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MICROSCOPE

The document provides information about microscopes, including their definition, functions, parts, types, contributors to development, and proper care. It defines a microscope as a machine for looking at small things and describes its main functions as magnifying small objects and allowing observation at the cellular level. It lists the major parts of a microscope and their functions. Five types of microscopes are described - stereo, compound, inverted, metallurgical, and polarizing microscopes. Five contributors to the development of the microscope and their contributions are named. Proper care of a microscope includes using two hands when moving parts, cleaning lenses, storing in a dust-free environment, replacing broken parts, and having routine maintenance checks.

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Allysa Megan Orpilla
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24 views

MICROSCOPE

The document provides information about microscopes, including their definition, functions, parts, types, contributors to development, and proper care. It defines a microscope as a machine for looking at small things and describes its main functions as magnifying small objects and allowing observation at the cellular level. It lists the major parts of a microscope and their functions. Five types of microscopes are described - stereo, compound, inverted, metallurgical, and polarizing microscopes. Five contributors to the development of the microscope and their contributions are named. Proper care of a microscope includes using two hands when moving parts, cleaning lenses, storing in a dust-free environment, replacing broken parts, and having routine maintenance checks.

Uploaded by

Allysa Megan Orpilla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

ORPILLA, Allysa Megan D.

October 18, 2021


BSN 1-B MC2A

QUESTION FOR RESEARCH:


1. What is microscope? (5 points)
The microscope gets its name from the Greek word “mikros”, meaning small, and
“skopein" meaning to see or look, and it literally is a machine for looking at small things.
This Instrument produces enlarged images of small objects, allowing the observer an
exceedingly close view of minute structures at a scale convenient for examination and
analysis. Some microscopes can even be used to observe an object at the cellular level,
allowing scientists to see the shape of a cell, its nucleus, mitochondria, and other
organelles. The resolution of a microscope is a measure of the smallest detail of the
object that can be observed.
2. What are the functions of the microscope? (15 points)
A machine for looking at small things. A microscope may be used to look at the
anatomy of small organisms such as insects, the fine structure of rocks and crystals, or
individual cells. Depending on the type of microscope, the magnified image may be two-
dimensional or three-dimensional.
3. What advantages are desired using the LPO? (give 3) (6 points)
Advantages of the low power objective over the oil immersion objective for viewing fungi
and algae are: It helps to get a clearer, sharper and better view of the shape of the
organisms. The size of the fungi and algae is larger.
The low-power objective in a microscope, typically a 4x-10x, is the objective with
the lowest magnification in the microscope. Specially when one does not know what
one is looking for, or where it is in the sample, it is useful to have a low-power
objective to navigate the sample.
4. What advantages are desired using the HPO? (give 3) (6 points)
The advantage of a high power objective lens is that it provides a higher degree of
magnification, which allows you to “zoom” in closer to the object being studied and see
more detail.
The benefit of a high-power objective lens is that it provides the most magnification
possible with most standard, monocular (single) eyepiece microscopes. It is what's
required to provide the most magnification -- that is, to get as close as possible to the
specimen being examined.
5. Give the parts of the microscope and give the functions of each. (25 points)

Eyepiece: The lens the viewer looks through to see the specimen. The eyepiece
usually contains a 10X or 15X power lens.

Diopter Adjustment: Useful as a means to change focus on one eyepiece so as to


correct for any difference in vision between your two eyes.

Body tube (Head): The body tube connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses.

Arm: The arm connects the body tube to the base of the microscope.
Coarse adjustment: Brings the specimen into general focus.

Fine adjustment: Fine tunes the focus and increases the detail of the specimen.

Nosepiece: A rotating turret that houses the objective lenses. The viewer spins the
nosepiece to select different objective lenses.

Specimen or slide: The specimen is the object being examined. Most specimens are
mounted on slides, flat rectangles of thin glass. The specimen is placed on the glass
and a cover slip is placed over the specimen. This allows the slide to be easily inserted
or removed from the microscope. It also allows the specimen to be labeled, transported,
and stored without damage.

Stage: The flat platform where the slide is placed.

Stage clips: Metal clips that hold the slide in place.

Stage height adjustment (Stage Control): These knobs move the stage left and right
or up and down.

Aperture: The hole in the middle of the stage that allows light from the illuminator to
reach the specimen.

On/off switch: This switch on the base of the microscope turns the illuminator off and
on.

Illumination: The light source for a microscope. Older microscopes used mirrors to
reflect light from an external source up through the bottom of the stage; however, most
microscopes now use a low-voltage bulb.

Iris diaphragm: Adjusts the amount of light that reaches the specimen.

Condenser: Gathers and focuses light from the illuminator onto the specimen being
viewed.

Base: The base supports the microscope and it’s where illuminator is located.

6. Give 5 types of microscope and describe. (15 points)

Stereo Microscopes

Stereo microscopes are used to look at a variety of samples that you would be able to
hold in your hand. A stereo microscope provides a 3D image or "stereo" image and
typically will provide magnification between 10x - 40x. The stereo microscope is used in
manufacturing, quality control, coin collecting, science, for high school dissection
projects, and botany. A stereo microscope typically provides both transmitted and
reflected illumination and can be used to view a sample that will not allow light to pass
through it.
The following are samples often viewed under a stereo microscope: coins, flowers,
insects, plastic or metal parts, printed circuit boards, fabric weaves, frog anatomy, and
wires.

