain in true sense,
following other points need to be given attention to –

1) Region specific planning: Looking at the geographical, topographical and cultural

diversity of the country it can be divided into five regions such as European Scientific
Journal Northern region, Eastern region, Western region, Central region and Southern
region. Each of these regions has different structure. Hence all the activities should be
planned & implemented on regional basis.

2) Planning from below: To make Solid Waste Management a success in true sense, the
planning as well as implementation should start from general public level planning
followed by block level planning, district level planning and state level planning.

3) Involvement of self-help groups, youth groups and small entrepreneurs: The general
public level waste management units can be run by self-help groups, youth groups or
small entrepreneurs. This will help in making the programme self-supportive and
sustainable.

4) Well planned and effective training policy: Technical training at all levels (General
public to state) forms the backbone of a successful waste management programme.
Adequate training must be given to all those concerned prior to actual launching of the
programme in the field.

Analysis of Data

Solid waste can be separated into three categories:

(i) biodegradable waste or organic waste (food and kitchen waste, green waste
vegetables, flower, leaves, fruits and paper, etc.).

(ii) inert and non-biodegradable waste (construction and demolition waste, dirt, debris,
etc.

(iii) recyclable waste (plastic, paper, bottles, glasses, etc. The report by the Task Force of
the Planning Commission places biodegradable waste at 52 percent, followed by inert
and non-biodegradable component at 32 percent. The share of recyclable waste is placed
at 17 percent and has seen a constant rise over the years. Based on the data available on
a few cities, biodegradable waste varies between 55 to 60 percent on an annual basis.The
increasing quantity of plastic waste has become a significant challenge and is a major
contributor to environmental degradation. India generates 26,000 tons per day (TPD) of
plastic waste, i.e., 9.4 million tons per annum. To address this issue, the National Green
Tribune (NGT) has directed the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to implement a
strict ban on the import of plastic waste in India, since it is toxic to the environment.
Moreover, massive plastic collection drives have been conducted, and as of 21 October
2019, a whopping 4,024 MT of plastic waste has been collected with the help of over 6.41
crore citizens. Much of this non-recyclable plastic is used in the construction of roads
and furnace oil. According to the NGT bench, “Local bodies to encourage the use of
plastic waste for road construction or waste to energy etc. … every producer or brand
owner is required to make [an] application for registration or for renewal of registration
and such registration is done as per checklist issued by the CPCB.” The Ministry, too, is
actively engaging with the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) to ensure the reuse
of the non-recyclable plastic waste collected, with the Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways encouraging the use of plastic waste in the construction of national highways,
especially in areas that have a population of five lakh or more.On the occasion of World
Environment Day on 5 June 2017, the Government of India announced a “National
Strategy” to phase out all forms of single-use plastic by 2022, to eliminate not only
plastic bags and bottle but also other items such as plastic cutlery, straws, Styrofoam
containers and coffee stirrers. A FICCI study estimates that 43 percent of India’s plastic
goes towards making disposable, single-use packaging, like those used by e-commerce
facilities such as Amazon and Flipkart. A total of 18 states and UTs have imposed bans
on plastic manufacture, stock, sale, or use of plastic carry bags, including Andhra
Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat,
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil
Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal. However, the bans have not been
successfully enforced due to poor state capacity.Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban)

The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched by the Indian government on 2 October
2014 for five years (2014–19), aimed at creating a “Clean India” with an emphasis on
eliminating open defecation by October 2019. The SBM addresses the growing problems
of open defecation, sanitation, and SWM. It seeks people’s participation in creating a
trash-free environment, providing sanitation facilities and paving a way for Swachh
Bharat.The Mission Directorate has taken several steps to help cities accelerate their
progress of implementation. Some of the important initiatives under this are discussed
below: Conducting Swachh SurvekshanVarious rounds of Swachh Survekshan (SS) were
conducted by the MoHUA to encourage citizen participation, ensure sustainability of
initiatives taken towards garbage-free and open-defecation-free cities, institutionalize
existing systems through online processes, and create awareness amongst all sections
of society. The first round of the annual cleanliness survey was conducted in January
2016 across 73 cities; the second round was conducted in January–February 2017 across
434 cities. The third round was conducted in 2018 across 4,203 cities in 66 days, and
became the largest-ever Pan-India Sanitation Survey in the world, impacting around 40
crore people. The fourth survey, SS-19, covered 4,237 cities in a record time of 28 days
and was a fully digitized and paperless.The fifth round of the annual Swachh Survekshan
was conducted from 4 January 2020 to 31 January 2020 (28 days) in urban areas of the
country, across 4,242 ULBs, 62 cantonment boards, and 92 Ganga towns under the aegis
of SBU. The objective of the survey was to sustain the on-ground performance of cities
along with continuous monitoring of the service level performance when it comes to
cleanliness with Indore (Madhya Pradesh) retaining the first position. Surat (Gujarat) and
Navi Mumbai (Maharashtra) grabbed the second and third positions, respectively.
Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) was the best Ganga town surveyed, while Patna and Gaya in
Bihar were declared the dirtiest cities in the country. Amongst the 47 cities surveyed,
South Delhi Municipal Corporation (SDMC), the North Delhi Municipal Corporation
(NDMC), and the East Delhi Municipal Corporation (EDMC) were ranked 31, 43 and 46,
respectively. However, the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) emerged as the
“Cleanest Capital City.” Amongst the cantonment boards, Jalandhar ranked at the top,
followed by the Delhi Cantonment Board. The MoHUA launched the toolkit for the
Swachh Survekshan 2021 on 3 July 2020. A new category of awards titled “Pretak Daaur
Samman” was announced as part of SS-21. The award has five additional subcategories:
Divya (Platinum), Anupam (Gold), Ujjwal (Silver), Udit (Bronze), Aarohi (Aspiring). The
new award will categorise cities based on six indicator-wise performance criteria:

1) Segregation of waste into wet, dry and hazard categories

2) Processing capacity against wet waste generated

3) Processing and recycling of wet and dry waste

4) Construction & Demolition (C&D) waste processing

5) Percentage of waste going to landfills

6) Sanitation status of cities

7) Star Rating of Garbage-Free Cities

To ensure continued scientific management of solid waste and motivate cities to achieve
increased cleanliness, the MoHUA launched the Star-Rating Protocol of Garbage-Free
Cities on 20 January 2018. The rating protocol is an outcome-based tool, not a
process-based one. The single metric rating system, based on 12 parameters,3 builds on
the spirit of healthy competition amongst cities and the aspirations of cities to progress
towards higher standards of “Swachhata” and sustainability. The most significant feature
of the rating protocol is that it provides stakeholders with a single metric to rate a city’s
overall cleanliness. Cities are required to carry out self-assessment and self-verification
to achieve a certain star rating. To ensure that the star-rating aligns with the vision of
making SBM a “Jan Andolan,” citizen groups have to be involved through the system of
self-declaration. The star rating is supported by a robust verification mechanism to
ensure transparency and standardisation.

The MoHUA introduced a revised “Star-Rating Protocol for GFC 2019” on 28 June 2019
under the SBMU, as a single metric rating system for holistic evaluation of cleanliness
and SWM through a graded approach. Based on the feedback received from states and
cities, the following amendments have been recommended:
“Pre-qualifying criterion of Domestic Hazardous Waste Processing shall not be
applicable for 1-Star and 3-Star certification. This criterion shall be evaluated only for
5-Star and 7-Star certification.Desirable component with respect to Sustainability (D1)
shall not be applicable for 1-Star and 3-Star and shall be evaluated only for 5-Star and
7-Star certification.Mandatory Component with respect to Grievance Redressal (M10) will
be modified.”

Swachhata Hi Sewa CampaignThe “Swachhata Hi Sewa” Campaign was launched on 15

September 2017, with the aim of ensuring cleanliness through the various stakeholders
in the “Jan Andolan” (National Movement). The highlights of the campaign that made it a
success are listed below:

Sewa Diwas:A nationwide shramdaan (volunteering for cleanliness service) by

stakeholders

Samagra Swachhata:Shramdaan by citizens at large, municipal bodies, SBM

ambassadors and corporates

Sarvatra Swachhata:Massive cleanliness drives at iconic spotsCompost Banao, Compost

Apnao Campaign The Urban Ministry launched a new multi-media campaign on
waste-to-compost, titled “Compost Banao, Compost Apnao” under SBM-(U). The aim is
to encourage people to convert their kitchen waste into compost for use as fertiliser and
to reduce the amount of waste going to landfill sites. This campaign is an attempt to
encourage citizens to contribute towards making their city clean.

The Impact of COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the gravest global crises in the modern era. In
response to the pandemic, most countries imposed mandatory lockdowns, restricting the
movement of the people. In India, the nationwide mandate came into effect on 25 March
2020 and was renewed four times, until 31 May 2020.Since the enforcement of the
lockdowns, the Solid Waste Association of North America has noted many changes in
the quantity and source of solid waste generated. While there has been no proven case
of COVID-19 transmission through healthcare waste, “… excessive volume of COVID-19
waste (personnel protective equipment (PPE) kits, surgical mask, gloves) has become a
significant challenge for its proper handling to the waste management authorities.” To
address the issue, guidelines have been articulated for citizens to effectively reduce and
segregate waste. “[The] European Commission has formulated a guidelines document
for waste management in the context of COVID-19 crisis … The US occupational safety
and health administration (OSHA) has pre-defined the safety guideline for personnel
involved in MSW management … The developing countries including India, Vietnam and
Malaysia have published guidelines for the handling of medical waste and waste
generated in infected households.” Additionally, many organisations have formulated
guidelines for handling biomedical waste during the pandemic, including the Central
Pollution Control Board, World Health Organisation, Centres for Disease Control and
Prevention, International Solid Waste Association, and Occupational Safety and Health
Administration.The MoHUA is dedicated to promoting scientific SWM, especially in
quarantined households. Sanitation workers who are at the frontlines are amongst the
most vulnerable due to the nature of their work. Keeping this in mind, the MoHUA has
released multiple guidelines and advisories to be followed by states, local governments,
and contractors employing sanitation and faecal waste management workers. The
Central Advisory is divided into three board categories.

Standard Operating ProcedureSpecific measures for sanitation workersAvailability of

PPE kits/safety gears and disinfectants for sanitation workersIn addition to the broad
categories, the MoHUA has issued advisories to help ULBs in the following areas:Special
cleaning of public places Safe disposal of waste from quarantined householdsSafe
disposal of masks and other related waste from quarantined households, and
transportation without mixing with other household wastes

Welfare and protection of sanitary workers engaged in collection and transportation of

COVID-19 waste

Several states and ULBs have also formulated their own digital solutions to control the
spread of the virus and monitor the situation, such as smart-phone applications, online
health tests, GIS and electronic passes. The District Administration of Jalandhar has
launched an app via Alluzo and a WhatsApp-based service to order essential services,
available on government prices. Indore, the cleanest city in Madhya Pradesh, is using
drones to sanitise crowded areas. The Indore Municipal Corporation has deployed two
drones from private companies to sprinkle chemicals in such areas. Dungarpur
(Rajasthan) has done exceptionally well in containing the spread COVID-19 despite
limited resources. In Alappuzha, ULBs have come together to start a community kitchen
for migrant labourers. “South Delhi Municipal Corporation has converted 91 of its
Government Schools into shelters to accommodate hundreds of homeless and migrant
workers.”The nationwide lockdown has caused massive changes in the
waste-management sector, such as an increase in the amount of infectious and
biomedical waste, and a decrease in the percentage of MSW reaching landfills or
dumpsites. While the amount of SWM has decreased due to the closure of restaurants,
markets, malls etc., waste collection efficiency has been affected due to the decrease in
municipal employees. “After the imposition of the lockdown, many waste-pickers could
not pick up waste either because of restriction by police or apartment societies, affecting
waste collection.” Moreover, the combined effect of the health crisis and economic
slowdown has impacted the health and livelihoods of informal-sector workers.

Conclusion

Human ways of life have placed pressure on the environment and have caused
imbalance in the eco systems by the producing, consuming and wasting of natural
resources. Most countries evidently have major effects on the environment due to SW
generation with economic development since the natural resources are used, and waste
and pollution are produced. Therefore, the concern towards the management of solid
waste as an integral part for sustainable development has increased.It is clear that
improper waste management practices have a significant impact on the natural
environment and sustainable development in the study area. Thus, awareness about
SWM impact on sound environmental development or/and sustainable development in
seemingly low. Therefore, it is important that the SWM should be developed from the
primary level. Waste storage and primary disposal are the dominant means of managing
waste. Thus, it has caused significant challenges in the study area. Therefore, waste
separation from the household level, proper storage, more efficient waste collection
systems, and sustainable recovery and disposal practices are identified as needed
processes in the study area. Considering the nature and components of waste generated
by households and business places, the waste reduction, reuse, recycling and
composting processes would be more suitable in managing the challenge. These
management options should be integrated in a sustainable framework. Adequate
consideration should be given to monitoring processes. Public education and properly
planned waste management programs also need to be introduced into the current waste
management system. Especially awareness programmes must be conducted in order to
improve the knowledge about the importance of SWM for sound environmental
development in the area. The authorities should provide for the introduction of
complimentary programs and policy development.Population growth and particularly the
development of megacities is making SWM in India a major problem. The current
situation is that India relies on inadequate waste infrastructure, the informal sector and
waste dumping. There are major issues associated with public participation in waste
management and there is generally a lack of responsibility towards waste in the
community. There is a need to cultivate community awareness and change the attitude of
people towards waste, as this is fundamental to developing proper and sustainable waste
management systems. Sustainable and economically viable waste management must
ensure maximum resource extraction from waste, combined with safe disposal of
residual waste through the development of engineered landfill and waste-to-energy
facilities. India faces challenges related to waste policy, waste technology selection and
the availability of appropriately trained people in the waste management sector. Until
these fundamental requirements are met, India will continue to suffer from poor waste
management and the associated impacts on public health and the environment.

Noise Pollution
Introduction According to Odum, noise pollution is the
unwanted sound dumped into environment without regard to
the adverse effect it may have. Noise pollution may be
defined as any unwanted electromagnetic signal (sound) that
produces a jarring or displeasing effect and which interferes
with human communication, comfort and health. Noise
pollution also caused when the loudness of the sound
becomes irritating or unbearable. Noise pollution also refers
to perturbations which interfere in the communication
systems. The unit of sound intensity is decibel (dB). The
sound intensity from 0 to 100 dB is pleasant but when the
sound intensity exceeds 120 dB, it causes noise. Sound
intensity of 130 dB is the upper limit of the threshold of
hearing and beyond this, is the threshold of pain which may
cause damage to car and leading to hearing impairment. So,
sound of more than 130 dB causes noise
pollutionIndustrialisation: Industrialisation has led to an
increase in noise pollution as the use of heavy machinery
such as generators, mills, huge exhaust fans are used,
resulting in the production of unwanted noise.

•Vehicles: Increased number of vehicles on the roads are the

second reason for noise pollution.

•Events: Weddings, public gatherings involve loudspeakers

to play music resulting in the production of unwanted noise
in the neighbourhood.

•Construction sites: Mining, construction of buildings, etc

add to the noise pollution.

Unnecessary usage of horns

•Using loudspeakers either for religious functions or for

political purposes
•Unnecessary usage of fireworks

•Industrial noise

•Construction noise

•Noise from transportation such as railway and aircraft

Importance
Noise management:The goal of noise management is to
maintain low noise exposures, such that human health and
well-being are protected. The specific objectives of noise
management are to develop criteria for the maximum safe
noise exposure levels, and to promote noise assessment and
control as part of environmental health programmes. This is
not always achieved (Jansen 1998). The United Nations´
Agenda 21 (UNCED 1992), as well as the European Charter
on Transport, Environment and Health (London Charter
1999), both support a number of environmental management
principles on which government policies, including noise
management policies, can be based.

• These include:The precautionary principle:In all cases,

noise should be reduced to the lowest level achievable in a
particular situation. Where there is a reasonable possibility
that public health will be damaged, action should be taken to
protect public health without awaiting full scientific proof.

