LIFE AMIDST TOMBSTONES: THE LIVED EXPERIENCES OF

FAMILIES RESIDING IN THE CEMETERY OF BIÑAN CITY

A Thesis
Presented To
The Faculty of the Senior High School
Biñan Integrated National High School
Sto. Domingo, City of Biñan, Laguna

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Subject
Practical Research 1

By

Dale Emmanuel M. Alsim

Mitch Ayeza S. Bacho
Kent T. Clamohoy
Reynald W. Dicdican
Jonalyn B. Lasala
Ashley Mae Q. Marquina
Armina A. Montañez
Rose Ann M. Ramos
Lester F. Salvador
Christine B. Vargas

May 2024

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 Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

Cemeteries are designed to be perceived as a place of final rest. However, in the

Philippines, cemeteries are also home to the living and serve as a place of residence. It should

come as no surprise that the majority of cemeteries, particularly the public ones, now function

as homes for both the living and the dead, considering the persistent poverty. Within the

cemetery's boundaries, families reside as though it were a suitable neighborhood in which to

raise their children (Lapatha et. al., 2019).

Poverty remains one of the biggest challenges facing societies worldwide, with

millions of individuals and families struggling to meet their basic needs and access

opportunities for a better life. Several studies have shown that poverty often results from

structural factors such as systemic inequality, discrimination, and inadequate social safety

nets, which disproportionately affect marginalized communities. And lead families to live in

cemeteries, stay there as their shelter, and establish makeshift homes due to a lack of

alternative housing options (World Bank, 2021).

Living in the cemetery can cause numerous challenges that can affect their well-being

in physical, psychological, social, and economic dimensions. The government and

community leaders need to be aware of the lived experiences of families residing in the

cemetery because they inform policy development, resource allocation, advocacy efforts, and

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community engagement. It also helps prevent stigmatization and fosters empathy and support

within the community. Families should not have to live in cemeteries due to concerns about

their dignity, health, safety, psychological well-being, access to services, social and housing

rights, children's well-being, and community integration (Smith, 2019).

The researchers will deal with the experiences of families residing in the cemetery.

This study aims to understand the lived experiences of the families residing in the cemetery

and explore the reasons why they choose to live in the cemetery, the challenges they

encounter, and the impacts it has on their lives. This study may serve as a guide for other

researchers who will conduct further studies about the experiences and struggles of families

residing in the cemetery in a specific location or using different participants.

Theoretical Framework

This study will be anchored on the Coping Mechanism Theory of Richard S. Lazarus

and Susan Folkman in 1984. Lazarus and Folkman's Coping Mechanism, also known as the

transactional model of stress and coping, emphasizes the subjective nature of stress and

coping and highlights the importance of individuals' perceptions, appraisals, and coping

resources in determining their response to stressors (MindTools, 2024).

Coping mechanisms are techniques that assist individuals in managing stressful

situations and unpleasant feelings. They are routinely utilizing coping methods, whether they

even recognize it. These actions are the conscious and unconscious efforts they make that

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may occasionally be beneficial for them to manage their stress. This can apply to families

residing in the cemetery to address practical, emotional, social, and existential stressors while

fostering resilience and maintaining a sense of agency and meaning in their lives. Coping

mechanisms also involve spending mental energy in a way that can reduce burnout and can

be positive or negative, depending on whether they increase or reduce mental well-being

(Saxena, 2023),

Lazarus and Folkman's Coping Mechanisms created the concept of cognitive

evaluation and reevaluation. Their idea states that coping with stress involves a complex

process of thought and meaning-giving. The stress cycle, which states that a person's

perspective on a stressful circumstance determines how he will cope with it, was used to

explain the coping mechanism (Chowdhury, 2021).

Bailey (2022) cited that there are two coping styles that people use to cope with their

stress. First is the problem-focused coping style, which aims to change or eliminate the

source of the stress. And it will also work if people have some control over the situation that

is causing them to stress out. Second is the emotion-focused coping style, which discusses the

strategies that can help people change the way they respond to their stress because it's

impossible to avoid stress completely, particularly in situations in which they have no control

over the source of their stress.

