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Topic 5 - Integumentary System

The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It protects the body from external environment, regulates temperature, and detects sensations. The skin is composed of two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is thinner and lacks blood vessels while the dermis is thicker and contains blood vessels. Skin color is determined by melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands are appendages of the skin. The integumentary system shows signs of aging like dry skin, wrinkles, and decreased immune function with increasing age.

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Allysa Megan Orpilla
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9 views

Topic 5 - Integumentary System

The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It protects the body from external environment, regulates temperature, and detects sensations. The skin is composed of two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is thinner and lacks blood vessels while the dermis is thicker and contains blood vessels. Skin color is determined by melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands are appendages of the skin. The integumentary system shows signs of aging like dry skin, wrinkles, and decreased immune function with increasing age.

Uploaded by

Allysa Megan Orpilla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Prepared by: Ruth Abigail C. Valdez, RN


The Integumentary system is
composed of skin, hair, oil and sweat
glands, nails and sensory receptors.
General Functions:

1. Regulates body temperature.


2. Stores blood.
3. Protects body from external environment.
4. Detects cutaneous sensations.
5. Excretes and absorbs substances.
6. Synthesizes vitamin D (D3 & D2).
D3 cholecalciferol, D2 ergocalciferol
1. Skin
• Skin is also known as cutaneous membrane
• Covers external surface of the body
• Largest organ of the body in weight.

• Has 2 main parts


• Epidermis
• Dermis
EPIDERMIS
>Superficial
>Thinner
>composed of epithelial tissue
>Avascular
>you cut epidermis, there is no
bleeding

DERMIS
>deeper
>thicker
>connective tissue
>Vascular
>If the cut is deeper and
reaches dermis, there is
bleeding.
Cells in the Epidermis:

a. Keratinocytes
-produces protein called Keratin
(tough, fibrous protein)
"keratino"= hornlike "cytes"= cell
-90% of epidermal cell.

b. Melanocytes
8%= melanocytes (melano= black); it
produces a pigment called MELANIN
Melanin- is a yellow-red or brown
black pigment that contributes to skin
color and absorbs damaging
ultraviolet light. They shield the
nuclear DNA from UV light. However,
melanocytes are also susceptible to
damage by UV light.
Cells in the Epidermis:

c. Intraepidermal macrophages-
AKA Langerhans cells- arise from
bone marrow and migrate to the
epidermis.
Fxn: Participate in immune
response

d. Tactile epithelial cells or Merkel


cells- located in the deepest layer
of the epidermis. They have
tactile disc that can detect touch
sensation.
5 Layers of Epidermis

1. stratum basale- deepest layer; some cells in this layer are stem cells
AKA: stratum germinativum- to indicate its role in forming new cells.

2. stratum spinosum- consists of 8-10 layered keratinocytes; contains


projections of melanocytes and intraepidermal macrophages.

3.stratum granulosum- consists of 3 to 5 layers of flattened keratinocytes that


are undergoing apoptosis.

4. stratum corneum- (corne= horn or horny) Few to 50 or more rows of dead,


flat keratinocytes that contain mostly keratin.
Callus- abnormal thickening of the strata corneum

5. Stratum Lucidum- Present only in skin of fingertips, palms, and soles; consists
of four to six rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes with large amounts of
keratin.
Layers after Skin:

a. Subcutaneous layer (subQ) layer- next layer after dermis


Also called hypodermis. Consists of areolar and adipose tissue.
-Storage of fat and contains large blood vessel that supply the
skin.
-Also contains the nerve endings called lamellated corpuscles
or pacinian corpuscles which are sensitive to pressure.

b. Fascia- the connective tissue around muscles and bones.


Extended fibers from dermis to subQ until fascia.
DERMIS
>deeper
>thicker
>connective tissue
>Vascular
>If the cut is deeper and
reaches dermis, there is
bleeding.

2 layers
a. Papillary Layer
b. Reticular Layer
1. Papillary Layer:
Upper part of dermis
Dermal papillae = small, nipple-shaped structures that
project into the undersurface of the epidermis.
1.Contain capillary loops (blood vessels)
2. Free nerve endings- initiate signals that give rise to
sensations of warmth, coolness, pain, tickling, and itching.
3.Touch receptors (Meissner’s corpuscles)
Layers of Dermis

2. Reticular Layer:
– Deepest skin layer
– Dense, fibrous connective tissue
– Extensible and elastic
– Contains Blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sebaceous
(oil) glands, and sudoriferous (sweat) glands
• The surfaces of the palms, fingers, soles, and
toes have a series of ridges and grooves. They
appear either as straight lines or as a pattern of
loops and whorls, as on the tips of the digits.
These epidermal ridges are produced during the
third month of fetal development as downward
projections of the epidermis into the dermis
between the dermal papillae of the papillary
region.
Extreme stretching of skin dermal
tearing leaves white scars =
“stretch marks”

When the skin is overstretched,


the lateral bonding between
adjacent collagen fibers is
disrupted and small dermal blood
vessels rupture. This is why
stretch marks initially appear as
reddish streaks at these sites.
Then later appear as silvery white
streaks.