• The polluter pays principle:The full costs associated with

noise pollution (including monitoring, management, lowering
levels and supervision) should be met by those responsible
for the source of noise.
• The prevention principle:Action should be taken where
possible to reduce noise at the source. Land-use planning
should be guided by an environmental health impact
assessment that considers noise as well as other pollutants.

Objectives
The goal of noise management is to maintain low noise
exposures, such that human health and well-being are
protected. The specific objectives of noise management are
to develop criteria for the maximum safe noise exposure
levels, and to promote noise assessment and control as part
of environmental health programmes

Methodology
This study was conducted in the city of Talca (Maule region,
Chile). Talca has a populationof about 200,000 inhabitants
(the population increases during the academic year due to
the influxof university students) and is the tenth largest city
in the country. The highest percentage of theactive
population (approximately 55%) works in the service sector,
followed by the industrial sector(approximately 36%). This
city does not have a historic centre and a high percentage of
buildings haveonly one floor. The mean annual temperature
and rainfall are 13 ˝C and 750 mm, respectively.Three
sampling methods were analysed: the grid method [42], road
types established by theMinistry of Transport and
Telecommunications of Chile (MTT) [46], and the
categorisation method [45].In order to compare the
uncertainties using a similar sampling time the same number
of samplingpoints (52) was selected for each measurement
method. The grid method was analysed becauseit is
accepted in an international standard, but its applicability
was not compared with the other sampling methods

Grid method:- In the grid method, a grid is superimposed

over a city map and the measurement points are located at
the nodes of the square or at the nearest location when the
nodes are inaccessible. The area of Talca is approximately 29
km square. A total of 35 squares with 52 sampling points
were drawn on the city map using a grid square with 800 m of
resolution. A similar square grid resolution has been used in
previous studies.

Road Types Established by the MTT :- The Ministry of

Transport and Telecommunications of Chile (MTT) classifies
urban roads according to their main function and their urban
design features. However, in practice, urban characteristics,
such as the width of the roads, are more relevant. Five types
of roads are differentiated: highway, trunk, service, collector,
and local. A similarclassification has been used in recent
acoustic assessment studies of cities in Chile and in other
countries .The sampling points were then randomly selected
along the total length of each road type taking into account
two factors. First, in the types of roads with a greater length ,
a greater number of sampling points were selected with a
minimum of eight sampling points for each road type.
Second, equivalent points (those points located on the same
section of a street with no important intersection between
them) were discarded. For this reason, only one sampling
point was selected in the highway road type.
Categorisation method :- As previously mentioned, the
categorisation method is based on the concept of street
functionality, that is to say, the functionality of the streets of
the city as a communication path between different parts of
the city and between the city and other urban areas. In
addition, other variables such as the flowof vehicles, the type
of traffic, the average speed, and urban variables may have a
clear relationshipwith functionality , The streets of Talca were
classified according to the definitions proposed in
thecategorisation method established in previous work
[48].A strategy similar to the previous method was used to
select the sampling points in each road category.

Observation
New Delhi: Noise pollution limits are being breached in
India’s cities and the violations are the worst in Mumbai, a
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) analysis has
found.Delhi is the fourth noisiest Indian city, while Bengaluru
and Kolkata have seen the fewest violations of noise rules.In
Mumbai, Navi Mumbai and Thane, all stations show
prescribed norms to have been exceeded and four stations
installed at Vashi Hospital, ASHP, Bandra and at the
Maharashtra Pollution Control Board headquarters showed
100% exceedance of the prescribed limits, noted the analysis
released last week.India’s apex pollution watchdog
conducted real-time continuous ambient noise monitoring at
35 locations in nine cities with populations of over a million
each, including Delhi, Mumbai, Navi Mumbai, Thane,
Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Bengaluru and Hyderabad.
Data was collected for 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014.As per the
CPCB study, “maximum violations of prescribed limits were
observed in Mumbai, followed by Lucknow, Hyderabad, Delhi
and Chennai." “Bengaluru and Kolkata have observed the
least number of violations with respect to the prescribed
norms," it added.In March 2011, the central government set
up the National Ambient Noise Monitoring Network (NANMN)
through CPCB and the state pollution control boards
(SPCBs) to monitor noise on a 24x7 basis in India’s seven
largest citiesUnder NANMN, 70 monitoring stations have
been set up in seven cities—10 each in Delhi, Bengaluru,
Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, Lucknow and Mumbai
(including Navi Mumbai)—which are operated by state-level
pollution control boards.The CPCB analysis asked state
governments “to take measures for abatement of pollution
emanating from various noise sources and ensure that the
existing level do not exceed the ambient noise standards".It
wanted a ban on residential colonies from being built near
industrial areas and suggested the construction of
vegetation buffer zones and roadside plantations in cities.

Awareness programmes shall be organized as most of the

noise is generated because of improper and inefficient usage
of resources. Unorganized, highly congested commercial
activity should not be encouraged in proximity to the
residential colonies," the study said.The pollution watchdog
also said media, central and state governments, municipal
bodies and pollution control boards should create awareness
among students and public at large to avoid bursting of
firecrackers.
The most common source of noise pollution by far, the one
that affects the most people, is motor vehicles.Aircraft and
industrial machinery are also major sources, while office
machines, sirens, power tools, and other equipment are
additional sources of noise pollution.The Noise Pollution
(Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, were last amended in
January 2010 to reduce noise levels at night and from public
address systems.The government is now working on
devising new noise pollution standards Activists said the
implementation of rules holds the key to reducing noise
pollution. “Even though we have started noise pollution
monitoring in some cities, there are no city-wise noise
pollution mitigation plans. So, most of the time, the focus is
on specific sources that need to be addressed, like
loudspeakers and firecrackers. But there is absolutely no
clarity on monitoring ambient noise levels 24X7, like what we
do with air quality. Thus, now is the time for the state
pollution control boards to come up with that kind of
planning. In addition, we also need to assess the current
noise standards from the different sources of noise such as
vehicles," said Anumita Roy Chowdhury, executive director,
research and advocacy, at Delhi-based Centre for Science
and Environment, an environmental organization.

Analysis
Equipment used and Methods of Measurement:In general two
types of measurements were made for collection of noise
level data in various cities of India. For one type of
measurement a correct Sound Level Meter (SLM) was
selected from which readings were manually read for about a
minute. As a single reading indicates noise level for a time
lasting 12 seconds so that 5 readings were taken in one
minute.In a second type of measurement for measuring
ambient noise levels the Sound Level Meter was placed at a
height of approximately four feet above ground with the
sensor facing sky-wards. For obtaining continuous noise
levels Sound Level Meter was connected with battery
operated recorder. The Both Sound Level Meters were
checked for obtaining identical noise levels in the operation
areas.The noise levels have also been observed at the
counters of cash for slip and at medicine distribution centre.
It is surprising that such noise levels have been noticed at
places which are called sensitive areas or peace zones.
Immediate steps are needed to check it and to bring down
this high level to tolerable limits.The noise levels were
observed in GPO between 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. on a working day.
The maximum observed level was 82 dB (A) and the
minimum 53 dB (A) with an average of 77.5 dB (A). This high
level may also cause mistakes in registration of letters, many
orders and other works of GPO.In the university (or college)
the noise levels were observed at cycle/scooter stands and
near class rooms or union buildings. The maximum level was
90 dB (A) and the minimum 55 dB (A) with an average of 72.5
dB (A).

Conclusion
Noise pollution or noise disturbance is the disturbing or
excessive noise that may harm the activity or balance of
human and animal life. The source of most outdoor noise
worldwide is machines and transport systems, motor
vehicles, aircraft and trains.Noise pollution is very
dangerous to both man and animals because it can cause
many effect to their health and also to the environment.So
noise pollution should be controlled and be under
consideration.

Air Pollution
Introduction
· “Air pollution refers to the condition in which the existence
of toxic substances in the atmosphere, generated by
various humans activities and natural phenomenon such as
volcanic eruptions, result in damaging effects on the
welfare of human beings and the living environment”
(Omasa 2022). As stated here, this is a very serious problem
which is difficult to treat due to the nature of airborne
particles.According to world health organization(WHO),
outdoor air pollution is classified into four categories:
particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur
dioxide. Additionally, air pollution is further divide into
primary and secondary pollutants. Primary pollutants are
released directly into the atmosphere from a source, where
secondary pollutants occur as a result of complex chemical
reactions taking place from two pollutants reacting with
each other (kibble and Harrison 2005).In the 1970’s, the
united states government formed the environmental agency
(EPA) due to growing concern of our impact on
theenvironment. Ever since then, an entire industry
has opened, focusing to remediate what was done
before as well as maintain a sense of responsibility
 for what we do to the environment
now.Unfortunately, since this is a relatively new
concern, there is a very little history of how air
pollution has dealt with in the past. Through current
research we are now making history. Air pollution is
a significant risk factor for a number of
pollution-related diseases, including respiratory
infections, heart disease, COPD, stroke and lung
cancer. The human health effects of poor air quality
are far reaching, but principally affect the body's
respiratory system and the cardiovascular system.
Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the
type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree
of exposure, and the individual's health status and
genetics. Indoor air pollution and poor urban air
quality are listed as two of the world's worst toxic
pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute
World's Worst Polluted Places report Outdoor air
pollution alone causes 2.1 to 4.21 million deaths
annually. Overall, air pollution causes the deaths of
around 7 million people worldwide each year, and is
the world's largest single environmental health risk.

Importance
· An adult breathes 15,000 litres of air every
day. When we breathe polluted air
pollutants get into our lungs; they can
enter the bloodstream and be carried to
 our internal organs such as the brain.This
can cause severe health problems such
as asthma, cardiovascular diseases and
even cancer and reduces the quality and
number of years of life. (New evidence
even suggests that every organ in the
human body is harmed.) Vulnerable
groups, namely children, people with
chronic diseases, and the eldery, are
particularly sensitive to the dangerous
effects of toxic air pollution.Polluted air
also causes eutrophication and
acidification of our ecosystems, which
results in the loss of agricultural
productivity, irreversible damage to
ecosystems and the loss of biodiversity.
Last but not least, air pollution causes
severe damage to our cultural heritage by
degrading architectural masterpieces that
are part of our national and European
identity.

Objectives The overall aim of the proposed

research is to further understand the link
between air pollution levels and chemical
composition and to investigate and assess the
effects of air pollution on the distribution of
related health impacts, socio- economics and
welfare in the Nordic countries. In pursuing this
aim, the following objectives will be
investigated:High spatial resolution emissions:
Performing a detailed common Nordic emission
inventory Down to 1 km x 1 km resolution, based
on emission databases in the individual Nordic
countries. Official data available will be used as
well as preparation and incorporation of
additional spatial disaggregationIntegrated
modelling: Setting up of a state-of-the- art
advanced and integrated air pollution model
system from hemispheric scale, European scale,
and national scale, for calculation and
assessment of high resolution (down to 1 km x 1
km resolution) air pollution levels and human
exposure.Health effects of air pollution:
Investigate the potential causal impact of
individual chemical air pollutants as well as
mixtures of air pollutants on health outcomes. In
pursuing this aim, we utilize the unique Nordic
population-based registers allowing linkage
between historical residential.

Methodology The methodology required for

quantifying the health effects of air pollution is
derived fromthe Health and Air Pollution in NZ (HAPiNZ)
study, a joint initiative from the Health Research Council, the
Ministry for the Environment and the Ministry of Transport
(Fisher et al, 2007). This study represents the most
comprehensive analysis of air pollution, its health
implications, and the resulting societal costs conducted in
New Zealand. The research evaluated the effects of specific
source categories of emissions from vehicles (including
private petrol cars, diesel cars, and diesel trucks), industry,
The
domestic and total sources in New Zealand.
research encompassed five interconnected
components: air quality, meteorology and
emissions data analysis air pollution exposure
assessment health impact assessment economic
impact assessment preventative policy
assessment.A more detailed explanation of the
methodology can be found in the HAPiNZ
report.summarise the health effects of air
pollution from domestic, transport, and
industrial sources, respectively.Monetary
estimates of the air quality benefits are based on
the assumptions made in the HAPiNZ study was
based on previous research in New Zealand
(described in detail in Fisher et al, 2007), and
results from overseas studies adjusted for New
Zealand conditions. Table 5.4 gives a summary
of the specific health effects and their cost per
case as was used in the HAPiNZ study. These
are not personal costs, but costs to the NZ
economy – the external costs of air pollution.
Table 5.4: Summary of costs of events
used in the analysis

· Effect · Cost
per unit
 · Mortality · $750,000

· Bronchitis · $75,000

· Other admission · $2,700

(respiratory)

· Other · $3,675
admission
(cardiovascula
r)

· Cancer · $750,000

· Restricted activity day · $92

These figures have a degree of subjectivity,

and are estimates only. There is no
international agreement on how to apply
economic analysis – and the values used in
various countries can differ widely. For
instance the premature mortality is argued to
be as low as $50,000 to as high as$6,000,000,
with the New Zealand Ministry of Transport
adopting $2,700,000 for road crash death costs.
The figures used here are reasonably
conservative estimates, calculated for New
Zealand circumstances. Different studies may
apply different costs. In addition, there are
some effects that are not studied, nor explicitly
costed, mainly because the research results
are not available. These include asthma cases,
short-term effects, and toxic effects. Similarly
some effects will incur additional costs that are
difficult to quantify, including costs of extra
doctors visits and medication, lower-level
effects due to mild but perhaps widespread
effects from drowsiness, headaches, loss of
attention, and quality of life that may not be
included in the restricted activity day analysis.
Finally the general economic effect of
perceptions of ‘poor air quality’ on tourism and
recreation are not negligible, although beyond
the scope of this study.
Observation Air pollution problems of a scale
larger than the point monitoring problem lend
themselves to space observational techniques.
Examples of these large scalestratospheric pollution
resulting from SST operations;regional sources,
pollution episodes, and large scale diffusion; and
effects of pollutants on climate. These problems are
discussed and observational requirements are
specified. Possible remote sensing techniques for
satellite monitoring are described. These include
monitoring of pollutant gases and particulates by
means of their absorption and scattering of radiation
in both the solar spectrum range and terrestrial
emission spectrum range.A discussion of potential
difficulties includes the atmospheric and surface
background problems, the temperature sensitivity
problem in the terrestrial spectrum range, the band
overlap problem, and the cloud interference problem.
Recent observations from satellites and balloons are
reviewed. It appears thatvertical profiles of
atmospheric pollutant gases andaerosols from
satellites will be extremely difficult. On the other hand,
measurements of the total amounts (in a vertical
column) of pollutant gases and aerosols do appear
feasible
Presently, China is the world’s second largest energy
consumer, and it generates extensive atmospheric
emissions in the Yellow Sea region in East Asia. In
the westerly region, the downwind effect creates
large-scale transport of air pollution and significantly
impacts on air quality semi-periodically in Korea,
Japan, and the western Pacific Ocean. Observations
with satellite and ground measurements of regional
air quality show the movements and impact of
anthropogenic and natural origins of air pollution in
the Yellow Sea region. Fifteen air-pollution cases
were recorded from January to September 2007.
These are the basis for our findings on regional-scale
transport of air pollution and variations of air quality
in Korea and SW Japan. Impacts on air quality and
health are included.Western Europe, eastern North
America, and East Asia, the three major industrial
regions of the world, are major emission sources of
air pollution (AP) and greenhouse gases (GHG). In
East Asia, the fossil fuel consumption in 2005 for the
three major countries of China, Japan, and Korea was
1,554M, 525M, and225M tons, respectively (Yearbook
2006). These three alone use 21.8% of the world’s
energy, adding AP and GHG to the atmosphere and
causing environmental impacts, which include global
warming and climate change (Chung et al. 2004).
Strikingly, it has been reported that in heavily
polluted China, the poor air and water quality affect
about 1 million of the 20 million babies born each
year, with about 300,000 babies suffering from visible
deformities (AFP 2007). Accordingto a World Bank
study, each year, about 460,000 people in China die
prematurely because of air and water pollution
(Reuters 2007). In September 2007, leaders from the
United Nations and the Asia Pacific Economic
Cooperation declared that resolution of atmospheric
emission and climate change was the world’s
top-priority issue. Meanwhile, the emission inventory
of AP and GHG provides important input into regional
and global numerical models of AP and GHG (Crutzen
2002; Seinfeld et al. 2004), and observational data are
needed to verify numerical outputs. Relatively little is
known from the literature on observations of
extensive transport of AP in the Yellow Sea
region.Measurements of AP in central Korea have
been carried out, and satellite observations of
extensive AP masses over the Yellow Sea region are
also made routinely. In the present study, observed
data from January to September 2007 are used. Both
qualitative and quantitative analyses of 15 episodes
resulting from long- range transport of AP are
presented. The purpose of this paper is also to
discuss the results of satellite observations of
massive AP over the Yellow Sea region and
associated ground measurement of air pollutant
concentrations downstream in the Korean Peninsula
and SW Japan.On 16 January 2007, an anticyclone
over northern China was weakening, and air
temperature in Korea was rising.Meanwhile, AP
accumulated over the Yellow Sea was moving into the
Korean Peninsula and onward to the Korea East Sea.
The measured concentrations of AP at KCAER and at
other stations as well were relatively high. The
satellite image of 17 January shown in Fig. 1a shows
clear evidence of a mass of polluted cloud (in
magenta or reddish-brown), which was over the
Yellow Sea and South Korea and extended as far as
the Korea East Sea. The length of the Korean
Peninsula is approximately 1,000 km. Meanwhile, the
same method of air pollution detection by satellite
data used in earlier studies (Al- Saadi et al. 2005;
Chung 1986; Chung and Le 1984) was employed. In
the satellite observations, Channel 1 (0.58–0.68 μm),
Channel 2 (0.73–1.00 μm), and Channel 4 (10.3–11.30
μm) of NOAA data were utilized for false- color
composite analysis.It is observed that regional warming
occurs both in Korea and in East Asia (Chung et al. 2004).
Emissions from Asia also influence the atmospheric
environment of the Arctic (Barrie 1986), and they are
linked with the warming of the high Arctic. In July and
August, at least half the ice covering the Arctic Ocean melts
(Chung and Le 2004). The regional and global emissions of
AP and GHG are increasing, and warming is undeniable.It
was observed that air pollution generated in China travels
to the Yellow Sea and moves to the Korean Peninsula and
the Japanese islands. This information was obtained by
satellite and ground measurements of AP. PM10 and PM2.5
concentrations in particular wereincreasingly high
compared with TSP concentrations in anthropogenically
polluted air.