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 According to Crowe et al. (2019), Coping mechanisms have two types: Adaptive

coping mechanisms and Maladaptive coping mechanisms. Adaptive coping mechanisms are

positive coping skills that empower one’s life to change a stressful situation and adjust their

emotional response to stress in a positive way. On the other hand, Maladaptive coping

mechanisms are negative ways of dealing with stress that commonly occur in people who

have experienced childhood trauma or abuse. It can also eventually lead to physical and

emotional harm.

Operational Framework

Coping mechanisms refer to the methods used to manage stress, difficulties, and

negative situations, and they differ depending on individual traits, cultural contexts, and the

resources accessible to individuals. And according to the Transactional theory of stress and

coping by Lazarus and Folkman (1984), stress is seen as a result of an interaction between an

individual and their environment,

According to Bailey (2022), there are two coping styles that people use to cope with

their stress: the problem-focused coping style and the emotion-focused coping style. Families

residing in the cemetery may utilize a problem-focused coping style that has methods that

tackle practical obstacles like insufficient housing, restricted access to essential facilities, and

societal discrimination. The families may proactively pursue remedies to enhance their living

standards because this approach allows them to directly tackle the sources of stress within

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their control and work towards improving their situation. Next, families may also employ an

emotion-focused coping style to manage their emotional responses. While the families may

not be able to change their living environment, they can still adopt strategies to alter how they

perceive and respond to stress. The families may engage in supportive social networks within

the cemetery community, practice mindfulness or meditation to promote emotional well-

being, or seek comfort in religious or spiritual beliefs. By focusing on changing their

emotional response to stress, families can enhance their resilience and emotional well-being,

even in situations where they have limited control over their environment.

Overall, applying Coping Mechanisms Theory to the topic of families residing in the

cemetery can provide the researchers with a deeper understanding of how these families

manage adversity, cope with stress, and maintain their well-being in a challenging living

environment. It can also guide the development of targeted interventions to support their

coping strategies and foster resilience (Chowdhury, 2021).

Statement of the Problem

This study aims at providing in-depth description and understanding of the lived

experiences of families residing in the Sto. Filomena Chapel, San Antonio, City of Biñan

Laguna.

Specifically, this qualitative inquiry will answer two central questions:

1. What have the participants experienced while residing in the cemetery?

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 2. How have the participants experienced the struggles in residing in the cemetery?

Assumptions of the Study

The researchers will study on the following assumptions:

1. The participants experienced a lot of difficulties: loneliness, mental anguish, legal

issues, and limited access to necessities.

2. The participants experienced lasting impacts on physical and mental health while

residing in the cemetery in the long term, employing coping mechanisms.

3. The participants were open and honest in discussing their lived experiences of

residing in the cemetery.

Scope and Delimitation

The main focus of this research is to give an in-depth description and understanding

of the lived experiences of families living in the cemetery. The participants of this study are 5

families with 4-6 family members residing in the Sto. Filomena Chapel, San Antonio, City of

Biñan, Laguna. The study is only limited to the families of local residents who have lived in

the cemetery for more than 5 years.

Significance of the Study

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 The findings of this study will reflect on the families residing in the cemetery so that

they will be aware of the reasons why and how they manage to reside in the cemetery for

such a long period of time. This study will let them know about the effects of their situation

and how they can prevent negative impacts on their well-being.

This will give the parents ideas on how they can improve their living situation, why

they should be aware of coping mechanisms, and how they can plan to make their lived

experiences more sustainable, safe, and productive.

The study will help the children of the families know the reasons why they ended up

in that situation. This study will also give them some guidance on how they will develop their

routine and how they will manage their lives to be more responsible in their situation.

This study will inform the community about the unseen lived experiences of families

residing in the cemetery and give them an idea of how they can help the families lessen their

problems when it comes to the economic status of their area.

This study will benefit the local government that they can examine the problems and

issues surrounding some of the reasons why families choose to live in urban areas like the

cemetery. They can provide some solutions and lessen the factors that affect poverty.

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 The findings of this study will help future researchers to provide additional

information that will serve as their guide and reference for their future analysis and deeper

investigation on the lived experiences of families residing in the cemetery.