Pregnancy, (skin of weight-lifters,


stretched skin accompanying
gross obesity)
What are the factors that determine skin
color?
Skin Pigments:
1. Melanin
 Two forms: brown-black & pink-red
 Made by melanocytes
 Only found in deeper layers of epidermis
 Freckles & moles = local accumulations of melanin
 Protect DNA from UV radiation
2. Carotene
 Yellow-orange (from carrots)
 Accumulate in stratum corneum, hypodermis
 Carotene converts to Vitamin A in body
 Asians: yellowish skin = melanin + carotene
3. Hemoglobin
 Pinkish hue
 Red blood cells in capillaries
Homeostatic Imbalances
• Cyanosis: poorly oxygenated blood, blue color
• Excessive sun exposure: leathery skin, rashes, skin
cancer
• Redness: blushing, fever, allergy, inflammation,
hypertension (high BP)
• Pale skin (pallor): anemia, low blood pressure, fear,
anger
• Jaundice (yellow cast): liver disorder (bile pigments
= bilirubin)
• Bruises: blood clots under skin
Skin Cycle

(1) Newly formed cells in the stratum basale are slowly pushed to the surface.

(2) Keratinization- Accumulation of more and more keratin as the cells move
from one epidermal layer to the next.

(3)Then they undergo apoptosis.

(4) Keratinized cells slough off and are replaced by underlying cells

(5) Replacement by underlying cells that in turn become keratinized


APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN
I. HAIR (pili)
FUNCTION: Protects the body

LOCATION: present on most of the


skin surfaces except the palms,
palmar surfaces of the fingers, the
soles, and plantar surfaces of the
feet.

DISTRIBUTION: across the scalp, in


the eyebrows, axillae (armpits) and

around the external genitalia .


I. HAIR structure
a. SHAFT is the superficial portion of the hair,
which projects above the surface of the skin

b. The ROOT is the portion of the hair deep to


the shaft that penetrates into the dermis, and
sometimes into the subcutaneous layer.

c. HAIR FOLLICLE surrounds the root of the hair

d. BULB- onion-shaped structure that surrounds


dermal root sheath

e. papilla of the hair- contains many blood


vessels that nourish the growing hair follicle.

Hair matrix- germinal layer of cells


HAIR COLOR

The color of hair is due primarily to the amount and type of melanin in its keratinized
cells.

1. Blond and red hair contain variants of pheomelanin (yellow to red).


2. Dark-colored hair contains mostly eumelanin (brown to black)
3. Gray hair because of a progressive decline in melanin production
4. White hair results from the lack of melanin and the accumulation of air bubbles in
the shaft.
II. Skin Glands
- epithelial cells that secrete a
substance

-Exocrine glands such as


a. Sebaceous (oil) glands
b. Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
- apocrine
- eccrine
c. Ceruminous glands
Sebaceous (oil) Eccrine Sweat Apocrine sweat
Glands Glands Glands
Distribution: Distribution: Throughout Distribution: Skin of
Largely in lips, glans penis, skin of most regions of axillae, groin, areolae,
labia minora, and tarsal body, especially skin bearded regions of face,
glands; of forehead, palms, and clitoris, and labia minora.
small in trunk and limbs; soles.
absent in palms and soles. Secretion: Perspiration, Secretion: Perspiration,
Secretion: which consists which consists of
Sebum (mixture of of water, ions (Na, Cl), same components as
triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, uric acid, ammonia, eccrine sweat glands plus
proteins, and inorganic amino acids, glucose, and lipids and proteins.
salts). lactic acid.
Functions: Prevent hairs Functions: Regulation of Functions: Stimulated
from drying out, body temperature, waste during emotional
prevent water loss from removal, stimulated stress and sexual
skin, during emotional excitement.
keep skin soft, inhibit stress.
growth
of some bacteria.
III. NAILS
are plates of tightly packed, hard,
dead, keratinized epidermal cells
- Each nail consists of a nail body,
a free edge, and a nail root.

*Visible part of nail is nail body


*Cuticle covers nail root
Aging and the Integumentary System

> Changes related to age begin at 40


>Dermis begin to decrease in number, stiffen, break
apart and disorganize, shapeless
>Elastic fiber lose elasticity
>Fibroblast which produce collagen and elastic fiber
decrease in number resulting to having wrinkles.
>Macrophages dwindle in number and become less-
efficient phagocytes thus decreasing immune
responsiveness (susceptible to infection).
> Decrease sebaceous gland resulting to dry
skin, broken
> Diminished sweat production which contribute to incidence
of heat stroke
> Decrease melanocytes causing gray to white hair
About 25% of males begin to show signs of hair loss by age 30
and about two-thirds have significant hair loss by age 60. Both
males and females develop pattern baldness.
>skin heals poorly and becomes more susceptible to
pathological conditions
such as skin cancer
The nails also may become more brittle with age, often due to
dehydration
Thank you!

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