Sampling and Sampling Distribution 39 Chapter 3 Sampling and Sampling Distribution Lesson 3.1: Sampling and Sampling Distribution Sampling Oftentimes, in our researches or even in with a large group of People or objects, It is of cx + impossible to deal with every member of this large group known as population. ; Intimes like this, we have a temedy, which is, selecting a portion of the population known as sample. This process is called sampling. One of the best methods of sampling which is usually used in Tesearches is called random sampling. daily activities, we are concerned ourse very difficult, or sometimes Definition The totality of subjects (people, animals or objects) under consideration is called population. The portion chosen from a population is called Sample and the process of taking samples is called sampling. Random Sampling refers to the sampling technique in which each member of the population is given equal chance to be chosen as part of the sample. The lottery method, drawing lots, or the use of random numbers can be used to accomplish random sampling. Parameter and Statistic Ifa population we are concerned with is finite or small in number, say the 25 captive-bred Philippine Eagles successfully produced by the Philippi ine Eagle Foundation (PEF) as of October 15, 2015, then, we can easily describe it. ‘Every Measurement or quantity that represents the general characteristics of this Population, say the average height of these 25 captive-bred raptors is 3.5 meters, is called parameter. On the other hand, if we are dealing with a very large population and we have resorted to sampling, then, every measurement or quantity that describes the . characteristics of the sample is called sample statistic or simply statistic. Definition The measurement or quantity that describes the population is called parameter While the measurement or quantity that describes the sample is called statistic.40 — Sampling and Sampling Distribution Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean Suppose a jar contains numbers 1, 3 and 5. If we take two numbers in succession with replacement, then, the possible 2-number samples are: (1,1), (3, 3), (5, 5), (1,3), (3,1), (1,5), (5, 1), (3, 5) and (5, 3). The average or mean of each pair, in that order are 1, 3, 5, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4 and 4. If we denote the means as random variable X, then: X= {1, 2, 3,4, 5} As we can see, P(1) =1/9, P(2)=2/9, P(3)=3/9 or 1/3, P(4)=2/9, and P(5)=1/9 Therefore, the probability distribution of X is: x 1 2 3 4 5 fC) 1/9 2/9 1/3 2/9 1/9 The probability distribution above represents the means of the samples, that’s why the distribution is now called Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means. Example 1: In order to test the effect of the new drug to humans, 20 patients were given the dose. After a minute, it was found that the body temperature in average, decreased by 2°C. Answer the following: . a) Are the 20 patients mentioned above population or sample? b) Is the 2°C decrease in the body temperature considered parameter or statistic? Answer: a. The 20 patients taken are considered sample. b. Since the measurement 2°C refers to the average decrease of the 20 patients (sample), it is therefore considered as statistic.Sampling and Sampling Distribution 41 Example 2: Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means when two dice are rolled. Answer: If we construct a table for the mean of the results, it would be: |e |e ||| 1 1 LS 25 [3 | 35 2 1S 2 25 3 3.5 3°[ 2 [2s] 3 [asl 4 [45 4 2.5 3 35 4 45 5 5 7 35 4 45 5 5.5 6 3.5 4 45 5 5.5 6 z ane 25|3 |35| 4 |45| 5 |55| 6 ~| 1/36 286 | 336 436 | 536 636 6 | #36 | 338 [286/136 £(%) : Practice Exercise 3. | teeta A. Determine if the given subject is population_or sample, then describe the given quantity as parameter or statistic: ‘1, The average grade of the whole class under study is 82.15. Whole class: Average grade (82.15): 50 out of the 200 animals in the zoo were taken and checked on their weight. The variance of their weight is 12.5 kg. 50 animals: Variance (12.5 kg): . The standard deviation of the life span of a specie endemic in the Philippines is 2.3 years A specie endemic in the Philippines: Standard Deviation (2.3 years):42 Sampling and Sampling Distribution 4. Based on the survey conducted to 1200 respondents, 1 out of 3 Filipinos can’t live without cell phone. 1200 respondents: 1 out of 3 Filipinos can’t live without cell phone: 5. Based on the US National Hospital Discharge Record in 2010, the average length of stay of patients in US hospitals is 4.8 days. Patients: Average stay (4.8 days): B Construct the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means and answer the questions that follow: Bl. Ajar contains numbers I, 2, 3 and 4. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means when two numbers are taken from the jar with replacement. 1. 2. 3. 4 What is the probability that the mean of the numbers is 2.5? What is the probability that the mean of the numbers is less than 2? What is the probability that the mean of the numbers is greater than 1.5? What is the probability that the mean of the numbers is between 1.5 and 5. Construct the histogram of the’sampling distribution. B.2.__ Adrian Cedrick receives 82 or 83 as his grade on his three major subjects. Construct the sampling distribution of his mean grade. 6. 15 8. 9. 10. What is the probability that his mean grade is lower than 83? What is the probability that his mean grade is greater than 82.33? What is the probability that his mean grade is 82.67? What is the probability that-his mean grade is between 82.33 and'83? Construct the histogram of the sampling distribution of the mean grade. B.3. _. Three containers contain the numbers 0, 1, and 2. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample mean when a number is taken from each container. 11. 12. 13. 