Definition of Terms

The following terms used in this study were defined conceptually and operationally:

Cope means dealing effectively with difficulties. We used this study to find out how

participants dealing effectively with challenges.

Poverty is a state of extreme poverty in which basic necessities are lacking. In this study, it is

when the participants do not have enough money to maintain one's standard of living.

Marginalized communities are groups of people who are socially, economically, or

politically in a weaker position. We used this in our study to be participants.

Makeshift home is temporary housing, often built to meet urgent needs. In this study, it is

the housing of the participants.

Fostering empathy means promoting the ability to understand and share the feelings of

others. In this study, it is the capacity of the researchers to understand the participants.

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Integration is the process of combining or coordinating different elements into a unified

whole. We used this in our study to assemble the personal experiences of the participants.

Transaction refers to a process or activity involving the exchange of goods, services, or

information. In this study, it is a procedure where information is traded.

Appraisal means assessments of the quality of something. In this study, it is an objective

evaluation to determine the actual facts behind this issue.

Burnout means physical or mental exhaustion, often caused by prolonged stress. In this

study, it is the lived experiences of participants' exhaustion in a certain situation.

Cognitive is related to mental processes such as thinking, learning, and understanding. We

used this in our study to understand the situation of the participants.

Adaptive means capable of adjust to different conditions. In this study, it is the participants

adjustment to their environment.

Adversity means being able to adapt to different circumstances. We used this in our study to

determine how a participant responds to various circumstances.

Phenomena means observed events that are often significant in nature. In this study, it is the

lived experiences of the participants.

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Lived experiences mean personal encounters and events that a person perceives and

interprets. In this study, it is the main point of the researchers that they want to explore.

Resilience is the ability to quickly recover from challenges or setbacks. We used this in our

study to investigate the capacity of families residing in the cemetery in fast resolving issues.

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter reviews the related literature, which supports and gives credence to the

details of this research. The researchers anchored this comprehensive study to different

viewpoints and perspectives to present a thorough treatment of the problem. Concepts,

findings, theories, and notions from scholarly research and articles related to the participants’

lived experiences in residing in the cemetery are presented to provide an extensive

background of the study and to justify the researchers' objective in undertaking it. This also

provides a synthesis of related literature, which later on may be confirmed, negated, or

improved by the new knowledge that this study provided.

Families Residing in the Cemetery

Lapatha et al. (2019) stated that families residing in cemeteries represent a unique and

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often marginalized demographic, facing a mass of challenges and complexities in their living

environment. Despite the unconventional setting, these families form close communities

characterized by resilience and resourcefulness. And families living in cemetery settlements

often develop strong social bonds and support networks within their communities, relying on

one another for emotional and practical assistance. These close relationships contribute to a

sense of belonging and solidarity among residents, fostering a collective spirit of mutual aid

and cooperation (Smith et al., 2021).

The decision to reside in a cemetery setting is often driven by socio-economic factors

such as poverty, which can exacerbate the challenges faced by these families. Sodiya et al.

(2021) highlighted the prevalence of poverty among cemetery residents, with limited access

to basic amenities and healthcare services. This socio-economic vulnerability can perpetuate

cycles of deprivation and marginalization, further marginalizing families living in cemetery

environments. Moreover, families residing in cemeteries confront stigma and discrimination

from broader society, compounding their socio-economic challenges.

Despite these adversities, families residing in cemeteries demonstrate remarkable

resilience and resourcefulness in adapting to their environment. Cemetery residents have

creative solutions to meet their needs and wants, from community gardening initiatives to

advocacy for improved living conditions. By leveraging the strengths and forging bonds of

solidarity within the communities of families residing in the cemetery (Ghazali, 2021).

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Advantages of Residing in the Cemetery

Living in a cemetery may seem unconventional, yet it offers unique advantages that

cater to the needs and circumstances of certain individuals or families. Firstly, cemetery

environments often provide a peaceful and serene atmosphere, away from the hustle and

bustle of urban life. The peaceful surroundings of cemeteries can offer a sense of solace and

contemplation, fostering mental well-being and relaxation for residents. Furthermore, the

green spaces within cemeteries may serve as recreational areas for residents, offering

opportunities for leisurely activities (Lorge, 2023).