Analysis Of Data
 Abstract: Background: Air pollution affects both
the health of living being and the materialistic
resources. Amid the development of anthropogenic
methods and machines, atmosphere has turned as a
sink for foul gases and disorderly energy. Air
pollutant discharges have deteriorated the natural
composition of air in atmosphere at spatial manner.·
Method: The resulting losses from air pollutants can
be minimized either by control at source (through air
pollution control devices) or by diverting the receptor
from pollution prone area. The second option
requires an exact estimation of air pollutant’s
concentration, which can be done by use of air
pollution forecast models. There are many simulation
models for forecasting the air pollutant concentration
at any place.
However, the results of these models are questioned
many times because of inappropriate forecasting. In
this paper author proposes a comprehensive
multi-criteria p rocess based upon statistical
formulae for the evaluation of the performance of
Air Pollution Forecast Models. Results: The
performance of Air Pollution Models can be judged
by error analysis, comparison of forecasted and
observational data, use of statistical performance
measurements and criteria. All these techniques are
discussed for their suitability and guiding the
modeler to select the optimal criteria for best model
performance. Conclusion: The selection and use of
specific evaluation criteria and their ability to
interpret the results varies with the study area,
prevailing meteorological conditions, formulation of
model structure and behaviour of observed data and
simulation results. A suitably selected performance
criteria help in designing the best deliverable air
pollution forecast model. Individuals who breathe
polluted air can experience health effects within a
few hours or days. The District measures pollutant
concentrations in the local ambient (outdoor) air
and uses historical data to predict pollutant levels in
the future . AIR POLLUTION refers to the
release of pollutants into the air that is detrimental
to human health and the planet as a whole.Today
air pollution has been one of the significant
problems to deal with for any nation. In South Asia,
it is ranked as the sixth most dangerous killer.One
does not realize the harmful effects of a problem if
he/she has not experienced it in the first place.Take
Delhi, for instance, we all have experienced what it
feels like inhaling in the ‘deadly’ smog that
remained for about a week, after Diwali. Citizens
were advised not to leave their homes and were
asked to wear masks whenever going outside.
Looking outside the window made me feel like I
was living in a gas chamber. Low visibility, a high
number of deaths, etc. were the effects of
pollution.Being a data analysis and data science
enthusiast, I decided to analyze the air quality data
of my own country to find some underlying
principles or patterns which might give me an
insight into how severe the problem is and I must
say the results were worth sharing. So, here I am
writing this article to share my approach and what I
analyzed from the data and to also make people
aware of the enormous problem our country is
facing.

Conclusion The health of the public,

especially those who are the most
vulnerable, such as children, the elderly and
the sick, is at risk from air pollution, but it is
difficult to say how large the risk is. It is
possible that the problem has been
over-stressed in relation to other challenges
in the field of public health.As we have seen,
there are considerable uncertainties in
estimating both exposures and effects and
their relationships. It may be, for example,
that the effects of long-term exposure to
lower concentrations of air pollutants could
be more damaging to public health than
short-term exposure to higher
concentrations. For this reason alone, local
authorities could take action to assess and
improve local air quality. It is not sufficient
to wait for an episode of severe air pollution
and then try to deal with its effects.Another
reason for action on air pollution is that we
do not know the contribution which
exposure to air pollutants may make to
deaths from, for example, heart disease. In
many countries heart disease is a leading
cause of death and even a small contribution
from air pollution could mean a significant
and important effect on public heath.On an
individual level, the risk to health from air
pollution is very much smaller than that
posed by active cigarette smoking or
accidents. It is also true that healthy
individuals are rather unlikely to be affected
by exposure to the concentrations of
outdoor air pollutants in many European
countries on most days of the year.
However, the old and the young, and
especially those suffering from respiratory
or heart diseases, are the groups who are
most vulnerable to the effects of air
pollution. It is only right that cost effective
action should be taken to provide them with
clean air, which The Times of 1881 described
as "the first necessity of our existence

Global Warming

Introduction Global warming is the increase of

average world temperatures as a result of what is
known as the greenhouse effect. Certain gases in
the atmosphere act like glass in a greenhouse,
allowing sunlight through to heat the earth's
surface but trapping the heat as it radiates back
into space. As the greenhouse gases build up in the
atmosphere the Earth gets hotter. This process is
leading to a rapid change in climate, also known as
climate change.

Q: What is global warming? A: Since the Industrial

Revolution, the global annual temperature has
increased in total by a little more than 1 degree
Celsius, or about 2 degrees Fahrenheit. Between
1880—the year that accurate recordkeeping
began—and 1980, it rose on average by 0.07
degrees Celsius (0.13 degrees Fahrenheit) every 10
years. Since 1981, however, the rate of increase has
more than doubled: For the last 40 years, we’ve
seen the global annual temperature rise by 0.18
degrees Celsius, or 0.32 degrees Fahrenheit, per
decade.The result? A planet that has never been
hotter. Nine of the 10 warmest years since 1880
have occurred since 2005—and the 5 warmest
years on record have all occurred since 2015.
Climate change deniers have argued that there has
been a ―pause‖ or a―slowdown‖ in rising global
temperatures, but numerous studies, including a
2018 paper published in the journal
Environmental Research Letters, have disproved
this claim. The impacts of global warming are
already harming people around the world.Now
climate scientists have concluded that we must
limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius by
2040 if we are to avoid a future in which everyday
life around the world is marked by its worst, most
devastating effects: the extreme droughts,
wildfires, floods, tropical storms, and other
disasters that we refer to collectively as climate
change. These effects are felt by all people in one
way or another but are experienced mostacutely
by the underprivileged, the economically
marginalized, and people of color, for whom
climate change is often a key driver of poverty,
displacement, hunger, and social unrest.

Q: What causes global warming?A: Global

warming occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and
other air pollutants collect in the atmosphere and
absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have
bounced off the earth’s surface.Normally this
radiation would escape into space, but these
pollutants, which can last for years to centuries in
the atmosphere, trap the heat and cause the
planet to get hotter. These heat-trapping
pollutants—specifically carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide, water vapor, and synthetic
fluorinated gases—are known as greenhouse
gases, and their impact is called the greenhouse
effect.Though natural cycles and fluctuations
have caused the earth’s climate to change several
times over the last 800,000 years, our current era
of global warming is directly attributable to
human activity—specifically to our burning of
fossil fuels such as coal, oil, gasoline, and natural
gas, which results in the greenhouse effect. In the
United States, the largest source of greenhouse
gases is transportation (29 percent), followed
closely by electricity production (28 percent) and
industrial activity (22 percent).Curbing
dangerous climate change requires very deep cuts
in emissions, as well as the use of alternatives to
fossil fuels worldwide. The good news is that
countries around the globe have formally
committed—as part of the 2015 Paris Climate
Agreement—to lower their emissions by setting
new standards and crafting new policies to meet
or even exceed those standards. The not-so-good
news is that we’re not working fast enough. To
avoid the worst impacts of climate change,
scientists tell us that we need to reduce global
carbon emissions by as much as 40 percent by
2030. For that to happen, the global community
must take immediate, concrete steps: to
decarbonize electricity generation by equitably
transitioning from fossil fuel– based production
to renewable energy sources like wind and solar;
to electrify our cars and trucks; and to maximize
energy efficiency in our buildings, appliances,
and industries.
Importance Global Warming is important since
it helps determine future climate expectations.
Through the use of latitude, one can determine the
likelihood of snow and hail reaching the surface.
You can also be able to identify the thermal
energy from the sun that is accessible to a region.
Global Warming is the scientific study of climates,
which is defined as the mean weather conditions
over a period of time. A branch of study within
atmospheric sciences, it also takes into account
the variables and averages of short-term and
long-term weather conditions. Global warming is
the unequivocal and continuing rise in the
average temperature of Earth's climate system.
Since 1971, 90% of the warming has occurred in
the oceans. Despite the oceans' dominant role in
energy storage, the term "global warming" is also
used to refer to increases in average temperature
of the air and sea at Earth's surface. Since the
early 20th century, the global air and sea surface
temperature has increased about 0.8 °C (1.4
°F), with about two-thirds of the increase
occurring since 1980. Each of the last three
decades has been successively warmer at the
Earth's surface than any preceding decade since
1850. Global Warming uses from OMICS Group
are an open access journal named as Journal of
Climatology and Weather Forecasting which
strives to release issues quarterly and is adamant
to publish new findings related to the field of
Global Warming. The mission of the Global
Warming uses provides a forum for publishing
new findings on Environmental principles and
technology. Currently our primary research
objective is to encourage and assist the
development of better and faster measures of
Environmental activity. In cases where we believe
we can contribute directly, as opposed to through
highlighting the work of others, we are producing
our own measures of Global Warming.

ObjectivesTo increase the understanding of the

atmosphere/ecosystem exchange of greenhouse
gasses (especially carbon containing compounds
in the aquatic ecosystems).To develop a model,
which can be used to investigate the human and
climatic impact on emissions of greenhouse
gasses methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
from a natural ecosystem.The project will
contribute to an improved understanding of the
processes, and also use the knowledge gained to
make an estimate of the contribution from the
natural Danish ecosystems to the emissions of
greenhouse gasses.Furthermore the project will
perform a specific analysis of the impact of
selected climatic scenarios on the exchange of
greenhouse gasses.To work for protecting and
promoting healthy natural environment through
various action programmers and environment
awareness creation among and education of the
people.To work for healthy, neat and clean cities
and urban environmentsTo work for environment
health of workers.To work to prevent excessive
exploitation of natural resources and energy
sources.To work for creation of new environment
education programmes to sensitise the young
generation about the importance of environment
and environment protection and to incorporate
environment sensitivity in the socialization
process of the growing up individuals.To work for
the welfare and human development of the vast
sections of Indian population who have not come
to the modern levels of advancement socially,
educationally and economically, by undertaking
social, educational and economic empowerment
activities, advocating and campaigning for
policies to bring about social, educational and
economic empowerment of all sections of
society.To work for widening science and
technology among the rural, tribal and other
disadvantaged sections of society.To organize
health and medical camps with a view to reaching
health and medical care to the general masses,
especially the disadvantaged sections of the
Indian people like the Scheduled Castes,
Scheduled Tribes, Socially and Educationally
Backward Classes who are also referred to as
Other Backward Classes, minorities,
female-headed households, handicapped people,
mentally challenged persons, destitute women
and children.To work for rehabilitation of victims
of environment disasters.To work to reach justice
to all sections of society, especially the
disadvantaged sections, namely, Scheduled
Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Socially and
Educationally Backward Classes, religious
minorities, etc.To work for equipping the general
masses of Indian people with the modern
technical and professional skills in the areas of
communication and information technology.To
work for imparting occupational skills and
upgrading skills of workers and professionals
with a view to making all Indian people capable of
competing for suitable employment opportunities
at international level.To work for rehabilitation
of emigrant and displaced Indians; to study their
social, cultural and economic issues and to work
to get them rehabilitated back into the
homeland.To establish technical, professional and
research institutions in the areas of environment
protection, development of clean and renewable
energy sources, imparting of modern professional
and technical education in communication and
information technology
MethodologyGlobal warming will cause
significant harm to the health of persons and their
communities by compromising food and water
supplies; increasing risks of morbidity and
mortality from infectious diseases and heat
stress; changing social determinants of health
resulting from extreme weather events, rising sea
levels, and expanding flood plains; and worsening
air quality, resulting in additional morbidity and
mortality from respiratory and cardiovascular
diseases. Vulnerable populations such as
children, older persons, persons living at or below
the poverty level, and minorities will be affected
earliest and greatest, but everyone likely will be
affected at some point. Family physicians can
help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, stabilize
the climate, and reduce the risks of climate
change while also directly improving the health of
their patients. Health interventions that have a
beneficial effect on climate change include
encouraging patients to reduce the amount of red
meat in their diets and to replace some vehicular
transportation with walking or bicycling.Medical
offices and hospitals can become more energy
efficient by recycling, purchasing wind-generated
electricity, and turning off appliances, computers,
and lights when not in use. Moreover, physicians
can play an important role in improving air
quality and reducing greenhouse gas emissions
by advocating for enforcement of existing air
quality regulations and working with local and
national policy makers to further improve air
quality standards, thereby improving the health
of their patients and slowing global climate
change. Changes in temperature alter wind,
precipitation, and ocean current patterns across
the world.Because climate is temperature-driven,
scientists prefer the ―climate change‖ to ―global
warming.‖ The Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, comprising more than 2,000 of
the world's leading climate-change scientists,
concluded in its 2007 consensus report that most
of the increase in global average temperatures
since the mid-20th century has resulted from an
increase in human-generated greenhouse gas
emissions, with a probability of greater than 90
percent.Most air pollutants are also greenhouse
gases that propel climate change, and climate
change causes worsening air quality, creating a
positive feedback loop that is particularly
harmful to patients with respiratory or
cardiovascular illnesses. Ozone, a primary
component of smog, is one such greenhouse gas.
As temperatures increase, concentrations of
ozone also increase, worsening symptoms for the
9 percent of American children who have asthma.
Almost one-half of the U.S. population lives in
areas with ozone concentrations higher than the
Environmental Protection Agency recommends.
One study demonstrated that healthy children
who played three or more outdoor sports in towns
with higher ozone concentrations were three
times more likely to develop asthma than those
who lived in towns with lower ozone
concentrations. Climate change is expected to
increase the number and severity of heat waves
around the world. Heat waves, like those in
Western Europe that killed more than 45,000
persons in the summer of 2003, could come as
often as every other year by 2040 with unchecked
climate change. The Chicago heat wave of 1995
caused 700 deaths, and more than 300 people
died during the California heat wave in 2006.

