Biochemistry- study of the chemical organisms, more commonly known as the

composition of the living matter and the protoplasm, carries out all the intracellular
biochemical processes processes.
- the words “bio” meaning “life” and
chemistry, thus the “chemistry of life” Friedrich Miescher (1869)
- first identified what he called
During 17th Century “nuclein” inside the nuclei of human
Robert Hooke (1665) white blood cells
- He invented the microscope.
- first to examine what a cell appears 20th century up to present
to be close to. 1900- most important events happened
- Micrographia during this period is the experiment done by
Eduard Buchner.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1775)
- witnessed a live cell (plant) under a Eduard Buchner (1900)
microscope. - prepared a cell-free extract of yeast
which he called the zymase.
During 18th Century - introduced the concept of an
Antoine Lavoisier (1775) “enzyme”
- first proposed a mechanism for
photosynthesis 1904- The term “Biochemistry” was officially
- first to investigate cell respiration in coined by the German chemist Carl Neuber.
animals
Phoebus Levene (1919)
1777-1783 - Russian physician & chemist
Chemistry became dominated by the - discovered the order of the 3 major
phlogiston theory components of a single nucleotide
- This period marked the onset of (phosphate, pentose sugar, and
physiological chemistry nitrogenous base)
- first to discover the carbohydrate
During 19th Century component of RNA (ribose) &
Theodore Schwann (1836) carbohydrate component of DNA
- Cell theory (deoxyribose).
- proposed the process of
fermentation is solely limited to living Hans Krebs (1937)
yeast cells in 1836. - discovered the process of the Citric
Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Louis Pasteur (1856)
- His experiment showed that Oswald Avery (1944)
fermentation depends highly on the - first suggest the genetic material of
physiological functions of bacteria the cell was possibly the DNA

1860- During this period, the gelatinous

and homogenous form of matter in
Erwinn Chargaff (1950) Biochemistry of cell nucleus
- noted the nucleotide composition of - Nucleus- primary site where genetic
DNA differs among species & does information is stored and transmitted
not repeat in the same order from mother to daughter cells during
mitosis and meiosis.
Frederick Sanger (1958) - Nuclei are bounded by membranes
- Theory was confirmed after he and contain numerous organelles
discovered the first protein structure,
The protein that was identified is Biochemistry of cell organelles
INSULIN - Cell organelles- tiny structures
found in the cells of all living
1961- the cracking of genetic code organisms. They are responsible for
the various functions of the cell
Branches of Biochem (major)
Molecular biology- studies the structure Most common cell organelles
and function of macromolecules, which are ● Nucleus- cell’s control center, and it
large molecules consisting of many atoms. houses the cell’s DNA.
Genetics- study of the genetic makeup of ● Mitochondria- cell’s powerhouses,
an organism, including its traits, abilities, and they generate the energy that
and diseases. the cell needs to function.
Biochemistry of proteins- Proteins are the ● Chloroplasts- responsible for
largest and most complex molecules in the photosynthesis, and they capture the
body. energy from the sun
Biochemistry of DNA- It comprises a long ● Golgi apparatus- responsible for
chain of nucleotides, which are chemical packaging and delivering the cell’s
building units. products.

Biochemistry of carbohydrates- Biochemistry of cell organelles

- Carbohydrates are a macronutrient Cells - basic units of life.
that can be present in food. ● Cell membrane - thin layer that
- made up of carbon, hydrogen, and surrounds the cell and helps protect.
oxygen. It comprises phospholipids, which
- It’s the body’s primary energy source are molecules have a hydrophilic
and can be obtained in various (water-loving) head and a
foods. hydrophobic tail (water-hating)
● Cytoplasm is the jelly-like material
Biochemistry of Lipids that fills the cell. It is where most of
- Lipids are a broad molecule class the chemical reactions of life take
that includes fats, waxes, and sterols place.
- composed of 2 types of molecules: ● Nucleus contains the cell’s DNA,
fatty acids and cholesterol which is the genetic material that
- Fatty acids- type of lipid molecule controls the cell’s function.
composed of a carbon chain and a
hydrocarbon chain.
Structural Biochemistry 9. Terpenes
- aims to understand the chemical 10. Eicosanoids
architecture of biological
macromolecules. It is one of the Nucleic Acids
main branches of biochemistry. 1. DNA
Bio-organic Chemistry 2. RNA
- deals with the study of organic 3. Adenine
compounds 4. Guanine
5. Thymine
Overview of Biomolecules 6. Cytosine
10 examples of: 7. Uracil
Carbohydrates 8. Messenger RNA
1. Glucose 9. Transfer RNA
2. Fructose 10. Ribosomal RNA
3. Sucrose
4. Starch Biomolecules that can be found in foods
5. Cellulose ● Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids,
6. Glycogen Vitamins, Minerals
7. Lactose
8. Maltose All functional groups that can be found in
9. Galactose biomolecules
10. Ribose ● Hydroxyl group
● Carbonyl group
Proteins ● Carboxyl group
1. Albumin ● Phosphate group
2. Myoglobin ● Amino group
3. Hemoglobin ● Sulfhydryl group
4. Casein
5. Collagen Hypertonic- has a higher concentration,
6. Enzymes meaning water will flow into it.
7. Keratin Hypotonic- has a lower concentration of
8. Immunoglobulins solute, meaning water will flow out of it.
9. Actin Isotonic solution - has the same solute
10. Fibrinogen concentration compared to the intracellular
solute concentration.
Lipids Monosaccharides (mono- = “one”) are
1. Triglycerides simple sugars, the most common of which is
2. Phospholipids glucose.
3. Cholesterol Lipids- are hydrophobic “water-fearing”
4. Steroids Amino acids- the monomers that make up
5. Waxes proteins.
6. Sphingolipids
7. Fatty acids
8. Glycerolipids