The availability of vacant and underutilized spaces within cemeteries can provide an

alternative housing solution for marginalized populations. And the potential for repurposing

cemetery spaces for low-cost housing initiatives, addressing housing shortages and

homelessness in urban areas. For some families, the affordability of cemetery residences may

alleviate financial burdens and provide a pathway to stability and self-sufficiency (Dai et al.,

2022).

Lapatha et al. (2019) explained that families residing in the cemetery often develop

strong social bonds within their communities, relying on one another for emotional and

practical assistance. This sense of belonging can contribute to a heightened sense of security

and stability for residents, particularly in the face of adversity or challenges. Contrary to

popular perception, cemetery environments can foster communities characterized by mutual

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support and solidarity.

Moreover, living in a cemetery setting may offer proximity to cultural or historical

landmarks, enriching residents' experiences and sense of heritage. Cemeteries often contain

monuments, statues, and gravesites of historical significance, providing opportunities for

residents to connect with their cultural roots and traditions (Lapatha et al., 2019).

These advantages demonstrate that while residing in the cemetery may pose unique

challenges, it also offers opportunities for tranquility, community support, affordable

housing, and cultural enrichment for certain individuals.

Disadvantages of Residing in the Cemetery

According to Borromeo et al. (2020), living in a cemetery presents various difficulties,

including emotional stress due to the frequent reminder of mortality, limited access to

facilities and services, and social stigma leading to social isolation. Cemeteries often lack

essential infrastructure for day-to-day life and may not align with societal conventions,

causing conflict and unease. Overall, the drawbacks such as psychological distress, practical

difficulties, and societal issues may outweigh any potential advantages of such living

arrangements.

It can be challenging for the cemetery residents to have adequate room for their

equipment and personal items because of the limited area. To save money for expenses like

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rent, utilities (such as electricity and water), and other necessities, many of them depend on a

steady source of income. Insufficient money can lead to worry and anxiety about one's means

of subsistence. Depending on where they reside, cemetery occupants may also have to deal

with environmental issues, including exposure to extreme weather, poor sanitary facilities, or

trouble getting clean water. These elements may have an effect on their living and health

circumstances. Although the support of the community may be beneficial, disputes or

conflicts may also occur within the cemetery community. Resolving conflicts and

maintaining interpersonal relationships can be difficult tasks for residents in this particular

setting (Algura, 2019).

Munthali (2023) emphasized the challenges of families living in cemeteries include

difficulties in accessing clean water and essential medical services, limited opportunities for

education and employment, and persistent poverty within the community. These obstacles

stem from the lack of basic amenities and opportunities available to other citizens. Improving

the well-being of cemetery residents requires addressing their needs for livelihood, water,

healthcare, and education.

Lastly, Lapatha et al. (2019) concluded that residing in the cemetery presents

numerous challenges and disadvantages for families. These include emotional stress from

reminders of mortality, limited access to essential services, social stigma leading to isolation,

financial stress due to insufficient income, environmental hazards, and conflicts within the

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community. These obstacles can significantly impact residents' well-being and quality of life,

making it difficult to maintain basic needs and interpersonal relationships.

Challenges of the Children Residing in the Cemetery

Algura (2019) provided valuable insights into the resilience of families living among

the dead, highlighting how despite the pervasive presence of poverty and adversity within

cemetery communities, families draw strength from their bonds and support networks. These

familial relationships serve as pillars of support, offering children a sense of stability and

belonging amidst challenging circumstances.

However, Borromeo, Dacumi, and Guzman (2019) presented a contrasting perspective,

emphasizing the survival-focused nature of life in cemeteries, where families prioritize

meeting basic needs over pursuing a fulfilling life. This survival-centric approach

underscores the harsh realities faced by children in cemetery communities, where access to

essential resources and opportunities for growth may be limited.

Children residing in cemetery communities navigate a multitude of challenges that

significantly impact their well-being. As highlighted by Munthali (2023), despite the

presence of family support, the pervasive impact of poverty remains a constant struggle for

these children. The lack of access to clean water, adequate housing, and educational

opportunities further compounds their vulnerability and hinders their overall development.