AnalysisAs part of the Paris Agreement on

climate change, the international community
committed in 2015 to limit rising global
temperatures to ―well below‖ 2C by the end of the
21st century and to ―pursue efforts to limit the
temperature increase even further to
1.5C‖.However, these global temperature targets
mask a lot of regional variation that occurs as the
Earth warms. For example, land warms faster
than oceans, high-latitude areas faster than the
tropics, and inland areas faster than coastal
regions.Furthermore, global human population is
concentrated in specific regions of the
planet.Here, Carbon Brief analyses how much
warming people will actually experience where
they live, both today and under future warming
scenarios.The warming experienced by people is
typically higher than the global average
warming. In a world where warming is limited to
―well below‖ 2C about 14% of thepopulation will
still experience warming exceeding 2C. In the
worst-case scenario of continued growth in
emissions, about 44% of the population
experiences warming over 5 %– and 7% over 6C –
in 2100.Warming is not globally uniformDifferent
parts of the world respond in different ways to
warming from increasing greenhouse gas
concentrations. For example, ocean temperatures
increase more slowly than land temperatures
because the oceans lose more heat by evaporation
and they have a larger heat
capacity.High-latitude regions – far north or
south of the equator – warm faster than the global
average due to positive feedbacks from the retreat
of ice and snow. An increased transfer of heat
from the tropics to the poles in a warmer world
also enhances warming. This phenomenon of
more rapidly warming high latitudes is known as
polar amplification.Both of these effects can be
seen over the past century. The figure below
shows warming measured between the start of the
20th century (1900 to 1920) and present (1998 to
2018). Grey areas represent regions where
insufficienttemperature records were available
early in the 20th century.Over this period, on
average, the world has warmed about 1C.
However, land areas have warmed by 1.3C, while
oceans have only warmed by around 0.8C. Some
parts of the Arctic have warmed by more than 2C,
with a few hotspots of even greater warming
where cooler sea ice has been replaced by warmer
open water.By the end of the 21st century, climate
models project future average global warming
between around 1.5C and 5C, depending on
greenhouse gas emissions andthe sensitivity of
the climate to those emissions. These models show
both the land warming faster than oceans and
polar amplification continuing into the future.The
figure below shows the average warming between
1900-1920 and 2080-2100 experienced across all
of the climate models – called CMIP5 models –
featured in the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) fifth assessment report. It
looks at warming across the four different
Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP)
future emission scenarios. These span a world of
rapidreductions in emissions where warming is
held well-below 2C – RCP2.6 – to a world where
emissions increase rapidly through the 21st
century – RCP8.5.Population concentrated in
specific areas Global population tends to be
concentrated in specific parts of the world. A large
portion of the world’s population is located in
India, China and southeast Asia, with much of the
rest concentrated in large cities. The figure below
shows where global population is expected to be
located in 2020, according to projections from
NASA and Columbia University.As land areas
warm faster than oceans, the fact that people live
on land means that they will tend to experience
faster warming than the global average change.
This is somewhat mitigated by the fact that areas
of highest population – India, southern China and
southeast Asia – generally experience somewhat
lower warming in the future than most other land
areas. At least, that is according to the average
across all the models.While predicting exactly
how the distribution of population will change by
the end of the century is difficult, theexisting
population locations are still likely to be among
the heaviest populated in 2100. However, rapid
population growth is also expected in Africa,
which may be hometo up to 40% of the world’s
population by 2100.Warming where people live
Carbon Brief has combined the 2020 population
map with climate model projections to estimate
how much warming people will experience by the
end of the 21st century. This follows similar
efforts by Dr Flavio Lehner and Prof Thomas
Stocker in a 2015 paper, Dr Luke Harrington and
colleagues in 2016, and Prof David Frame and
colleagues in 2017.The figure below shows the
percent of the world’s population experiencing
different levels of warming, both during the
current period – the left-most column – an
underthe four different RCP future emission
scenarios.

Observation Since 1880, the average global

temperature has risen about 0.8°C (1.4°F),
resulting in many of the weather extremes and
climatic changes we see today. However, the most
comprehensive CO2 study to date by the Global
Carbon Project, published by leading scientists in
thejournal Nature Geoscience, says that the world
is now firmly on course for the worst-case
scenario in terms of climate change, with average
global temperatures rising by up to 6°C (11.5°F) by
the end of thecentury (PwC study) (see also). Such
a temperature rise, which would be much higher
near the poles (see also), would have devastating
and irreversible consequences for the Earth,
making large parts of the planet uninhabitable
and threatening the basis of human civilization.
As National Geographic states, "At six degrees,
the oceans could be marine wastelands, the
deserts could march across continents, and
natural disasters could become common events.
The world’s great cities could be flooded and
abandoned. This could be 'the doomsday
scenario'.‖ The world is close to reaching tipping
points that will make it irreversibly hotter,
making this decade critical in efforts to contain
global warming."Science shows that climate
change will affect human health across the world.
From diminished air quality and degradation of
food and water supplies to increasing levels of
allergens and catastrophic weather events, we
will experience a number of worsening health
threats during our lifetimes."The overall costs
and risks of climate change will be equivalent to
losing at least 5% of global GDP each year, now
and forever. If a wider range of risks and impacts
is taken into account, the estimates of damage
could rise to 20% of GDP or more. In contrast, the
costs of action - reducing greenhouse gas
emissions to avoid the worst impacts of climate
change - can be limited to around 1% of global
GDP each year."Within five years, the
International Energy Agency predicts irreversible
climate change. "On planned policies, rising fossil
energy use will lead to irreversible and
potentially catastrophic climate change… we are
on an even more dangerous track to an increase
of 6°C [11°F]…. Delaying action is a false economy:
for every $1 of investment in cleaner technology
that is avoided in the power sector before 2020,
an additional $4.30 would need to be spent after
2020 to compensate for the increased
emissions."Countless peer reviewed studies all
indicate that the threat of climate change is real
and that emissions of greenhouse gases from
human activities will change the climate in
catastrophic ways if unchecked. In closing, we
believe that acting now to address climate change
will not only (hopefully) avert catastrophic
consequences, it will create jobs, improve energy
security and improve people’s lives the world
over. Let’s get started now.Consumption of energy
and many other critical resources is consistently
breaking records, disrupting the climate and
undermining life on the planet. The world is
running out of time to head off catastrophic
climate change, and it is essential that Europe and
the rest of the international community bring
pressure to bear on U.S. policy makers to address
the climate crisis. The United States must be held
accountable for its emissions, double the per
capita level in Europe, and should follow the EU
lead by committing to reducing its total
greenhouse gas emissions by 80 percent by 2050.
Without a U.S. commitment to emissions
constraints, persuading China and India to
commit to reductions is unlikely. The only hope
for reducing the world’s carbon emissions is for
the U.S. to begin reducing its emissions and
cooperating with other nations
immediately.According to diverse range of
leading organizations such as Enesco, the World
Bank, the US army and the Rockefeller
Foundation, the 2009 State of the Future report
contains 6,700 pages and draws on contributions
from 2,700 experts around the globe, stating - as
The Independent puts it - "The stakes are high, as,
without sustainable growth,―billions of people
will be condemned to poverty and much of
civilization will collapse‖. This is the stark
warning from the biggest single report to look at
the future of the planet."Global warming is
bringing more frequent and severe heat waves,
and the result will be serious for vulnerable
populations. That means air pollution in urban
areas could get worse, bringing increased risk of
heart attacks, strokes and asthma attacks.
Children, the elderly, poor, and people of color are
especially vulnerable to these effects."―Extreme
weather like the droughts in Russia, China and
Brazil and the flooding in Pakistan and Australia
[in 2010] have contributed to a level of food price
volatility we haven’t seen since the oil crisis of 40
years ago.Unfortunately, this could be just a taste
of things to come because in the next few decades
the build-up of greenhouse gases already in the
atmosphere could greatly increase the risk of
droughts, flooding, pest infestation and water
scarcity for agriculture systems already under
tremendous stress.‖Research now demonstrates
that the continued functioning of the Earth system
as it has supported the well-being of human
civilization in recent centuries is at risk. Without
urgent action, we could face threats to water,
food, biodiversity and other critical resources:
these threats risk intensifying economic,
ecological and social crises, creating the potential
for a humanitarian emergency on a global scale.
The defining challenge of our age is to safeguard
Earth’s natural processes to ensure the well-
being of civilization while eradicating poverty,
reducing conflict over resources, and supporting
human and ecosystem health. As consumption
accelerates everywhere and world population
rises, it is no longer sufficient to work towards a
distant ideal of sustainable development. Global
sustainability must become a foundation of
society. It can and must be part of the bedrock of
nation states and the fabric of societies."It's very
important to understand that climate change is
not just another issue in this complicated world of
proliferating issues. Climate change is THE issue
which, unchecked, will swamp all other issues.
The only hope lies in all the countries of the world
coming together around a common global project
to rewire the world with clean energy. This is a
path to peace --- peace among people, and peace
between people and nature."

Conclusion Humans are facing the problem from

climate change today, and the one who are
causing these conflicts are from human. It is
impossible to stop the global warming, but people
still can reduce and slow down this problem. If
there is no interaction to this problem will soon be
killed from the change in climate and natural
disasters. Humans were the one who changed the
world, and now, it is time for the human to
change their selves.Overall of this assignment, I
have understood that our earth is ―sick‖. We
humans need to ―heal‖ the earth. Global
Warming have causes many problem for human
but we human who make global warming
happens. Many people have died because of
disease or disaster. It also affects the economics of
the country. However, we need to be reduce the
global warming by using less gasoline, recycle
and human should help to reduce global warming
instead of making the earth temperature
increased. Our generation should start taking
care of the earth because in the next generation
they will suffer if we do not do reduce global
warming. Therefore, global warming is a serious
issue now. As a business student we are learning
it because we need to understand the effect of
climate change that will affect us when we have
our business and we can start saving the earth.

Flood & Its Impact On India

IntroductionFloods are recurrent phenomena

in India. Due to different climatic and rainfall
patterns in different regions, it has been the
experience that, while some parts are suffering
devastating floods, another part is suffering
drought at the same time. With the increase in
population and development activity, there has
been a tendency to occupy the floodplains, which
has resulted in damage of a more serious nature
over the years. Often, because of the varying
rainfall distribution, areas which are not
traditionally prone to floods also experience
severe inundation. Thus, floods are the single
most frequent disaster faced by the country.

IMPORTANCE OF THE TOPIC : FLOOD is a

term used to denote an enormous amount of
water. When there is an outflow of water in a
place, it is said to be flooded. The situation caused
when the water becomes uncontrollable is said to
be flooded. The flood may take different forms
such as in the form of heavy rainfall when there is
a breaking of the dam. Furthermore, the melting
of snow also leads to flooding. Floods lead to an
overfull and huge spread of water but are not
considered safe for the purpose of drinking. Thus
floods bring with them a number of diseases such
as typhoid, cholera and many others.

OBJECTIVE :Floods are without doubt the most

devastating natural disasters, striking numerous
regions in the world each year. During the last
decades the trend in flood damages has been
growing exponentially. This is a consequence of
the increasing frequency of heavy rain, changes
in upstream land-use and a continuously
increasing concentration of population and assets
in flood prone areas. In general, less developed
countries are the most vulnerable to floods,
causing damages that significantly affect the
national GDP. At country and community levels
important initiatives have and are being devoted
to implement appropriate countermeasures, both
structural and non-structural, aiming to alleviate
the persistent threats of water-related disasters.
Flood Forecasting forms an important tool in
reducing vulnerabilities and flood risk and form
an important ingredient of the strategy to "live
with floods", thereby contributing to national
sustainable development.The Flood Forecasting
Division (FFD) is serving the nation to improve
the capacity of meteorological and hydrological
services to jointly deliver timely and more
accurate products and services required in flood
forecasting and warning and in collaborating
with disaster managers, active in flood
emergency preparedness and response
4:METHODOLOGY : Nowadays, flood risk
management is gaining importance in order to
mitigate and prevent flood disasters, and
consequently the analysis of flood risk
components is becoming a key research topic. In
this paper, we propose a methodology for
large-scale analysis of flood susceptibility and
vulnerability. The methodology is based on a
GIS-based index, which considers local
topography and basic information about the flood
scenario to reproduce flooding processes. Its
application allows for considering different levels
of complexity of flood scenarios, from localized
flood defence failures to complex hazard scenarios
involving river reaches. The methodology
synthetizes the spatial distribution of the index
values into maps and curves that can be used to
rank the susceptibility and implement a
vulnerability analysis in the area of interest. The
components of the methodology are tested in two
floodplain areas in Northern Italy recently
affected by floods. The results show that the
methodology can provide an original and
valuable insight of flood susceptibility and
vulnerability processes.Flood control refers to all
methods used to reduce or prevent the detrimental
effects of flood waters (Wikipedia). Some of the
common techniques used for flood control are
installation of rock berms, rock rip-raps,
sandbags, maintaining normal slopes with
vegetation or application of soil cements on
steeper slopes and construction or expansion of
drainage channels. Other methods include levees,
dikes, dams, retention or detention basins. After
the Katrina Disaster that happened in 2005, some
areas prefer not to have levees as flood controls.
Communities preferred improvement of drainage
structures with detention basins near the
sitesFloods are recurrent phenomena in India.
Due to different climatic and rainfall patterns in
different regions, it has been the experience that,
while some parts are suffering devastating floods,
another part is suffering drought at the same
time. With the increase in population and
development activity, there has been a tendency
to occupy the floodplains, which has resulted in
damage of a more serious nature over the years.
Often, because of the varying rainfall
distribution, areas which are not traditionally
prone to floods also experience severe inundation.
Thus, floods are the single most frequent disaster
faced by the country.Flooding is caused by the
inadequate capacity within the banks of the rivers
to contain the high flows brought down from the
upper catchments due to heavy rainfall. Flooding
is accentuated by erosion and silting of the river
beds, resulting in a reduction of the carrying
capacity of river channels; earthquakes and
landslides leading to changes in river courses and
obstructions to flow; synchronization of floods in
the main and tributary rivers; retardation due to
tidal effects; encroachment of floodplains; and
haphazard and unplanned growth of urban areas.
Some parts of the country, mainly coastal areas of
Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu and West
Bengal, experience cyclones, which are often
accompanied by heavy rainfall leading to
flooding. Flood has been considered as one of the
most recurring and frequent disaster in the world.
Due to recurrent prevalence, the economic loss
and life damage caused by the flood has put more
burdens on economy than any other natural
disaster. India also has continuously suffered by
many flood events which claimed huge loss of life
and economy. It has been found that the
incidences of the flood are increasing very
rapidly. Causes can be climate change, cloud
bursting, tsunami or poor river management,
silting etc. but devastation is increasing both in
terms of lives and economies. Disaster
management in India has very organised and
structures programmes and policies but
administration and implementation of these
programs demand more efficiency. In last decade,
flood damages more lives and economy than any
other disasters. This paper is an analysis of the
trend and preparedness of flood in India. Data
from CRED has been used to analyse the trend of
flood and other disasters in last ten years and
damaged caused by these events.