14, 15. What is the probability that the sample mean is less than 1? What is the probability that the sample mean is greater than 0.67? What is the probability that the sample mean is 1? What is the probability that the mean is between 1 and 2? Construct the histogram of the sampling distribution of the sample means.ied The concept of sampling distribution lies at the foundation of statistical inference. In this chapter, you will be introduced to the key concepts of sampling and sampling distributions of the sample mean. You will also learn to apply these concepts in solving real-life problems, - Discuss the Probability distribution of the sample mean - Determine the mean, varian sample mean . Distinguish the sam size is large ce, and standard deviation of the pling distribution of X when the sample - Distinguish the sampling distribution of X when the population is normal Basic Concepts on Sampling Distributions Suppose you want to know some characteristics of the population. Itis, however, difficult to collect data from the entire population. If you are trying to describe a population, what you can do instead is to randomly collect data from a sample. Consider this example: a player was given four pool balls having the numbers 5, 6, 9, and 10. Since the player has a total of four balls, these four balls represent the population of interest. The average of the numbers on all the balls is the- parameter. Suppose two balls are’ selected randomly (with replacement) and the average of their numbers is computed. All possible outcomes are on the next page. 55Table 4.1 All possible outcomes when two balls are selected randomly with replacement Outcome The sample we get from the first outcome is different from the second outcome. In repeated sampling, the value of the sample mean would vary from sample to sample. A sample mean is the average of a small sample taken from the population while a population mean is the mean of the whole population of the data set. Notice that the means are 5:5, 7.0, 8.0, or 9.5. The frequencies of these means are shown in the table below. The relative frequencies are equal to the Table 4.2 Frequencies of Means for n = 2 frequencies divided by the total outcomes. 2 [eo | 2 | o.t667 [9s | 2 | o.t667_ | 56Presenting the data in a histogram, we have z 2 2 = = 83 & 2 & 2 Figure 4.1 Distribution of Means for n = 2 Figure 4.1 shows a relative frequency distribution of the means based on the values of Table 4.2. After randomly selecting two balls out of four balls repeatedly, the mean of those samples would cluster in a certain set of value. In our example, the values clustered around the mean value 7.5. It means that 7.5 or close to 7.5 is our population mean. A statistic is a number computed from a sample. The distribution of the statistic that repeatedly draws samples from the population is called sampling distribution. It is the probability distribution of that statistic. It is also the information: that allows us to go from. descriptive statistics to inferential statistics. In many situations, the sample mean has a distribution that is approximately normal. :Typically, we draw one sample in a population. But the concept of a sampling distribution is very important. The value of - a Statistic that we see in our sample will be a random sample from the statistic’s sampling distribution. In mathematical arguments, statistic’s sampling distribution is used to make statements about population parameters. > Mean and Standard Deviation of the Sample Mean We take. samples from the population because it is difficult to measure the whole population. If we take the sample mean of the samples from the population, do we expect that the value is exactly equal to the population mean y? The answer is no. If we kept drawing samples from, the population, all of the same size n, and compute the sample mean X of each one, we will likely get a different value 57each time. We can consider x as a random variable. We will wine X when the sample mean is considered as a random variable and x for each value that it gets. For example, given the following normal distribution of the population with mean yz, we repeatedly take samples then or ae the mean of each. The sample mean may not be ae ° me population mean p but the values may get closer to it. Eac' represents the sample mean of each sample taken. RRR RK X, X distribution of the dll, population We now have the new distribution of the sample means: x,, Ky Xyperver Rye X distribution of the sample mean If all possible random samples, each of size n, are taken from any population with mean y and standard deviation o then the sampling distribution of the sample mean will have the following properties: * The mean of the sample means will be equal to the population mean iidThe standard deviation of the sample means will be equal to the standard deviation of the population o divided by the Square root of the sample size n. o oe The most commonly used measure of dispersion is the standard deviation which is simply the square root of the variance. If the Standard deviation of the sample mean is o =o . . “25 f Th’ then the variance of the sample mean Var (X) = 22 OF % As the sample size n increases, the variance of the sample mean decreases, It means that if larger samples are taken from the population, the variance will be smaller. The sample mean will be extremely close to the Population mean. If the population is norm: distribution will also be sizes. ally distributed, then the sampling normally distributed for all sample Example 4.1 All vehicles for registration in the Philippines are required to Pay the tax value. The value depends on the model of the car. The mean and standard deviation of the tax value of Dan’s car are = 541,000 and o = P167,200 respectively. Suppose random samples of size 100 000 are drawn from the population of vehicles. What are the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the sample Solution Since n = 100 000 4, = w = 541 000. 59167 200 x = (167 2007 _ ae = 528.73 Var (X) = 100 000" 279 558. 5 750 000 The sample mean has a mean of 541 000; variance of 279 558.4; and a standard deviation of 528.78. Example 4.2 Given that the distribution of young women is N uy, oO) =N (64.5 inches, 2.5 inches), what will be the mean, variance, and the standard deviation if you randomly select 10 women as your sample? Solution ‘ 2, yz = = 64.5 inches Var (X) = Ger = 0.625 The sample mean has a mean of 64.5 inches; variance of 0.625; and standard deviation of 0.79 inch. Example 4.3 Using the same distribution in Example 4.2, what will be the sample mean and standard deviation for a sample size of 100? Solution z= = 64.5 inches yar (X) = (2:5 - 0.0625 100 2.5 G = = 0.25 i TH 25 inch The sample mean has a mean of 64.5 inche: i . . s; val 0625; and standard deviation of 0.25 inch. ; variance of 0.06: ee