Moreover, the stigma associated with residing in cemeteries can exacerbate social
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isolation and discrimination, negatively affecting children's mental and emotional health. The

constant exposure to the reminders of mortality within cemetery environments may also

contribute to heightened levels of stress and anxiety among children, further exacerbating

their challenges (Munthali, 2023).

While family bonds offer a source of resilience, the pervasive challenges of poverty

persist, shaping the daily realities of residents. A comprehensive understanding of these

challenges remains essential for developing effective interventions and support systems to

improve the well-being of children residing in cemetery environments (Lapatha et al., 2019).

Types of Families Living Arrangement

The phenomenon of families living in cemeteries presents a unique perspective on

housing and community dynamics. Lapatha et al. (2019) asserted the positive aspects of such

arrangements, noting residents' sense of satisfaction and security within cemetery grounds.

Living in cemeteries is seen as a safer alternative to the streets due to the presence of guards

and physical assurance. Moreover, the study highlights the social well-being experienced by

residents, who feel protected and have a sense of belonging within the cemetery community.

However, the sense of community may be limited to close relatives, with some residents

choosing to isolate themselves from the broader neighborhood due to toxic interactions with

neighbors.

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 Marreti (2023) concluded by highlighting the socioeconomic factors driving families to

live in cemeteries. Many Filipino migrants move from rural areas to urban centers in search

of better opportunities, only to find difficulty securing employment. Consequently, these

individuals often end up in slum communities within the city, where makeshift shelters are

constructed over tombs or inside mausoleums. This highlights the dire circumstances that

push families towards unconventional living arrangements within cemetery grounds, which is

also because of poverty.

In many Asian countries, poverty-stricken individuals and families are forced to reside

in cemeteries due to their inability to afford traditional housing options. This underscores the

broader issue of housing affordability and the challenges faced by marginalized communities

in accessing adequate living spaces. Moreover, the impending development plans to convert

cemeteries into housing developments raise concerns among families of the deceased

regarding the relocation of bodies and the timeframe for such processes (Overstreet, 2020).

In summary, the various perspectives provided by Marreti (2023), Overstreet (2020),

and Lapatha et al. (2019) collectively shed light on the complex types of living arrangements

of families residing in the cemeteries. From the sense of security and social cohesion

experienced by residents to the socioeconomic factors driving such arrangements, it is

evident that cemetery living reflects broader issues of housing insecurity and marginalization.
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As development plans threaten to transform cemetery spaces, questions arise regarding the

future of these communities and the respectful relocation of the deceased.

Dynamics of Familial Relationship

The dynamics of familial relationships within the context of cemeteries encompass a

multifaceted interplay of loss, remembrance, and the perpetuation of family bonds.

Cemeteries serve as repositories of ancestral history, offering a tangible link to the past

through headstone inscriptions, dates, and names. Cemeteries offer a wealth of information

about our ancestors and serve as a physical link to the past. Stronger familial ties can result

from this knowledge of family history, which can foster a sense of continuity and

connectedness. The communal aspect of cemeteries is another important element that

strengthens family bonds. Grieving collectively in a shared space can provide comfort during

times of loss, and it can also foster a deeper understanding and empathy among family

members. Residing beyond the grave can be a shared ritual that brings family members

together, facilitating mutual support and the expression of shared love and grief (Peterson,

2023).

Francis et al. (2020) assumed that family interactions experience a distinct dynamic in

the cemetery context, characterized by a combination of loss, remembering, and the

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maintenance of family bonds. The cemetery transforms into a tangible place where the ties of

kinship are felt as families join together to grieve the loss of departed loved ones. In this

place, the gravity of loss blends with cherished memories to create a sense of community and

legacy. Graveyards are moving settings for the expression of familial love and unity among

generations, from the solemn rites of burial to the silent periods of contemplation at

gravesites. Families strengthen their ties by attending to and maintaining the final resting sites

of their ancestors, maintaining a sense of continuity and connection that crosses the line

between life and death.