5: ANALYSIS OF DATA : This study uses past flood

data in Australia and India in order to observe
emerging patterns and trends to enhance
prediction of flood hazards. The dataset
comprises of 10 attributes and 348 flood instances
(121 floods events in Australia and 227 floods
events in India). Then two flood risk assessment
metrics were used by previous research, is utilized
to understand flood aspects such as: (i) severity
class (associated with the frequency of flood) and
(ii) magnitude (related to flood severity, flood
duration and affected area of floods). The
collected data from the Dartmouth Flood
Observatory records is then compared and
contrasted to the attributes derived and measured
in raw data form. The 25th and 75th percentiles
slightly show high values of flood severity class in
Australian data 1 – 2 while in India 1 – 1.5.
Similarly, values of magnitudes were also seen in
Australian flood data reports as 5.2 – 6.6 while
the flood Data of Indian was 5.4 – 6.5. Meanwhile,
the highest mean values calculated were
25th–75th percentiles of low values of a number of
fatalities (12.25 – 141.50) and a number of
displaced people (0 –151.5k) were shown in Indian
floods whereas a number of fatalities (0 – 2) and a
number of displaced people (0 – 525) were seen in
Australian floods. This study has found a slight
increase of trends during the 32-year period in the
number of reported floods from Australia and
India, which exceeds the severity class and
magnitude thresholds. Henceforth, this study
provides new evidence that supports the existing
hypothesis that the earth is becoming more prone
to natural hazards in recent times, possibly, due
to climate change. Nevertheless, this study
believes existing two flood risk assessment
metrics (flood severity class and flood magnitude)
can be improved by including annual flood
increment rate for particular countries to the
assessment criteria. The outcome of this analysis
can be used for bias correction of flood prediction
using theoretical or data driven models. Flood has
been considered as one of the most recurring and
frequent disaster in the world. Due to recurrent
prevalence, the economic loss and life damage
caused by the flood has put more burdens on
economy than any other natural disaster. India
also has continuously suffered by many flood
events which claimed huge loss of life and
economy. It has been found that the incidences of
the flood are increasing very rapidly. Causes can
be climate change, cloud bursting, tsunami or
poor river management, silting etc. but
devastation is increasing both in terms of lives
and economies. Disaster management in India
has very organised and structures programmes
and policies but administration and
implementation of these programs demand more
efficiency. In last decade, flood damages more
lives and economy than any other disasters. This
paper is an analysis of the trend and
preparedness of flood in India. Data from CRED
has been used to analyse the trend of flood and
other disasters in last ten years and damaged
caused by these events.

6: OBSERVATION : Floods divastated parts of

eastern India along the Brahmaputra River in
June 2000. In some tributaries of the
Brahmaputra, the water reached more than 5
meters (16.5 feet) above flood stage. At least 40
residents died, and the flood waters destroyed a
bridge linking the region to the rest of India. High
water also threatened endangered Rhinos in
Kaziranga National Park.Flooded areas are
shown in red in the above image. The map was
derived from Advanced Very High Resolution
Radiometer (AVHRR) data taken on June 15,
2000. Example is above...India and Bangladesh –
Torrential Rain From Cyclone Amphan Triggered
Flooding 21 May, 2020. Storm surge and
torrential rain brought by Cyclone Amphan
caused flooding in parts of West Bengal in India
and Bangladesh. Amphan made landfall in
eastern India on 20 May, with winds of 185 km/h
causing damage in the state of Odisha and in
particular in West Bengal in India before moving
on to Bangladesh. Thousands of homes have been
damaged or destroyed. Winds ripped off roofs and
downed trees and power lines. Millions across
India and Bangladesh have been left without
electricity. West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata
Banerjee said at least 12 people had died in the
state. The Chief Minister said the districts of South
and North 24 Parganas and East Midnapore were
the worst affected. At least 9 people are thought to
have died in Bangladesh with fatalities reported
in the districts of Jashore, Bhola, Barguna,
Patuakhali and Pirojpur. More than 650,000
people had preemptively evacuated their homes in
West Bengal and Odisha states in India. As many
as 2.4 million people had moved to safe shelters in
Bangladesh. Amphan dumped more than 250 mm
of rain in 24 hours in Kolkata, flooding the city’s
streets. Images on Social Media showed flood
water up to car windows. Kolkata Airport was
also flooded and flights temporarily suspended.
Heavy rain was also reported in parts of
Bangladesh. Ishwardi in the west of the country
recorded over 155mm of rain in 24 hours to 21
May. Storm surge of 1.5metres was reported
along parts of the country’s low-lying coast. An
embankment in Bagerhat District in Khulna
Division collapsed, flooding nearby
villagesMillions of people in Indian sub-continent
are affected by floods, which have increased
during the past decades and likely to increase
further in response to warming climate. However,
changes in the frequency of floods and associated
risks under the warming climate in Indian
sub-continent remain largely unrecognized. Using
the observations and simulations from Noah-MP
land surface hydrological model, we examine the
observed and projected changes in extreme
precipitation and floods events. A majority of
river basins in the Indian-subcontinent
experienced a rise in extreme precipitation events
during 1966–2005; however, these increasing
trends are mostly insignificant at 5% level. Using
downscaled and bias-corrected future and
historic climate projections from Coupled Model
Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and the
Noah-MP model, we show that the frequency of
single and multi-day extreme precipitation and
flood events are projected to increase
substantially in the future over the Indian
sub-continental river basins. A significant
increase in multi-day (1–5 day) frequency of
extreme precipitation and flood events, exceeding
return levels based on the historic period
(1966–2005), is projected under RCP 2.6 and RCP
8.5 emission scenarios. Our results show that the
projected increase in flood frequency can be
reduced to half under the low (RCP 2.6) emission
scenario in comparison to the high emission
scenario (RCP 8.5). More than half of the
precipitation extremes result in flood events of 20,
50, and 100 year return periods in the majority of
river basins in the Indian sub-continent. Millions
of people in Indian sub-continent are affected by
floods, which have increased during the past
decades and likely to increase further in response
to warming climate. However, changes in the
frequency of floods and associated risks under the
warming climate in Indian sub-continent remain
largely unrecognized. Using the observations and
simulations from Noah-MP land surface
hydrological model, we examine the observed and
projected changes in extreme precipitation and
floods events. A majority of river basins in the
Indian-subcontinent experienced a rise in extreme
precipitation events during 1966–2005; however,
these increasing trends are mostly insignificant at
5% level. Using downscaled and bias-corrected
future and historic climate projections from
Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5)
and the Noah-MP model, we show that the
frequency of single and multi-day extreme
precipitation and flood events are projected to
increase substantially in the future over the
Indian sub-continental river basins. A significant
increase in multi-day (1–5 day) frequency of
extreme precipitation and flood events

ConclusionClimate change is expected to affect

flooding through changes in rainfall,
temperature, sea level and river processes.
Climate change will exacerbate the existing effects
of flooding on infrastructure and community
services, including roads, stormwater and
wastewater systems and drainage, river flood
mitigation works, and private and public assets
including houses, businesses and schools.Climate
change may change flood risk management
priorities and may even increase the risk from
flooding to unacceptable levels in some places. It
is therefore important that your flood risk
assessments incorporate an understanding of the
impacts of climate change on the flood
hazard.Managing present-day and future risk
from flooding involves a combination of risk-
avoidance and risk-reduction activities. The
treatment options could be a combination of
avoiding risk where possible, controlling risk
through structural or regulatory measures,
transferring risk through insurance, accepting
risk, emergency management planning, warning
systems, and communicating risk (including
residual risk) to affected parties. The best
combination will consider the needs of future
generations and not lock communities into a
future of increasing risks from flooding .Flood has
been considered as one of the most recurring and
frequent disaster in the world. Due to recurrent
prevalence, the economic loss and life damage caused
by the flood has put more burdens on economy than
any other natural disaster. India also has continuously
suffered by many flood events which claimed huge
loss of life and economy. It has been found that the
incidences of the flood are increasing very rapidly.
Causes can be climate change, cloud bursting,
tsunami or poor river management, silting etc. but
devastation is increasing both in terms of lives and
economies. Disaster management in India has very
organised and structures programmes and policies but
administration and implementation of these programs
demand more efficiency. In last decade, flood damages
more lives and economy than any other disasters. This
paper is an analysis of the trend and preparedness of
flood in India. Data from CRED has been used to
analyse the trend of flood and other disasters in last
ten years and damaged caused by these events. Floods
are the most common and widespread of all natural
disasters. India is one of the highly flood prone countries in
the world. As per National Flood Commission report around
40 million hectares of land in India is prone to floods. Flood
causes enormous damage to life, property and
infrastructure which affects the social, economic, and
environmental aspects of sustainable development. In
other words, flood affects the hydrology, environment, life
and policy in a particular watershed/ region. Bihar is one of
the important state of India which falls under Ganga river
basin. The state of Bihar is sub-divided into two unequal
halves by the river Ganga which flows through the middle
from west to east.The entire North Bihar is crisscrossed by
the major rivers such as Gandak, Bagmati, Kosi,
Mahananda etc. which all, meet the mighty Ganga on its
left bank. All these rivers originate in Nepal from the
Himalayas which meet the river Ganges in the lower reach.
In this reach, the velocity of flow reduces, whereas, the
spread of water increases with addition problem of
siltation. The problem of siltation has increased the bed of
the river, thereby, reducing the carrying capacity which in
turn has again increased the spread of flood waters
covering a large area under flood. It has been noticed that
one of the main reason of various problems in Bihar is flood
only. This study highlights the severity and characteristics
as well as the socio-economic impacts of flood in Bihar
during recent times.

Effects Of Industrial Effluents Water

Introduction Water pollution is a major environmental
issue in India. The largest source of water pollution in India
is untreatesewageOther sources of pollution include
agriculture unregulated smallscale industry. Most rivers,
lakes and surface water in India are polluted due to
industries, untreated sewage and solid wastes.the waste is
generated in every production process use and disposal of
every manufactured products . The the introduction of
many new products for the home and office computers
drugstextile paints and dyes plastic also introduced
harzodous waste including toxic chemicals into. The
environment . These, too, mustManaged. With extreme care
of avoid. Adverse environmentel. Or human health impacts.

ObjectivesTO UNDERSTAND THE MEANING OF WATER

POLLUTION.TO KNOW THE CAUSES OF WATER
POLLUTION. To UNDERSTAND THE EFFECTS OFWATER
POLLUTION.To KNOW THE CONTROL MEASURESFOR
WATER POLLUTION.TO KNOW VARIOUS LAWS MADE BY
GOVERNMENT TO PROTECT RIVERS.

Importance Water pollution is one of the biggest issues

facing India right now. As may be evident, untreated
sewage is the biggest source of such form of pollution in
India. There are other sources of pollution such as runoff
from the agricultural sector as well as unregulated units
that belong to the small-scale industry. The situation is so
serious that perhaps there is no water body in India that is
not polluted to some extent or the other.In fact, it is said
that almost 80% of the waterbodies in India are highly
polluted. This is especially applicable of ones that some
form or the other of human habitation in their immediate
vicinity. Ganga and Yamuna are the most polluted rivers in
India.The issueUntreated Sewage— A 2007 study found that
discharge of untreated sewage is the single most important
source of pollution of surface and ground water in India.
There is a large gap between generation and treatment of
domestic waste water in India. The problem is not only that
India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the
sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are
not maintained. A 1992 World Health Organization study
reported that out of India's 3,119 towns and cities, just 209
have partial sewage treatment facilities, and only 8 have
full wastewater treatmentfacilities. Downstream, the river
water polluted by the untreated water is used for drinking,
bathing, and washing. A 1995 report claimed 114 Indian
cities were dumping untreatedsewageand partially
]
cremated bodies directly into the Ganges River Lack of
toilets and sanitation facilities causesopen defecation in
rural and urban pill areas of India, like many developing
countries.This is a source of surface water
pollution.Sewage discharged from cities, towns and some
villages is the predominant cause of water pollution in
India. Investment is needed to bridge the gap between
sewage India generates and its treatment capacity of
sewage per day. Major cities of India produce 38,354
million litres per day (MLD) of sewage, but the urban
sewage treatment capacity is only 11,786 MLD.A large
number of Indian rivers are severely polluted as a result of
discharge of domestic sewage. The Central Pollution
Control Board,a Ministry of Environment & Forests
Government of India entity, has established a National
Water Quality Monitoring Network comprising 1,429
monitoring stations in 28 states and 6 in Union Territories
on various rivers and water bodies acrossthe country. This
effort monitors water quality year round. The monitoring
network covers 293 rivers, 94 lakes, 9 tanks,41 ponds, 8
creeks, 23 canals, 18 drains and 411 wells distributed
across India.Water sample are routinely analysed for 28
parameters including dissolved oxygen, bacteriological
and other internationally established parameters for water
quality. Additionally 9 trace metals parameters and 28
pesticide residues are analysed. Biomonitoring is also
carried out on specific locations. The scientific analysis of
water samples from 1995 to 2008 indicates that the
organic and bacterial contamination is severe in water
bodies of India. This is mainly due to discharge of domestic
waste water in untreated form, mostly from the urban
centres of India.Organic matterIn 2010 the water quality
monitoring found almost all rivers with high levels of BOD
(a measure of pollution with organic matter). The worst
pollution, in decreasing order, were found in river Markanda
(490 mg/l BOD), followed by river Kali (364), river
Amlakhadi (353), Yamuna canal (247), river Yamuna at
Delhi (70) and river Betwa (58). For context, a water sample
with a 5-day BOD between 1 and 2 mg O/L indicates a very
clean water, 3 to 8 mg O/L indicates a moderately clean
water, 8 to 20 indicates borderline water, and greater than
20 mg O/L indicates ecologically-unsafe, polluted waterThe
levels of BOD are severe near the cities and major towns. In
rural parts of India, the river BOD levels were sufficient to
support aquatic life.

MethodologyThe GangesThe ghats of river Ganges

are polluted.More than 500 million people live along the
Ganges River. An estimated 2,000,000 persons ritually bath
daily in the river, which is considered holy by
Hindus.[Ganges river pollution is a major health risk.NRGBA
was established by the Central Government of India, on 20
February 2009 under Section 3(3) of the Environment
Protection Act, 1986. It also declared Ganges as the
"National River" of India.The chair includes the Prime
Minister of Indiaand Chief ministers of states through
which the Ganges flows.Coliform levelsRivers Yamuna,
Ganga, Gomti, Ghaghara River, Chambal, Mahi, Vardha and
Godavari, are amongst the other most coliform polluted
water bodies in India. For context, coliform must be below
104 MPN/100 ml,preferably absent from water for it to be
considered safe for general human use, and for irrigation
where coliform may cause disease outbreak from
contaminated-water in agriculture.In 2006, 47 percent of
water quality monitoring reported coliform concentrations
above 500 MPN/100 ml. During 2008, 33 percent of all
water quality monitoring stations reported a total coliform
levels exceeding those levels, suggesting recent effort to
add pollution control infrastructure and upgrade treatment
plants in India, may be reversing the water pollution
trend.Treatment of domestic sewage and subsequent
utilization of treated sewage for irrigation can prevent
pollution of water bodies, reduce the demand for fresh
water in the irrigation sector and become a resource for
irrigation. Since 2005, Indianwastewater treatment plant
market has beengrowing annually at the rate of 10 to 12
percent. The United States is the largest supplier of
treatment equipment and supplies to India, with 40 percent
market share of new installation. At this rate of expansion,
and assuming the government of India continues on its
path of reform, major investments in sewage treatment
plants and electricity infrastructure development, India will
nearly triple its water treatment capacity by 2015, and
treatment capacity supply will match India's daily sewage
water treatment requirements by about 2020.Other
problemsA joint study by PGIMER and the Punjab Pollution
Control Board in 2008, revealed that in villages along the
Nullah, fluoride, mercury, beta-endosulphan and heptachlor
pesticide were more than permissible limit (MPL) in ground
and tap water. Plus the water had high concentration of
COD and BOD (chemical and biochemical oxygen demand),
ammonia, phosphate, chloride, chromium, arsenic and
chlorpyrifos pesticide. The ground water also contains
nickel and selenium, while the tap water has high
concentration of lead, nickel and cadmium.Flooding during
monsoons worsens India's water pollution problem, as it
washes and moves solid waste and contaminated soils into
its rivers and. The annual average precipitation in India is
about 4000 billion cubic metres. From this, with the state of
Indian infrastructure in 2005, the available water resource
through the rivers is about1869 billion cubic meters.
Accounting to uneven distribution of rain over the country
each year, water resources available for utilization,
including ground water, is claimed to be about 1122 billion
cubic meters. Much of this water is unsafe, because
pollution degrades water quality. Water pollution severely
limits the amount of water available to Indian consumers,
its industry and its agriculture.

Observation
 Causes of water pollution in

India

The single biggest reason for pollution in India

water

urbanization rate. rate

at an The o

uncontrolled

urbanization has only gone fast pace in the la

up at a

it has left an indelible mark on India’s aquatic resources.