Compound Microscopes

A compound microscope may also be referred to as a biological microscope.


Compound microscopes are used in laboratories, schools, wastewater treatment plants,
veterinary offices, and for histology and pathology. The samples viewed under a
compound microscope must be prepared on a microscope slide using a cover slip to
flatten the sample. Students will often view prepared slides under the microscope to
save time by eliminating the slide preparation process.

The compound microscope can be used to view a variety of samples, some of which
include: blood cells, cheek cells, parasites, bacteria, algae, tissue, and thin sections of
organs. Compound microscopes are used to view samples that can not be seen with
the naked eye. The magnification of a compound microscope is most commonly 40x,
100x, 400x, and sometimes 1000x. Microscopes that advertise magnification above
1000x should not be purchased as they are offering empty magnification with low
resolution.

Inverted Microscopes

Inverted microscopes are available as biological inverted microscopes or metallurgical


inverted microscopes. Biological inverted microscopes provide magnification of 40x,
100x and sometimes 200x and 400x. These biological inverted microscopes are used to
view living samples that are in a petri dish. An inverted microscope allows the user to
place the petri dish on a flat stage, with the objective lenses housed beneath the stage.
Inverted microscopes are used for in-vitro fertilization, live cell imaging, developmental
biology, cell biology, neuroscience, and microbiology. Inverted microscopes are often
used in research to analyze and study tissues and cells, and in particular living cells.

Metallurgical inverted microscopes are used to examine large parts at high


magnification for fractures or faults. They are similar to biological inverted microscope in
the magnification provided, but one primary difference is that the samples are not
placed in a petri dish, but rather a smooth side of the sample must be prepared so it can
lay flat on the stage. This smooth sample is polished and is sometimes referred to as a
puck

Metallurgical Microscopes

Metallurgical microscopes are high power microscopes designed to view samples that
do not allow light to pass through them. Reflected light shines down through the
objective lenses providing magnification of 50x, 100x, 200x, and sometimes 500x.
Metallurgical microscopes are utilized to examine micron level cracks in metals, very
thin layers of coatings such as paint, and grain sizing.
Metallurgical microscopes are utilized in the aerospace industry, the automobile
manufacturing industry, and by companies analyzing metallic structures, composites,
glass, wood, ceramics, polymers, and liquid crystals.

Polarizing Microscopes

Polarizing microscopes use polarized light along with transmitted and, or reflected
illumination to examine chemicals, rocks, and minerals. Polarizing microscopes are
utilized by geologists, petrologists, chemists, and the pharmaceutical industry on a daily
basis.

All polarizing microscopes have both a polarizer and an analyzer. The polarizer will only
allow certain light waves to pass through it. The analyzer determines the amount of light
and direction of light that will illuminate the sample. The polarizer basically focuses
different wavelengths of light onto a single plane. This function makes the microscope
perfect for viewing birefringent materials.

7. Give at least 5 people who contributed to the development of a microscope and


state their contributions. (15 points)

Anton van Leeuwenhoek, began polishing and grinding lenses when he discovered
that certain shaped lenses increased an image’s size.

The glass lenses that he created could enlarge an object many times. The quality of his
lenses allowed him, for the first in history, to see the many microscopic animals,
bacteria and intricate detail of common objects.

Joseph Jackson Lister, he was able to develop an achromatic lens thereby


eradicating the chromatic effect (spherical aberration). Here, Lister used several weak
lenses together at given distances resulting in great magnification without blurring
images. This was a great breakthrough in microscopy and helped make microscopes
important tools in medical research.

Ernst Abbe, he came up with the theoretical resolution of a light microscope. Abbe had
developed a formulae correlating resolving power to the wavelength of light making it
possible to calculate the theoretical maximum resolution of a microscope.

Richard Zsigmondy, invents the ultra microscope, which allows for observation of
specimens below the wavelength of light.

Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, 3-D specimen images possible with the invention of
the scanning tunneling microscope.

8. Give 5 ways in the proper care of a microscope. (5 points)

 Always use two hands when moving the microscope.


 Make sure the microscope is not plugged in before moving it.
 If using immersion oil, be sure to clean the immersion oil lens thoroughly after
use.
 Keeping your microscope clean (especially the optics) will also ensure that it
lasts longer.
 When the microscope is not in use cover it with a dust cover or store it in a
microscope case.
REFERENCES:

Microscope - Magnification | Britannica

Microscopes | National Geographic Society

What Is the Function of a Microscope? | Sciencing

What are the advantages of the low power objective over? (askinglot.com)

The Advantages of High Power Objective Lens (synonym.com)

Microscope Parts and Functions (microscopemaster.com)

Types of Microscopes | Microscope World Blog

Microscope Timeline - from 13th Century to Today! (microscopemaster.com)

History of Microscopes | Microscope.com

5 Tips to Properly Care for your Microscope | Microscope Care & Handling
(microscopeworld.com)

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