Living near a cemetery can provide a unique connection to history and culture, as these

sites often hold stories and memories of the past. For some individuals, the proximity to a

cemetery can foster a sense of continuity with the past and a profound appreciation for the

lives that came before. The tranquil and contemplative atmosphere near a cemetery can offer

solace and a reminder of the impermanence of life, leading to a greater appreciation of the

present moment. Additionally, living near a cemetery can serve as a daily reminder of the

interconnectedness of humanity and the enduring impact individuals can have on future

generations (Lapatha et al., 2019).

Coping Mechanisms of the Families

According to Bailey (2022), families residing in cemetery environments often develop

coping mechanisms to navigate the unique challenges associated with their living conditions.

One common coping mechanism involves leveraging communal resources within the

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cemetery community. Families come together to share necessities such as food, water, and

shelter, pooling their resources to meet basic needs collectively. This sense of solidarity

fosters a supportive environment where individuals can lean on one another for emotional

and practical support.

Dai et al. (2022) also concluded that social connections within the cemetery community

serve as a vital source of support for families, buffering against the psychological impact of

their living conditions. And through mutual aid and companionship, families residing in the

cemetery find comfort and strength in their relationships with fellow community members,

fostering resilience in the face of hardship.

Additionally, problem-solving, such as problem-focused coping style emerges as

another coping mechanism among families residing in cemeteries. Innovative solutions are

adopted by cemetery residents to address practical challenges such as shelter, sanitation, and

livelihood. Families repurpose the available materials or improvise makeshift structures to

create livable spaces within the cemetery environment. By tapping into their resourcefulness

and ingenuity, cemetery residents adapt to their surroundings and find ways to improve their

living conditions despite limited resources (Descalsota, 2023).

Furthermore, the study titled "A Qualitative Study on the Social Well-being of Filipino

Families Living in Cemeteries in Cebu City," of Lapatha et al. (2019) explores the concept of

emotion-focused coping style which emphasized the psychological impact of cemetery living
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and concluded coping strategies employed by families to maintain their mental well-being.

And strategies include seeking solace in spiritual and cultural practices, finding moments of

tranquility amidst the peaceful surroundings of the cemetery, or engaging in activities that

provide a sense of purpose and meaning in life. While cemetery living presents numerous

challenges, the resilience and coping mechanisms exhibited by families in these environments

underscore their ability to persevere and thrive amidst adversity.

Ways of Living in Residing in the Cemetery

In the study titled "A Qualitative Study on the Social Well-being of Filipino Families

Living in Cemeteries in Cebu City," Lapatha et al. (2019) delve into the survival strategies

and ways of living of families residing in cemeteries. Some residents take on caretaker roles

to supplement their income, while others engage in small-scale entrepreneurial activities such

as selling candles, flowers, and operating small stores to cater to visitors. Additionally, during

funerals, there is an opportunity for work, with some individuals collecting bones from tombs

and offering services for making tombstones, known as lapida.

Cemeteries are often regarded as left-behind landscapes: scary and lifeless, abandoned

and forgotten. Despite this derelict image, residents residing in the cemetery are living and

coexisting in tombs and mausoleums. Elders were responsible for providing for family needs

and nourishing the family. As outsiders, often hear about ghosts and horror stories and

consider cemeteries to be haunted, but these events and stories are uncommon to the
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residents, as they have already established a relationship with the place and those around it.

For them, the cemetery is not merely a place, but a place they call home (Algura, 2019).

According to Descalsota (2023), many of the individuals residing in cemeteries live

below the poverty line, compelling them to seek shelter within the cemetery grounds due to

financial constraints. Makeshift houses are erected within mausoleums once designated for

the deceased, creating a sense of community and camaraderie among the residents. Despite

their challenging circumstances, residents value the strong friendships and support networks

that have formed within the cemetery community.

Moxhay (2019) stated that there were others living in the cemetery besides the

deceased. On its grounds, some of the poorest people in Manila have lived and worked for

many years—in some cases, generations. The majority work as stonemasons or as

mausoleum and cemetery caretakers, but many more are just "illegal" dwellers trying to get

away from the many risks of living on Manila's congested and hazardous city streets. Some

children there make a living by collecting melted wax from the candles and selling it to the

recycling center to make money.”.