This has led to several environmental issues in the long
term like paucity in water supply, generation and
collection of wastewater to name a few. The treatment
and disposal of wastewater has also been a major issue in
this regard. The areas near rivers have seen plenty of
towns and cities come up and this has also contributed to
the growing intensity of problems.Uncontrolled
urbanization in these areas has also led to generation of
sewage water. In the urban areas water is used for both
industrial and domestic purposes from waterbodies such
as rivers, lakes, streams, wells, and ponds. Worst still,
80% of the water that we use for our domestic purposes is
passed out in the form of wastewater. In most of the
cases, this water is not treated properly and as such it
leads to tremendous pollution of surfacelevel freshwater.
This polluted water also seeps through the surface and
poisons groundwater. It is estimated that cities with
populations of more than one lakh people generate around
16,662 million litres of wastewater in a day. Strangely
enough, 70% of the people in these cities have access to
sewerage facilities. Cities and towns located on the banks
of Ganga generate around 33% of wastewater
generated in the country.

Analysis Following are some other important

reasons of increasing levels of water pollution in
India:Industrial wasteImproper practices in
agricultural sectorReduction in water quantity in
rivers in plain. Social and religious practices like
dumping dead bodies in water, bathing,
throwing waste in waterOil leaks from shipsAcid
rain Global warming Eutrophication Inadequate
industrial treatment of wastes Denitrification

Effects of water pollution in India Water pollution can have

some tremendously-adverse effect on the health of any and
every life form living in the vicinity of the polluted water
body or using water that has been polluted to some extent.
At a certain level polluted water can be detrimental to crops
and reduce the fertility of soil thus harming the overall
agricultural sector and the country as well. When sea water
is polluted it can also impact oceanic life in a bad way. The
most fundamental effect of water pollution is however on
the quality of the water, consuming which can lead to
several ailments.In fact as far as India is concerned
polluted water is one of the major factors behind the
general low levels of health in India, especially in the rural
areas. Polluted water can lead to diseases such as cholera,
tuberculosis, dysentery, jaundice, diarrhoea, etc. In fact,
around 80% stomach ailments in India happen because of
consuming polluted water.

Solution of water pollution in India The best way to solve

these issues is to prevent them. The first major solution in
this context is conservation of soil. Soil erosion can
contribute to water pollution. So, if soil can be conserved
we can prevent water pollution too. We can follow
measures such as planting more trees, managing erosion in
a better way, and use farming methods that are better for
the soil. In the same vein it is also important to follow the
right methods in disposing toxic waste. For starters, we can
use products that have lesser amounts of volatile organic
compounds in them. Even in cases where toxic material like
paints, cleaning supplies, and stain removers are used, they
need to be disposed off in the right way. It is also important
to look into oil leaks in one’s cars and machines.
ConclusionIt is said that leaked oil – even from cars
and machines – is one of the principal contributors to water
pollution. Hence, it is important to look at cars and
machines, which run on oil, on a regular basis, to check
them for any possible oil leak. It is important after work –
especially in factories and production units where oil is
used – to clean up the wasted oil and either dispose it
properly or keep it for later use. Following are some other
ways in which this problem can be addressed
adequately:Cleaning up waterways and beaches Avoiding
the usage of non-biodegradable material like plastic Being
more involved in various measures pertaining to preventing
water pollution.Water conservation in India is gaining pace.
The Ganga rejuvenation efforts by the union government,
the Yamuna clean up are some of the government initiated
efforts.The Chennai River Restoration trust's efforts to
clean the Cooum, Adyarrivers in Chennai and civil society
efforts spearheaded by organizations like Environmentalist
Foundation of India (E.F.I) to clean lakes and ponds in the
country are seen as significant development towards water
conservation.Even though India revised its National Water
Policy in2002 to encourage community participation and
decentralize water management, the country'scomplex
bureaucracy ensures that it remains a "mere statement of
intent." Responsibility for managing water issues is
fragmented among a dozen different ministries and
departments without any coordination. The government
bureaucracy and state-run project department has failed to
solve the problem, despite having spent many years and
$140 million on this project.

Lake Receive More Water From

 Sewage Than Natural Water Flow
Introduction Sewage water is wastewater from
people living in a community .It is the water
released from household after use for various
purposes like washing dishes , laundry , and
flushing the toilet, thus the name wastewater . The
used water moves from the houses through pipes
installed during plumbing .The sewage water then
moves into sewers ,either constructed by the house
owner or into a sewer facility set up by the
municipality.Mostly , sewage water consists of grey
water and black water .Grey water is the waste
water from washing either from bathing dishes or
laundry .Black water is the waste water from toilets.
It is characterized by debris such as paper wrapping
sanitary products soap residues . And dirt due to
the chemical composition of the various waste
materials. Plus , sewage water has a foul smell. The
concern is that it due to overpopulation in the urban
areas without proper planning it has resulted in
sewage pollution which poses a threat not only to
the environment but also to human health. It also
affects biodiversityaquatic life agriculture and is a
major contributor to eutrophication and an increase
in biological oxygen demand [BOD]Due to over
increasing population is also increasing due to this
the river and lakes are getting contaminated the
water and the sewage from the cities are thrown out
in the water which their clothes and animals in the
rivers , lakes and when oil tanks are being
transported from the waterways the oil leakages
from the ship spread in the water of contamination
causes danger to their life .The people who
consume these types of fishes harm their life in this
way is let out in water.

Objectives In urban India drowning in its own

excreta , nearly 80% of the sewage generated in
India flow into its rivers lakes and ponds turning the
water source too polluted to use the end result.
Groundwater in the absent the entire country has
nitrate level a result of sewage reaching into India's
groundwater aquifers. This gave were elevated at a
meeting of experts on sewage and water issued
organised by the centre of science and environment
as part of the urban Indian population still depends
upon groundwater sources drinking cooking and
bathing which put them at direct risk from the
polluted water other experts at the meeting shared
defile of hoe serious the water sewage situation
was getting as the India urbanize they warned that
the country faced as a more complicated challenges
as the process of urbanization would still leave
million in the village who would depend upon
groundwater.
• To make people aware about the over usage of
water• To make awareness about increasing water
pollution• To restrict the factories on letting the
sewage in the water bodies• To spread awareness
about decline in natural resource –water•
Increasing pollution results in poor health of human
beings as well as animals• Letting out sewage in
water harms environment factors• Pollution
causes spread of diseases• Increase the number
of water bodies for storage of water • Sewage can
be disposed in other ways like dilution.

Methodology The sewage water causes pollution in the

farm of eutrophiation. This causes harmful effect on the
ambient flora and fauna. Sometimes mask mortally is also
caused for estimating the amount of harmful pollutant
certain chemical analysis can be conducted estimating
biological oxygen demand chemical oxygen demand
biological oxygen demand chemical oxygen demand
amount of phosphate nitrated etc. The clean water without
any sewage has valued of BOD and COD etc different form
that of water having more pollutants . Based on the
readings of the above parameters, the quality of the water
could be understood sewage disposal has become one of
the major issues that due to rapid and large scale
urbanization. The untreated water bodies the tones of
sewage and the other efficient the lake in such areas
relives more sewage enflow than the natural water runoff
the lack of focus on water sewage system that covers the
entire population only four cities pune Chennai surat and
goregoan are connect at least 70% of population through a
network of closed drains.In most cities the sewage simply
mixes into the open drainsand storm water drain polluting
water source. Almost 40% of the total sewage treatment
capacity of the country exists in just two cities- Delhi and
Mumbai . Class 1 and 2 towns which are expected to grow
and absorb most of migration in coming years are facing
the worst . Untreated sewage flowing into water bodies has
almost doubled from around 12000 million litters per day to
24000 million litters per in class 1 and 2 towns . Then are
302 class cities and 467 class 2 town with no sewage
treatment facilities of the 21% of sewage generated in
class 1 cities and class 2 towns meet the standard said
Deepak Kantawala as independent consultant told the
conference. OBSERVATION We observe that
clue to sewage rainy rivers, tanks lakes etc are polluted
these cause great damage to everything we survive in that
water and use that water many rivers and lakes receive
more sewage water that its natural water .In India many
rivers are their as Ganga etc. The Ganga is the best
example of the polluted water. The water of Ganga has
been polluted . So large that we cannot use it if we use that
water it is harmful to our life and it causes a lot of diseases
in the human body. The ganga is considered as as a
goddess in India but the people in polluting Ganga more .
After a few years that river will be damaged. As this
pollution will continuing their wall be no water for drinking
and the people has to suffer a lot of loss and life will be
very difficultWith all its natural riches. the Great Lakes
region has seen tremendous economic growth in the past
century. Currently, over 35 million people live in the Great
Lakes basin, with almost half drawing their drinking water
directly from the Great Lakes.5 On both sides of the
Canada-United States border Sprawling cities, major
industries. mining and manufacturing all place a heavy
burden on the Great Lake‘s delicate ecosystems. In a recent
report, more than 150 scientists and natural resources
managers assessed the state of the Great Lakes
ecosystem.6 Their report highlighted a long list of serious
threats to the health of the Great Lakes, including the
invasion of alien nonnative species, loss of natural habitat,
and toxic contamination from various sources in both
countries. Add on the impacts due to climate change, which
is altering precipitation patterns throughout the Great
Lakes basin in addition to the overall warming,7 and one
can conclude that the Great Lakes are under assault by us.
In the past three decades. multi-billion dollar investments
to upgrade municipal sewage treatment systems in the
Great Lakes basin have

• ANALYSIS Due to over increasing pollution , the

river is also polluted on a large scale . Sewage is thrown in
the river directly . The Ganga is the most populated river in
India. Its population rate of ganga has become very high
and so that it is very dangerous for aquatic life . They are
not able to live in the river . The animal in ganga is in
danger because the polluted water which goes into their
body causes harm to their dying because of that and the
people who consume this fishes their health also comes in
danger . If these type of thing will be going on there will be
danger to live. Therefore the government of India should
take strict action and save river Ganga from polluted . So
that we are our future generation will not in danger and
aquatic life will be safe from danger and their life will be
saved.

CONCLUSION As the pollution and the sewage

problem are becoming very high it should be justly curved
otherwise it will create a lot of problem to the people living
on the earth and our future generation . The government of
India has introduced a plan of cleaning the rivers and make
them free from sewage and pollution and there will be only
natural and fresh water flowing in the river . The plan of
cleaning ganga rivers is very increasing and it is high from
the level it should be not through anything in the river the
factory sewage should not be purified and then flow in the
river it will occur more pollution and the river cleaning must
be done and so that the river will be purified and our water
will be fully purified and environment will be saved The
Great Lakes are a gift to all that live in the basin and we
must not continue to squander that gift. These citizens
share one of the largest freshwater ecosystems on earth -
containing one fifth of the world's freshwater. When you
consider those suffering through droughts and the impacts
of Severe water quality degradation around the world, it is
clear that to live in the Great Lakes basin is a globally
unique privilege. In the coming years climate change and
increased population and urbanization in the Great Lakes
basin will continue to add pressure on an already Strained
ecosystem. It is not just the responsibility of governments
to act: each and every citizen within the basin must act to
improve the plight of the Great Lakes. Governments must
come together under a common mission to clean up the
Great Lakes. in particular to control discharges from
municipal sewage treatment plants.The technology and
know-how already exists. It simplyrequires an investment
in these proven technologies. programs and infrastructure.
Now is the time to clean up our act.

Area under natural ecosystems like

grassland & forest has reduced .
INTRODUCTION:Deforestation
means clearing is that the removal of a
stand of trees from the land. Then that
land is reborn to a non-forest use.
Deforestation will involve the conversion
of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban
use. The foremost focused Deforestation
happens in tropical rainforests.
Concerning thirty-first of Earth’s land
surface is roofed by forests.
Deforestation has several causes: trees
are bog down to be used for building or
oversubscribed as fuel (sometimes within
the style of charcoal or timber), whereas
cleared land is used as pasture for farm
animals and plantation.Disregard of
ascribed worth, lax forest management,
and deficient environmental laws are a
number of the factors that result in
large-scale Deforestation. In several
countries, Deforestation—both present
associate degreed human-induced is a
current issue.
Here we have information about the area
under natural ecosystems as grasslands
and forests have reduced because of
their conversion to agriculture.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim

of this project is the area under natural
ecosystems like grasslands and forests
has reduced because of their
conversion to agriculture.There are
many objectives for this project. The
primary few objectives are given below.

Objectives:To understand Deforestation To know Deforestation for

agriculture To understand the causes of Deforestation

To know the effects of Deforestation for agriculture

To ascertain any doubts regarding Deforestation for agriculture

METHOD AND
METHODOLOGY:The method used
to gather the required information on
the project is an internet survey
method. The Internet has extensive
information on this subject. It has a vast
collection of data on the area under
natural ecosystems as grasslands and
forests have reduced because of their
conversion to agriculture. The survey
has unveiled information about this
topic, which has covered major few
points which are listed below and
explained in a detailed report of the
project.The meaning of Deforestation
The Causes of Deforestation
Deforestation for Agricultural Effects of
Deforestation on the Ecosystem

DETAIL REPORT OF PROJECT:

The meaning of Deforestation Deforestation means that
cutting down the trees to an oversized extent, be it
forests, any barren land or trees we tend to see on our
way to college daily. Natural forests are eradicated to use
that land for cultivation, building houses, factories,
logging, creating an area for oxen grazing, extraction of
oil, mining, construction of dams, or to get wood for
creating a piece of furniture and victimization it as
fuel.Forest wood has been a necessary want for us since
the time of civilization. It continues to be the most supply
for several uses in our day to day life. Trees facilitate to
take care of the water cycle and provides shelter to the
organisms. It takes place in a locality that is densely
inhabited by trees. It is usually ascertained in a very
forest, just like the Amazon woodland. Forests
encompass nearly 30% of the Earth’s land. The extinction
of the forest includes affects the multifariousness that
successively threatens people’s lives — shrinking of the
forests cause wide-reaching issues like wearing away,
fewer crops, flooding, water cycle disruption, gas
emissions, changes within the atmospheric condition, and
loss of multifariousness.
The Causes of Deforestation

Logging Illegal work activities are quite common that destroy the
livelihoods of the folks betting on forests. Wood-based industries like paper,
match-sticks, piece of furniture would like a considerable quantity of wood
offer. Wood is employed as a fuel. Most typically, then plenty of trees are
blocking for fuel provides. Fuel and charcoal are used as fuel.

Agricultural Activities The conversion of forests into agricultural land may

be a massive reason for Deforestation. Because of the overgrowing demand
for food merchandise, several trees are cut down for crops and cows
grazing. Over four-hundredth of the forests are cleansed to get land and
meet the requirements of agriculture and wood.

Mining Oil and mining of coal need an outsized quantity of forest land.
Construction of roads ends up in Deforestation as they supply the thanks to
a remote land. The waste that comes out from mining pollutes the setting
and affects the near species.

Forest as the home ground

Urbanization As the population grows, the

requirements of individuals will increase that
additional end up in Deforestation. Forests shrink to a
great extent to satisfy the wants like for construction
of roads, development of homes, mineral exploitation,
and growth of industries. Increasing the population
directly affects forests like the growth of cities. There
is a necessity for additional land for housing and
settlements.
Timber Production Oneof the first reasons behind
Deforestation is the production of timber. There are
loads of demand for timber, and then Deforestation
will increase. It a supply of material that is employed
for the assembly of paper and additionally for
construction.
Forest Fires We lose an outsized variety of trees every year because of fires
within the forest in various parts worldwide. This happens because of
extreme summers and winters. The fireplace caused, by man or nature, ends
up in the significant loss of forest cover.

