atmosphere would cause water to

Earth and Life immediately boil away

Habitability of Earth Mars

Planet habitability - the measure of a planet's or Temperature and Thin atmosphere
a natural satellites potential to develop and
 Atmosphere is far too thin and cold to
maintain environments
support liquid water on its surface
Requirements for a Planet to be  With an atmospheric pressure just 0.6%
of Earth’s, any surface water would
Habitable:
quickly evaporate or freeze
1. The star should survive long enough
Jovian Planets
2. The planet should exist in a region
where water could remain liquid  comprised of fluid rather than rock or
Massive Stars - can only live for a relatively other solid matter
short period of time  Hydrogen and helium dominate Jupiter
and Saturn
Medium Mass Stars - can survive long enough  Water, methane, and ammonia
for life to develop dominate Uranus and Neptune
Goldilocks Zone - refers to the habitable zone The Starting Point of Life
around a star where the temperature is just
right Miller-Urrey Experiment - provided the first
evidence that organic molecules needed for life
K2-18B - exoplanet that resides in the habitable
could be formed from inorganic components
zone around its parent star
Cyanobacteria - these organisms use sunlight to
Features of Planets not suitable for make their own food giving oxygen as a by
Life: product

Mercury Earth’s Subsystems

Temperature and Slow Rotation Geosphere
 430 Degrees Celsius - Mercury's surface Crust - the outermost layer of a planet
temperature during the day time
 -180 Degrees Celsius - Mercury's Continental crust - broadly granitic in
surface temperature during the night composition; 40 km thick
time
Oceanic crust - much thinner, averaging about 6
Venus km which is basaltic

Temperature and Thick Atmosphere Mantle - the layer of the Earth between the
crust and the core. Separated from the crust by
 During its evolution, ultraviolet rays the Mohorovicic discontinuity
from the sun evaporated water quickly
 No liquid water because the scorching Core - represents 16% of the volume of the
heat created by its ozone-filled Earth and more than 30% of its mass
Hydrosphere Rocks - natural substance composed of solid
crystals of different minerals that have been
- the water portion of the Earth fused together into a solid lump
Continental crust Minerals - naturally occurring substance with
distinctive chemical and physical properties,
 97% - percentage of Saltwater on Earth
composition and atomic sphere
 3% - percentage of freshwater on Earth

Water cycle - describes the continuous Characteristics of Mineral

movement of water on, above and below the  Naturally Occurring
surface of the Earth
 Inorganic
Atmosphere  Solid
 Crystalline structure
- thin, life-giving gaseous envelop of
 Can be represented by a chemical
Earth
formula
Layers of Atmosphere
Optical Property of Mineral
 Troposphere - lowest layer, about 12km
 Luster - the quality of light that is being
thick. Site of all weather phenomena.
reflected by the surface of a mineral
 Stratosphere - about 12km - 50km from
 Metallic Minerals - minerals in which
Earth's surface. The ozone layer lies
metal elements are present in their raw
within the stratosphere.
form
 Mesosphere - it extends to height off
 Non-metallic minerals - do not contain
about 80 from the ground. The coldest
any metal substances in them
parts of our atmosphere are located in
 Diaphaneity - a mineral's ability to
this layer and can reach -90C
transmit light
 Thermosphere - lies above the
 Color - property of mineral that is
mesosphere, and this is a region where
easiest to identify; an inorganic pigment
the temperature increases as you go
usually of natural origin
higher up
 Streak - color of the mineral in its
 Exosphere - final frontier; the air in the
powdered form
exosphere is constantly but gradually
leaking out of the Earth's atmosphere

Biosphere
- made up of the parts of Earth where life
exists

Anthroposphere - the "human sphere"; includes

the part of Earth that has been modified by
humans

Rocks and Minerals Mineral Strength

  Tenacity - describes the reaction of a - Clastic (from rock particles)
mineral to stress such as crushing, - Organic (from once living organisms)
bending, breaking, or tearing - Chemical (From dissolved minerals in
 Hardness - defined by how well a solutions or water that crystallizes)
substance will resist scratching by
Metamorphic rock
another substance
 Cleavage - when a mineral breaks and a - arise from the transformation of
smooth surface formed existing rock to new types of rock
 Fracture - when the mineral does not
have a cleavage plane How does it form?

Contact metamorphism - occurs when magma

Rock Types comes in contact with an already existing body
Igneous rock of rock

 formed through the cooling and Regional metamorphism - occurs when rocks
solidification of magma or lava are buried deep in the crust, commonly
 Ignis meaning fire associated with the formation of mountain
 Devil’s Tower National Monument in ranges
Wyoming US Burial metamorphism - occurs when rocks
How does it form? buried too deep experienced heat and pressure

Extrusive - formed from lava that solidifies in Rock Cycle - a series of processes that create
the surface of Earth and transform the types of rocks in Earth's crust

Intrusive - formed from magma that cools and Natural Disasters

solidifies inside the crust
Natural Hazards – Natural Phenomenon that
Sedimentary rock might have a negative effect on humans or the
environment
- formed by the accumulation or
deposition of mineral or organic Mitigation – action of reducing the severity or
particles at Earth's surface, followed by seriousness of something
cementation
Adaption - adapting to life in a changing climate
- Bryce Canyon National Park
involves adjusting
How does it form?
Hazard - a dangerous situation or event that
Weathering - process of disintegration and carries a threat to humans
decomposition of rocks
Disaster - an event that actually harms humans
Erosion - transportation of earthen materials and disrupts the operations of society
due to natural forces such as wind or flowing
water

Three basic types: Earthquake

 - the minimal to rapid shaking of the PAGASA – Philippine Geographical Atmospheric,
ground Geophysical, and Astronomical Services
Administration
Anatomy of an Earthquake
Monsoons - wind system that is result of the
Fault - A fracture in the rocks that make up the differential heating of land and sea; bring
Earth's crust associated wet and dry season
Epicenter - the point at the surface of the Earth Tropical Cyclone - rapid rotating originating
directly above the focus over tropical oceans from where it draws the
Focus - the point within the Earth where an energy to develop
Earthquake rupture starts Low Pressure Area - a place where the
Plates - Massive rocks that make up the outer atmospheric pressure is lowest compared to the
layer of the Earth's surface and whose surrounding area
movement along faults triggers earthquakes The eye - calmest part of the storm
Seismic waves - waves that transmit the energy Eye wall - most dangerous and destructive part
released by an Earthquake of a cyclone
Plates - fragments of Lithosphere that floats Storm Surge - the rise of the normal sea level
above the Asthenosphere which behaves like a caused by the winds that are directed towards
liquid the shore
Earthquake Hazards Flood - an overflow of water that submerges
- surface and physical damage land that is usually dry
- Liquefaction Hazard Map - developed to indicate the places
- Fires where most of the natural disasters usually
- Tsunami or “Harbor Wave” occur and will most likely occur
- Landslide

Volcanic Eruption
- Occurs when hot materials from Earth's
interior are thrown out of a volcano

Volcanic Eruption Hazard

- Agricultural and Livestock Damage

- Destructive Moving Lahar
- Poisonous gases can be lethal

Hydro meteorological Phenomena