Prevention of Poverty

According to Barke (2023), strong governance is crucial for reducing poverty as it

ensures fair resource distribution, reduces corruption, and promotes transparent and

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accountable policies. Anti-corruption initiatives and governance changes are essential.

Education has the potential to end poverty cycles by increasing accessibility, developing

curriculum, and training teachers. Investments in education, such as increased accessibility

and teacher training, provide the necessary skills for economic empowerment.

Enhancing governance has the potential to address poverty even in difficult settings,

such as communities where people live next to cemeteries. The local community can benefit

from better living conditions through the implementation of anti-corruption measures,

equitable resource distribution, and transparent policy promotion. When education

programmers are expanded into these regions, they help break the cycle of poverty by

providing chances and skills that enable economic empowerment even in unusual settings

(Barke, 2023).

According to the Japan External Trade Organization (2019), offering jobs similar to

those of public corporations is the answer. Should the government offer jobs so that poor

people have the ability to learn how to work and make money. Also, in the event that they are

unable to find employment with public companies indefinitely, they will gain positive

experience in the future. Furthermore, they will spend money on education, and their kids

might attend the school.

Like public enterprises, giving jobs to the underprivileged can empower people, even

those in difficult situations like those living in cemeteries. By providing work, you provide
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them the opportunity to improve their financial status while also gaining essential skills and

experience. This strategy encourages people to invest in education, which may improve their

children's access to education and lead the way for a better future (Jetro, 2019).

Pathak and Ross (2021) said that in order to rebuild the economy fairly, well-paying

jobs in important industries must be created, and major worker safeguards must be in place to

lessen the burden on working families. And it is important to support investments in

permanent housing initiatives like Housing First and the National Homes Guarantee in order

to give those who are homeless or residing in transitional housing a way to get and keep long-

term, secure homes.

The financial burden on working families, especially those who live in cemeteries, can

be lessened by establishing worker protections and well-paying jobs in strategic industries.

Supporting programs like Accommodation First and the National Homes Guarantee will help

us solve larger social issues by giving those who are homeless or living in transitional

accommodation the chance to find long-term, stable housing (Pathak & Ross, 2021).

Perceptions of the Neighborhood Towards to Cemetery Residents

In exploring the perceptions of neighborhoods towards cemetery residents, it's essential

to consider the broader context of how cemeteries interact with urban environments and

residential areas (Lapatha et al., 2019). One aspect to consider is the impact of cemetery

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proximity on property values, as examined in the study from the Ethiopian Journal of

Environmental Studies & Management (2021), it indicates that the presence of cemeteries

may influence the desirability of neighborhoods, potentially shaping residents' attitudes

towards those living in close proximity to cemetery grounds. Some neighbors may be curious

about the lifestyle of cemetery residents and may hold neutral or indifferent perceptions

towards them. They may be interested in learning more about their experiences and living

conditions without necessarily passing judgment.

Furthermore, Lapatha et al. (2019) delve into the potential conflicts between cemeteries

and adjacent residential land uses. Their findings suggest that factors such as age, proximity

to the cemetery, and occupation can influence negative perceptions towards cemetery

locations. In some cases, residents may harbor fear or mistrust towards cemetery residents,

fueled by stereotypes or misconceptions about their behavior or lifestyle. This fear could stem

from cultural beliefs or superstitions surrounding death and burial grounds. These dynamics

provides insights into how residents within the neighborhood may perceive and interact with

individuals residing in cemetery communities.

Additionally, Nordh et al. (2023) discussed the evolving role of urban cemeteries as

recreational spaces. The exploration of different perspectives on recreational use of

cemeteries adds nuance to the understanding of how communities view and engage with

cemetery spaces. Moreover, neighborhoods may view cemetery residents with sympathy and

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empathy, recognizing the challenges they face in their living environment. These individuals

may offer support and assistance to cemetery residents, fostering a sense of community

solidarity.

This insight contributes to a broader understanding of the neighborhood's attitudes

towards cemetery residents by highlighting the varied ways in which these spaces are utilized

and perceived.