Observation Deforestation for Agricultural Global agricultural growth cut

a broad swath through tropical forests throughout the 1980s and 1990s.
Quite half a million sq. Miles of latest farmland – a locality roughly the
dimensions of the American state – was created within the developing world
between 1980 and 2000, of that over eighty p.c was sculptured out of tropical
forests. The increasing demand for agricultural production stems partially
from the ever-growing range of individuals in the world whom all wish to eat.
To boot, members of the growing class in rising economies like China and
India are showing interest in uptake much meat, that any intensifies demand.
Moreover, incentives to grow crops for biofuel production have
exaggerated.Industrial or intensive agriculture is distinguished from ancient
agriculture by a high magnitude relation of inputs to acreage. A discount
additionally characterizes it in fallow periods, to maximize crop yields. Over
the past fifty years, excessive usage of chemical fertilizers, irrigation
systems, pesticides, and mechanized technologies has doubled agricultural
productivity. This rapid increase in food production has allowed for a
reduction in deficiency disease rates around the world, despite a doubling of
the world’s population within the same quantity of your time. However, a lot
of and many resources are needed to sustain agricultural systems that are
capable of supporting the consumption rates of industrial countries, besides,
because of the burgeoning populations of developing countries. Crops like
rice, maize, and wheat have traditionally dominated world agricultural
production, with monocultures being the standard type of production by the
tip of the twentieth century. This progression of agricultural intensification
has resulted in the cutback of the diversity of natural ecosystems and,
therefore, the catastrophe of habitats for terrestrial and aquatic animal
species.Conversion of forest to intensive agriculture will have profound
impacts on forest health. Monoculture plantings can quickly exhaust the
skinny layer of nutrients in tropical soils. Runoff from agricultural land
typically contains elevated nutrient levels and might cause issues with
pollution. Giant farms give very little life environs and might contain nearly
zero plants within the understory. Fragmentation from farms will have
negative impacts on encompassing forests by analytic animal populations
and sterilization microclimates at forest edges. In Brazil, forest clearing for
intensive agriculture unremarkably involves more massive clearings than
pasture. Finally, farm biomass and soil sequester a fraction of the carbon as
forests.
Effects of Deforestation on the EcosystemDeforestation has
the necessary international consequences. Forests sequester carbon
within the sort of wood and alternative biomass because the trees grow,
taking over CO2 from the atmosphere (see carbon cycle). Once forests are
burned, their carbon is coming to the atmosphere as CO2, a greenhouse
emission that has the potential to change the international climate (see
greenhouse effect; international warming), and also the trees are not any
longer present to sequester additional carbon.Also, most of the planet’s
valuable diverseness is inside forests, notably tropical ones. Damp
tropical forests like the Amazon have the best concentrations of animal
and plant species of any terrestrial ecosystem; maybe a simple fraction of
Earth’s species live solely in these forests. As deforestation income, it is
the potential to cause the extinction of skyrocketing numbers of those
species.On an additional native scale, the consequences of forest clearing,
selective work, and fires act. Selective work will increase the flammability
of the forest as a result of it converts a closed, wetter forest into an
additional open, drier one. This leaves the forest susceptible to the
accidental movement of fires from cleared adjacent agricultural lands and
to the killing effects of natural droughts. As wildfires, logging, and
droughts continue, the forest will become progressively more open till all
the trees are lost. Also, the burning of tropical forests is mostly a seasonal
development and might severely impact air quality. Best levels of pollution
have occurred in the geographic region because of the results of burning
for feather palm plantations.In the tropics, a lot of the deforested land
exists within the kind of steep mountain hillsides. The mixture of steep
slopes, high precipitation, and also the lack of tree roots to bind the soil
will result in fateful landslides that destroy fields, homes, and human lives.
With the numerous exceptions of the forests destroyed for the feather
palm business, several of the wet forests that are cleared are shortly
abandoned as croplands or solely used for low-density grazing as a result
of the soil area unit inferior in nutrients. To clear forests, the vegetation
that contains most of the nutrients is usually burned, and also the
nutrients virtually “go up in smoke” or are washed away within the next
rain.Although forests could grow once being cleared then abandoned, this
is often not forever the case, mainly if the remaining forests are incredibly
fragmented. Such surround fragmentation isolates populations of plant
and animal species from one another, creating it troublesome to breed
while not genetic bottlenecks, and also, the fragments are also too tiny to
support massive or territorial animals. Moreover, deforested lands that are
planted with commercially vital trees lack diverseness and do not function
habitats for native plants and animals, several of that are specific.

ANALYSIS OF DATA:Deforestation may be a

drawback in some regions thanks to the lack of laws. Negative
consequences of huge, unrestricted Deforestation may be severe not
solely within the region itself; however, additionally within the world
setting and ecological balance.
Elimination of vegetation impacts the lifetime of several animal species and
affects the climate. In some countries, strict laws guarantee that any
deforestation is proscribed to bound areas. Preserved forests exist
wherever no human intervention is allowed. When the target is to get wood,
replanting should follow Deforestation. However, many countries aren’t
limiting Deforestation in an ethical approach. Tiny farmers, however,
additionally, massive corporations destroy forests with undesirable results.
Indeed, some environmental organizations indicate that the planet forest
space slowly decreases each decade.

CONCLUSION To conclude my findings, Industrial

agriculture, alongside subsistence agriculture, is that the most important
motivation of Deforestation in tropical and subtropics countries, recorded
for eightieth of Deforestation from 2000-2010. The present contribution of
agriculture to Deforestation varies by region, with industrial agriculture
being answerable for a half-hour of Deforestation incontinent and Asia,
however, on the point of the seventieth in a geographic area. The foremost
critical agricultural drivers of Deforestation embody soy, palm oil, and
keen husbandry. The bulk of business agriculture activities moving
forestland usually occur in developing countries that manufacture
commodities for world markets.Within the past, the analysis had known
growth of rural populations because of the critical driver of Deforestation
because of small-scale agriculture, however recent studies have shown
the expansion of urban centers and world goods markets are stronger
drivers of Deforestation nowadays. For example, within the rainforests of
the Congo basin and continent, ancient agriculture is that the most
conventional style of agricultural land use, though business agriculture of
crops like vegetable oil is growing. In the geographical area, the vegetable
oil sector is the primary driver of forest conversion.

Organic Farming

Globally, due to many reasons , some food products may

lead
to health problems which may affect the digestive system
of our body. Consuming organic food in our daily diet may
decrease the health problems. Organic food consumption
has become very rax because of today’s junk and
incompletely nutritious food. Organic food is food
produced by methods that comply with the standards of
organic farming. Organic farming in general features
practices that strive to faster cycling of resources,
promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity.
There is not sufficient evidence in medical literature to
support claims that organic food is safer or healthier than
conventionally grown food. While there may be some
differences in the nutrient and antinutrient contents of
organically and conventionally produced food .
AIM AND OBJECTIVE
To know about organic food and it role in our daily life.
To understand the importance of organic food and organic
farming
To understand the method and advantage of organic
To suggest measures about how common diet will…consist
organic food..........
To study the consumer buying behaviour for organicfood in
the Indian domestic market............................
To analyze the potential for organic products in
the….Indian domestic market.............................................
To study the marketing mix of organic food in India.

IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC FOOD

Organic food is food produced by methods that comply with
the standards of organic farming. Standards
vary worldwide, but organic farming in general features
practices that strive to cycle resources, promote
ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity.
Organizations regulating organic products may restrict the
use
of certain pesticides and fertilizers in farming. In general,

organic foods are also usually not processed using

irradiation, industrial solvents or synthetic food additives.
Currently, the European Union, the United States,
Canada, Mexico, Japan, and many other countries require
producers to obtain special certification in order
to market food as organic within their borders. In the
context of these regulations, organic food is produced

in a way that complies with organic standards set by

regional organizations, national governments and
international organizations. Although the produce of kitchen
gardens may be organic, selling food with an
organic label is regulated by governmental food safety

authorities, such as the US Department of Agriculture

(USDA) or European Commission (EC).
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………
There is not sufficient evidence in medical literature to
support claims that organic food is safer or healthier
than conventionally grown food. While there may be some
differences in the nutrient and anti nutrient
contents of organically and conventionally produced food,
the variable nature of food production and
handling makes it difficult to generalize results. Claims that
organic food tastes better are generally not
supported by evidence. For the vast majority of its history,
agriculture can be described as having been
organic; only during the 20th century was a large supply of
new products, generally deemed not organic,
introduced into food production. The organic farming
movement arose in the 1940s in response to the
industrialization of agriculture Foods claiming to be organic
must be free of artificial food additives, and are often
processed with fewerartificial methods, materials and
conditions, such as chemical ripening, food irradiation, and
geneticallymodified ingredients. Consumers purchase
organic foods for different reasons, including concerns
about the
effects of conventional farming practices on the
environment, human health, and animal welfare.The most
important reason for purchasing organic foods seems to be
beliefs about the products' healthgiving properties and
higher nutritional value. These beliefs are promoted by the
organic food industry, and
have fueled increased demand for organic food despite
higher prices and difficulty in confirming these
claimed benefit scientifically.

METHODOLOGY
The method which will be used in this project will include
aspects
which are as follows :-
PERSONAL INTERVIEW WITH FAMILIES
The questions asked to families about how they make use
of

organic food will be as follow……

1. Do you think that organic farming or organic food
production
plays an important role in a healthy life ?
2. What are the food products which you think would be
included in organic food ?
3. What would you say about the normal food which may

include fats and anti nutrient contents and organic food

which includesmany nutrients ?

4. How can organic food , according to you, may lead to a
healthy and long life ?
SURVEY WORK
There is evidence that some organic fruit is drier than
conventionally grown fruit , a slightly drier fruit may also

have a more intense flavour due to the higher

concentration of flavouring

substances. Some foods, such as bananas, are picked

when unripe,are cooled to prevent ripening while they are

shipped to market,and then are induced to ripen quickly by
exposing them to propylene or ethylene, chemicals
produced by plants to induce their own ripening factor as
flavour and texture changes duringripening, this process
may affect those qualities of the treated
fruit.
COLLECTION OF DATA OR INFORMATIONFROM

WEBSITES AND NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

Website such as www.Organic Farming and

Organic Food.com and www. Healthy Life.com
are been referred because websites provide
worldwide information.
Newspaper Articles named, “Is Organic Food
really organic ?” and “Organic Lifestyle of Food”
described in detail about the role and importance
of Organic Food.
......................
OBSERVATION
The growth of the organic foods industry in the United
States has been
dramatic in the past 2 decades. It is estimated that organic
sales have increased by nearly 20% annually since 1990,

with consumer sales reaching$13.8 billion in 2005

(Figure 1). While initial organic food production
primarilyinvolved small farms and local distribution of fresh
produce, today's organic food system is a complex
combination of small and large food producers,local and
global distribution networks, and a wide variety of
products,including fruits, vegetables, meats, dairy, and
processed foods (Figure 2). This rapid growth may be
traced to increased consumer confidence in organic foods
as well as to concern about possible health risks and
environmental impacts of conventional food production
methods. Recent food crises such as mad cow disease
and foot-and-mouth disease have lessened consumer
confidence in foods in general and especially in
conventionally produced foods that may use pesticides,
antibiotics, and other chemicals in food production
(Dreezens and others 2005; Siderer and others 2005).
Surveys indicate that many consumers purchase organic
foods because of the perceived health and nutrition
benefits of organic products. In one survey,the main
reasons consumers purchased organic foods were for the
avoidance of pesticides (70%), for freshness (68%), for
health and nutrition (67%), and to avoid genetically
modified foods (55%) (Whole Foods Market 2005). Such
consumers appear to be willing to pay the typical 10% to
40% price premium that organic products command.

Figure 1. Organic Food Sales in the United States from

1997 to 2005 (Source: Organic Trade Association 2006)
ANALYSIS Are organic foods healthier, and therefore
worth the extra expense? The scientific debate over
this issue has ragedon for many years now. I believe
the answer is clear-cut,at least if you believe that toxic
chemicals have the capacity to harm your health...Two
years ago, meta-analysis by Stanford University
received widespread media coverage, and with few
exceptions, conventional media outlets used it to cast
doubt on the value of an organic diet. This despite the
fact that the analysis—which looked at 240 studies
comparing organically and conventionally grown
food—found that organic foods are less contaminated
with agricultural chemicals. In an effort to further
clarify the 2012 findings, a group of
Europeanscientists evaluated an even greater number
of studies,343 in all, published over the last several
decades.
CONCLUSION The popularity of organic foods continues
to grow dramatically: organic foods now constitute more
than 2% of all food sales, and sales of organic foods in the
United States surpassed $13.8 billion in 2005 (Organic
Trade Assn.
2006). Consumers purchasing organic foods may do so for
a number of reasons, including perceived benefits to the
environment, animal welfare, and worker safety, and the
perception that organic foods are safer and more
nutritious.This review discusses the differences between
organic foods and conventional foods with respect to food
safety and nutritional composition and makes clear that
several qualitative differences exist. Organic fruits and
vegetables possess fewer pesticide residues and lower
nitrate levels than do conventional fruits and vegetables. In
some cases,organic foods may have higher levels of plant
secondary metabolites; this may be beneficial with respect
to
suspected antioxidants such as polyphenolic compounds,
but also may be of potential health concern when
considering naturally occurring toxins. Some studies have
suggested potential increased microbiological hazards
from organic produce or animal products due to the
prohibition of antimicrobial use, yet other studies have not
reached the same conclusion. Bacterial isolates from food
animals raised organically appear to show less resistance
to antimicrobial agents than those from food animals raised
conventionally (IFT 2006).While many studies demonstrate
these qualitative differences between organic and
conventional foods, it is premature to conclude that either
food system is superior to the other with respect to safety
or nutritional composition. Pesticide residues, naturally
occurring toxins, nitrates, and polyphenolic compounds
exert their health risks or benefits on a dose-related basis,
and data do not yet exist to ascertain whether the
differences in the levels of such chemicals between organic
foods and conventional foods are of biological
significance.This review illustrates that tradeoffs exist
between organic and conventional food production.
Organic fruits and vegetables rely upon far fewer pesticides
than do conventional fruits and vegetables, which results in
fewer pesticide residues, but may also stimulate the
production of naturally occurring toxins if organic crops are
subject to increased pest pressures from insects, weeds, or
plant diseases. Because organic fruits and vegetables do
not use pesticides or synthetic fertilizers, they have more
biochemical energy to synthesize beneficial secondary
plant metabolites such as polyphenolic antioxidants as well
as naturally occurring toxins. In some cases, food animals
produced organically have the potential to possess higher
rates of bacterial contamination than those produced
conventionally since organic production generally prohibits
antibiotic use. The prohibition of antimicrobial agents also
explains the apparent lower incidence of antimicrobial
resistance in bacterial isolates of organic food animals, as
some studies have shown a correlation between increased
rates of antibiotic use and increased antimicrobial
resistance

Rainwater Harvesting

Introduction Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the

collection and storage of rain, rather than allowing it to run
off. Rainwater is collected from a roof-like surface and
redirected to a tank, cistern, deep pit (well, shaft, or
borehole), aquifer, or a reservoir with percolation. Dew and
fog can also be collected with nets or other tools. Rainwater
harvesting differs from stormwater harvesting as the runoff
is collected from roofs, rather than creeks, drains, roads, or
any other land surfaces.[1][2] Its uses include watering
gardens, livestock,[3] irrigation, domestic use with proper
treatment, and domestic heating. The harvested water can
also be committed to longer-term storage or groundwater
recharge.[4]Rainwater harvesting is one of the simplest and
oldest methods of self-supply of water for households, and
residential and household-scale projects, usually financed by
the user.[5] However, larger systems for schools, hospitals,
and other facilities can run up costs only able to be financed
by owners, organizations, and governmental units.Rainwater
harvesting is a widely used method of storing rainwater in
the countries presenting with drought characteristics. Several
pieces of research have derived and developed different
criteria and techniques to select suitable sites for harvesting
rainwater. Some research was identified and selected suitable
sites for the potential erection of dams, as well as derived a
model builder in ArcMap 10.4.1. The model combined
several parameters, such as slope, runoff potential, land
cover/use, stream order, soil quality, and hydrology to
determine the suitability of the site for harvesting
rainwater.[53] Harvested water from RWH systems can be
minimal during below-average precipitation in arid urban
regions such as the Mideast. RWH is useful for developing
areas as it collects water for irrigation and domestic
purposes. However, the gathered water should be adequately
filtered to ensure safe drinking.[54]

Importance of rainwater harvesting The best part about

rain-water harvesting is that it saves a lot of time as you do
not have to fetch time in order to store water. You can simply
filter out the impurities from the water and it can be used for
purposes like gardening, crop irrigation, watering livestock,
laundry, and flushing toilets. Also, it should be noted that
rainwater is not ideal for drinking and bathing purposes but
can be used for all the mentioned purposes. As this is method
is really easy and does not require any advanced equipment
or hi-tech water purifiers, it is also an extremely
budget-friendly option. We as humans hold an extremely
important responsibility towards the environment. And in
order to make sure the ecological balance is balanced, we
need to make sure that water is used optimally. This is
because we tend to waste a major portion of water as
compared to the amount we actually use. For instance,
flushing a toilet is almost 35% of complete domestic water
usage and other activities that are carried out on regular
basis in a household like irrigating the lawn, washing cars,
etc. might take up an incredible amount of water. Thus, we
can balance this wastage of water by utilizing rainwater to
execute such tasks. As rainwater harvesting provides us an
alternative source of water that promotes an optimal usage of
water. Thus, it is important to use this technique which will
make sure that we are not devoid of this precious natural
resource.