Effectiveness of Residing in the Cemetery

The effectiveness of residing in a cemetery presents a complex interplay of social,

economic, and security factors. While some may perceive living in such a setting as

unconventional or even hazardous, families within cemetery environments exhibit resilience

and adaptability in the face of challenges. The presence of a cemetery can indeed pose

security threats, including the potential for criminal activity such as robbery and harassment

(International Journal of Scientific Research Publication, 2021). The serene nature of some

cemetery sites may attract hoodlums, who take advantage of the solitude to commit nefarious

acts, thus impacting the safety and security of residents.

Despite the adversities faced by families living in cemeteries, they demonstrate

resilience and adaptability in navigating their daily lives. Many families residing in these

environments exhibit social well-being indicators, albeit nuanced by individual experiences

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(Lapatha et al., 2019). While some may find solace and security within cemetery grounds,

others face challenges in seeking a sense of belonging within the wider community, often due

to perceptions of toxic or selfish neighbors. However, familial bonds within the cemetery

community remain strong, offering support and companionship to those who are part of it

(International Journal of Scientific Research Publication, 2021).

According to Amadi et al. (2021), for some residents, the cemetery environment

provides a safer alternative to living on the streets, particularly in the face of natural

calamities. Despite occasional hardships, such as harassment from hoodlums or the

recurrence of environmental disasters, families find stability and security within the

cemetery's confines. The sense of belonging and community extends primarily to close

relatives and those who share a common bond within the cemetery setting, fostering a sense

of solidarity and mutual support among residents.

In conclusion, the effectiveness of residing in cemeteries encompasses a multitude of

factors, including safety, social well-being, and economic stability. While challenges such as

security threats and social isolation persist, families demonstrate resilience and adaptability in

navigating their lives within the cemetery environment. By fostering a sense of community

and offering a semblance of security, cemeteries serve as unique living spaces that present

both opportunities and challenges for their residents (International Journal of Scientific

Research Publication, 2021).

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Synthesis of the Reviewed Related Literature

The phenomenon of families residing in cemeteries presents a unique demographic,

often marginalized yet resilient in their community formations. Lapatha et al. (2019) noted

the challenges faced by these families, driven by socio-economic factors such as poverty,

which exacerbate their living conditions. Despite these adversities, cemetery residents forge

strong social bonds, relying on one another for support and solidarity (Smith et al., 2021).

However, stigma and discrimination from broader society compound their challenges,

perpetuating cycles of deprivation and marginalization (Sodiya et al., 2021).

Living in a cemetery offers unique advantages, including a peaceful atmosphere

conducive to mental well-being and recreational opportunities (Lorge, 2023). Additionally,

the affordability of cemetery residences may alleviate financial burdens for some families

(Dai et al., 2022). Cemetery environments also foster a sense of community and belonging,

providing proximity to cultural landmarks and historical significance (Lapatha et al., 2019).

Yet, residing in a cemetery poses significant challenges, especially for children,

including limited access to essential services and opportunities, persistent poverty, and

environmental hazards (Munthali, 2023). Moreover, psychological distress from reminders of

mortality, social stigma, and conflicts within the community impact residents' well-being

(Borromeo et al., 2020). Despite these challenges, families develop coping mechanisms,

relying on communal support, problem-solving, and emotion-focused strategies to navigate

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their circumstances (Bailey, 2022; Descalsota, 2023; Lapatha et al., 2019).

The effectiveness of residing in cemeteries involves a complex interplay of social,

economic, and security factors. While families may find solace and stability within cemetery

grounds, they also face security threats and social isolation (Amadi et al., 2021). Nonetheless,

cemetery communities exhibit resilience, adaptability, and solidarity, suggesting that while

challenges persist, opportunities for communal support and unique living experiences emerge

within these unconventional settings (International Journal of Scientific Research Publication,

2021).

Gaps to be Bridged by the Present Study

The researchers decided to conduct qualitative research about the families residing in

the cemetery. There are some studies associated with this, but those are focused on different

participants, locations of the participants, and objectives. The researchers took an in-depth

examination about the lived experiences of families residing in the Sto. Filomena Chapel, San

Antonio, City of Biñan, Laguna.

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Address: Sto. Domingo, City of Biñan, Laguna

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