Objectives of rainwater harvesting Rainwater harvesting is a

way of capturing and storing water during rainy periods for
use in times when there is little to no rain available. In certain
regions of the world, rainwater harvesting can be the
difference between having a plentiful crop and dried up
vines. There are several objectives behind rainwater
harvesting.

Increase Available Water During Dry Season:Many

ecosystems have wet and dry seasons. Because the dry
seasons can consist of weeks or months of little to no rain, it is
important to capture during the rainy season and have it
available for use during the dry season. Rainwater harvesting
enables you to store rain when it is prevalent to be used when
there is no rain

Reduce Flooding and Erosion: By capturing and storing large

amounts of rainwater in reservoirs, it is possible to reduce the
amount of runoff and limit the impact on the land of large
rainfalls. By capturing rainwater you are basically reducing
the amount of water that is flowing across the land, which
reduces flooding chances and the impact of erosion.

Prevent Overuse of Aquifers:As cities and towns grow the

need for water increases. Many municipalities rely upon
aquifers deep below the ground for this water supply. The
problem is it takes a long time to replenish an aquifer if it is
quickly drained.

Project work methodology

Broadly there are two ways of harvesting
rainwater, namely; surface runoff harvesting
and rooftop rainwater harvesting. Rainwater
harvesting is the collection and storage of rain
for reuse on-site, rather than allowing it to run
off. The stored water is used for various
purposes, such as gardening, irrigation, etc.

Methods of Rainwater Harvesting

1. Surface Runoff Harvesting

In urban areas, rainwater flows away as

surface runoff. This runoff can be caught and
used for recharging aquifers by adopting
appropriate methods.
2. Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting

It is a system of catching rainwater where it

falls. In rooftop harvesting, the roof becomes
the catchment, and the rainwater is collected
from the roof of the house/building. It can
either be stored in a tank or diverted to an
artificial recharge system. This method is less
expensive and very useful and, if implemented
correctly, helps in augmenting the groundwater
level of the area.
Methods of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting1. Storage of Direct
Use:In this method, rainwater collected from the roof of the
building is diverted to a storage tank. The storage tank has to
be designed according to the water requirements, rainfall,
and catchment availability.Each drainpipe should have a
mesh filter at the mouth and first flush device followed by a
filtration system before connecting to the storage tank. Each
tank should have an excess water overflow system.Excess
water could be diverted to the recharge system. Water from
storage tanks can be used for secondary purposes such as
washing and gardening etc. This is the most cost-effective
way of rainwater harvesting.The main advantage of
collecting and using rainwater during the rainy season is not
only to save water from conventional sources but also to save
energy incurred on transportation and distribution of water
at the doorstep. This also conserves groundwater, if it is being
extracted to meet the demand when rains are on

2. Recharging Groundwater Aquifes: Groundwater aquifers

can be recharged by various kinds of structures to ensure the
percolation of rainwater in the ground instead of draining
away from the surface.

3. Recharging of Bore Wells: Rainwater collected from the

rooftop of the building is diverted through drainpipes to
settlement or filtration tank. After settlement, filtered water
is diverted to bore wells to recharge deep aquifers.
Abandoned bore wells can also be used for
recharge.Optimum capacity of the settlement tank/filtration
tank can be designed based on the area of catchment,
intensity of rainfall, and recharge rate. While recharging,
entry of floating matter and silt should be restricted because
it may clog the recharge structure.The first one or two
showers should be flushed out through rain separator to
avoid contamination. Fig 6 indicates a schematic diagram of
a filtration tank recharging to the bore well.

4. Recharge Pits:Recharge pits are small pits of any shape

rectangular, square, or circular contracted with brick or
stone masonry wall with weep hole at regular intervals. Top
of the pit can be covered with perforated covers. The bottom
of the pit should be filled with filter media.The capacity of
the pit can be designed based on the catchment area, rainfall
intensity, and recharge rate of the soil. Usually, the
dimensions of the pit may be of 1 to 2 m width and 2 to 3 m
deep, depending on the depth of previous strata.These pits
are suitable for recharging of shallow aquifers, and small
houses.

5. Soakway or Recharge Shafts: Soak away, or recharge

shafts are provided where the upper layer of soil is alluvial or
less porous. These are the bored hole of 30 cm dia. up to 10 to
15 m deep, depending on the depth of the pervious layer. Bore
should be lined with slotted/perforated PVC/MS pipe to
prevent the collapse of the vertical sides. At the top of the
soakaway, the required size sump is constructed to retain
runoff before the filters through the soakaway. Sump should
be filled with filter media.

6. Recharging of Dug Wells: Dug wells can be used as a

recharge structure. Rainwater from the rooftop is diverted to
drilled wells after passing it through the filtration bed.
Cleaning and desalting of dug well should be done regularly
to enhance the recharge rate. The filtration method suggested
for bore well recharging could be used. Fig 9 shows a
schematic diagram of recharging into dug well.

7. Recharge Trenches: The recharge trench is provided

where upper impervious layer of soil is shallow. The recharge
trench excavated on the ground and refilled with porous
media like pebbles, boulders, or brickbats. It is usually made
for harvesting the surface runoff.Bore-wells can also be
provided inside the trench as recharge shafts to enhance
percolation. The length of the trench is decided as per the
amount of runoff expected.This method is suitable for small
houses, playgrounds, parks, and roadside drains. The
recharge trench can be of size 0.50 to 1.0 m wide and 1.0 to
1.5 m deep.
8. Percolation Tank: Percolation tanks are artificially created

surface water bodies, submerging a land area with adequate

permeability to facilitate sufficient percolation to recharge

the groundwater.

Observation of rainwater harvesting Rainwater harvesting

from roof is considered as valuable water resources. Material

Flow Analysis (MFA) of water in Mahasarakham University

(Khamriang Campus) shows that rainwater harvesting from

roof can reduce water supply production by 7% and save

more than 200,000 Bt/year for water treatment cost. The

sensitivity analysis suggests that by 5% water supply

conservation and 20% additional rainwater harvesting, MSU

could have enough water resources. The rainwater is suitable

to be substituted water for gardening due to the convenience

to assemble an above ground storage tank or a pond to store

harvested rainwater from roof. The current practice of

rainwater is collected and discharged into drainage system

and treated in wastewater treatment plant. Utilisation of

rainwater harvested could reduce wastewater amount that

must be treated by 9%. Rainwater harvesting and reuse

should be promoted in campus in order to encourage

sustainable living and water conservation policy.Rainwater

harvesting is a way of capturing and storing water during

rainy periods for use in times when there is little or no rain

available. In certain regions of the world, rainwater

harvesting can be the difference between having a plentiful

crop and dried up vines. There are several objectives behind

rainwater harvesting. Increase Available Water During Dry

Season Many ecosystems have wet and dry seasons. Because

the dry seasons can consist of weeks or months of little to no

rain, it is important to capture during the rainy season and

have it available for use during the dry season. Rainwater

harvesting enables you to store rain when it is prevalent to be

used when there is no rain. Reduce Flooding and Erosion By

capturing and storing large amounts of rainwater in

reservoirs, it is possible to reduce the amount of runoff and

limit the impact on the land of large rainfalls. By capturing

rainwater you are basically reducing the amount of water

that is flowing across the land, which reduces flooding

chances and the impact of erosion Prevent Over use of

Aquifers As cities and towns grow the need for water

increases. Many municipalities rely upon aquifers deep below

the ground for this water supply. The problem is it takes a

long time to replenish an aquifer if it is quickly drained.By

harvesting rainwater for later use, the demand on aquifers is

reduced, which enables them to remain full. Save Money

Pumping water up from underground aquifers can be a fairly

expensive operation. It is estimated that for every one meter

rise in water level, there is a reduction of 0.4KWH of

electricity usage. So by having water closer to the surface, or

at the surface in reservoirs, less electricity is needed to pump

it so less money is spent. Rainwater harvesting is the

collection of water volume from raindrops. Rainwater

harvesting has been the main source of water supply for

potable and non-potable uses in the old days because the

water conveyance systems were not used for water

distribution during these days and the method used for

rainwater harvesting was simple and primary (rainwater was

mostly collected from roofs and some was collected directly

from the sky). Usage of the collected water volume from

rainwater harvesting was direct and without any treatment.

Presently, the water supply systems have improved but the

demand is increasing due to the population growth, and

development. The available water resources are limited

and/or seasonal, which made the experts working in the

water sector to search for solutions to the water shortage.

Many countries around the world are facing water shortages.

Optimization of water usage and the conservation of water as

a natural resource can help to overcome water shortage.

Rainwater can be used for potable and non-potable uses. The

potable uses include drinking, bathing, and cooking and

washing. Usually, the rainwater used for this purpose must be

treated to remove the contaminants. Non-potable uses include

flushing toilets, watering garden and washing floor and

treatment of rainwater is not required for these purposes.

The volume of rainwater collected from rainwater harvesting

system varying from place to place and depends on weather.

In a tropical country like Malaysia it is easy to collect 2 m 3

in a single rain while 10 m 3 was collected annually in

Zambia, Africa from a roof of almost of the same size. The

main advantages of rainwater harvesting systems are

conserving water resources and environment, pollution

reduction, help to control flooding, and reduction of impact

of weather change. In the present study, a rainwater

harvesting system was installed in the Faculty of Engineering,

University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia and the system

composed of the catchment (roof), gutter, pipe, steel tank and

the treatment unit. From 20 different rain events, the

collected volume of rainwater in the tank ranges between 0.4

m 3 and 2 m

Analysis of data : Rainwater Harvesting is now widely

acknowledged as a simple, effective method of augmenting

local water reserves. More & more governments have

announced several schemes to support rainwater harvesting

and have also included it in the list of approved activities for

several existing schemes. And yet, the skeptics continue to

doubt its efficacy. Myths abound about its inefficiency,

unsuitability to some terrain types and damage to buildings

etc.FORCE did an Impact Analysis of the Rainwater

Harvesting that had been done in a locality of New Delhi,

India – Alakanada.The study proves that rainwater

harvesting is useful and adds value not just in terms of water

but in other ways too.

Data & AnalysisPart 1 – Baseline Analysis of Rainwater

Samples Six common water quality tests were performed on

five water samples to provide background on water quality

issues relevant for rainwater harvesting. This process aided

in formulation of a study experiment and provided context

for the results.pH pH levels in the cistern water were

predictably high due to leaching within the concrete

structure. This is a standard chemical reaction with new

concrete and will require a full flush to remedy the problem.

Both the metal and shingle roof samples however were low,

or acidic, in comparison to the EWEB norms. This is

expected for rainwater.

Turbidity The asphalt shingled roof was the most turbid, as

was expected given its brownish color. This roof structure

was not designed nor is it maintained for rainwater collection

and was sampled to display the difference in water quality.

Tap water collected at Moonshadow Drive tested higher than

EWEB standards with regard to turbidity. This is reasonable

since the water is bound to pick up some sediment during

distribution.

Conductivity Rainwater in its natural state, is very close to

de-ionized but after passing over the zinc based anti-moss

compound found on the shingled roof structure,

conductivity is much higher.

Hardness In its natural state rainwater is very soft and

this tested true of the samples collected from the metal

roof. There is little opportunity for the water to absorb

minerals running off a smooth metal surface. After

passing over the granite boulder and then into the cistern

the water hardness levels begin to rise.

Total Suspended Solids Given a chance to settle out, one

would expect sub-surface cistern water to have fewer

suspended solids than water sampled from the inlet. In

this case however, bits of flocculant scum floating in the

cistern water suggest bacterial activity, the presence of

organic food matter, and thus suspended solids

Coliform Colony Counts Coliform counts presented here

are not scientifically accurate since the collection

containers were not sanitized prior to sampling. It is

interesting to note however that residual chlorine in the

tap water prevented any coliform growth in that sample.

Part 2 - Prototype filter sample analysis: These samples

are not directly comparable to the ones tested in our

baseline investigations. This is because we combined all

rainwater samples and added organic matter (dirt, leaves,

and twigs) to simulate a "first flush". However, it is

interesting to note that our filter effluent wasin the same

range as EWEB's finished water, indicating the prototype

was very effective in removing suspended solids

Conclusion

Harvesting rain water is to ensure a steady supply of water

for domestic and industrial use through out the year and

during any season. The system would be highly effective

in high commercial regions where there are warehouses

and large buildings. Rainwater harvesting is a viable

option to supplement city water for non-potable human

uses, such as irrigation. Conclusion: Rainwater harvesting

has various benefits and uses; however, harvesting

systems have to operate and maintain to ensure water

quality.
Conclusion.Rainwater harvesting Essay 400 words:

Conclusion Definition of Rainwater Harvesting:

Rainwater harvesting refers to in general, to the

collection and storing of locally available water, mostly

from the rains at a place. The overall efficiency of a

rainwater harvesting system to supplement city water

increases as area increases

Assignment Question and Answers For each chapter 1

question and answer

1. Describe the concept and aims of sustainable

development

Ans:- Sustainable development refers to the

development which can meet the needs of the present

generation without compromising on the ability of the

future generation to meet their own needs .

The 3 aims of sustainable development are as follows

1. Economic :- to attain balanced growth

2. Environmental:- to preserve the environment

3. Social :- to include all human communities to access

all resources.

2. What is ecological pyramid ? Explain pyramid of

number .
Ans :- Ecological pyramids are the graphic

representation of trophic levels in an ecosystem. The

producers make the base of the pyramid and the

subsequent tiers of pyramid represent herbivore ,

carnivore and top carnivore .

Pyramid of numbers :- This represents the number of

organisms at each trophic level.

For example :- In a grassland the number of grasses is

more than the number of herbivores that feed on them

and the number of herbivores is more than the number

of carnivore .

3. What are threats to Biodiversity? Write any 4 .

Ans :- The threats to biodiversity are

1. Fragmentation & Habitat loss

2. Over exploitation

3. Invasive species

4. Pollution

5. Climate change

Fragmentation & Habitat loss :- Habitat degradation

of resources , agricultural conversion & urbanisation

are the factors which contribute to loss of biodiversity.

Over exploitation :- Over hunting , fishing and over

harvesting contributes greatly to the loss of biodiversity

Pollution :- Air pollution & acid rain destroy forest.

Water pollution kills fish and other aquatic animals

and plants . Toxic and hazardous substances that are

drained into the water sources kill aquatic life.

Climate change:- This is already having an impact on

biodiversity and is projected to become a progressively

more significant threat in the coming decades .

4. Explain land degradation and suggest conservation

practices for land resources.

Ans :- The increasing population growth the demands

for arable land for producing food and fuel wood is

increasing . Hence there is more and more pressure on

the limited land resources which are getting degraded

due to over exploitation. Soil erosion, water logging ,

salinisation causes degradation of land .

Conservation practices

Preservation :- Preservation of land as a natural

resource by humans can be maintained in its pristine

form

Restoration :- Another technique used in land

conservation is restoration which is the process of

returning to their original natural condition.

5 . What precautions should we take in case of a

diarrhoeal disaster ?

Ans :- Precautions to be taken in case of diarrhoeal

disaster are :-
1. Don’t drink water from unsafe sources .

2. Don’t eat uncooked food unless it is peeled or shelled

3. Don’t leave cooked food at room temperature longer

than 2 hours .

4. Don’t consume cut fruits from vendors .

5. Don’t defecate in open area .

6. Don’t give access to rats and house flies in your

premises.