Practical Research I Sampling

• Small group, usually non-

Introduction to Practical Research I representative of the population,
Research usually chosen deliberately
• A process of investigating or examining b. Quantitative Research
again (Chapman, 1979) Purpose
• “re” – again + “search” – to look for = to • Investigate cause and effect, test
look for again hypothesis
Research can be viewed as the formation of Type of data
new knowledge and the employment of • Numerical
previous or existing knowledge in a new and Method of data collection
creative way (O’Donnel, 2012)
• Close-ended questionnaire,
Two Important Ideas
measurement
• Like a pregnant mother (giving life to Data analysis
new things)
• Statistical, mathematical,
• Like a potter (creating/making computational method
something) Sampling
Type of Research
• Large, representative of the
(Based on the field in question)
population, chosen randomly
• Scientific Research is designed to learn
Choosing a Research Topic
about the physical world and discover
Topics to Avoid
how it works
• Controversial topics
• Social Sciences & Humanities encompass
studies that deal with human society • Highly technical topics
(interaction and relationships) and • Hard-to-investigate subjects
culture. • Too broad
• Historical Research pertains to events in • Too narrow/shallow
the past and the interpretation of such • Vague topics
events Sources of Topics
• Business Research is conducted to solve 1. Mass media (television, newspaper, ads,
business and management problems radio, and films)
• Non-Empirical Research includes 2. Books, internet, journals, government
theoretical studies related to publications
cosmological phenomena and 3. Experts and previous research
mathematics (recommendation.
(Based on data) Narrowing Down to Topic
a. Qualitative Research • Talk over ideas with people who
Purpose knew research
• understand human behavior and • Focus on a specific group: gender,
relation classification, genus, species, type
Type of data • Limit the variables
• open-ended responses, notes, photos, • Define the aim or desired outcome:
videos basic or applied innovation or
Method of data collection invention
• observation, interview, open-ended
questionnaire
Data analysis
• Interpretative, identifying patterns
and themes
 S.M.A.R.T c. Weakness of Qualitative Research
Specific – precise and focused, not vague or 1. Research quality is strongly affected by
broad the researchers’ abilities and outlooks
Measurable – quantifiable, or verifiable, not 2. It takes a long time to analyze and
subjective understand all the data
Attainable – realistic and feasible, not 3. It is sometimes hard to prove
impossible or too ambitious 4. The researcher’s presence during data
Relevant – meaningful and important, not collection, may influence respondents’
trivial or irrelevant perspectives
Time-Bound – timely and specific, not 5. Anonymity and confidentiality may
indefinite or open-sided cause issues when presenting results
Qualitative Research Types of Qualitative Research Methods
Characteristics, Strength, Weaknesses 1. Narrative
and Types 2. Phenomenology
a. Characteristics of Qualitative Research 3. Ethnography
1. Takes place in a natural setting like a 4. Case Study
home, school, institution 5. Grounded Theory
2. Focuses on participants’ perceptions Qualitative Research Across Fields
and experiences 1. Qualitative Research in Education
3. Researchers are sensitive to 2. Qualitative Research in Technical
participants’ needs and participant are Communication
actively engaged in the process 3. Qualitative Research in Psychology
4. Data are collected through observation, 4. Qualitative Research in Advertising
interviews, documents, e-mails, blogs, 5. Qualitative Research in Social Work
vlogs, videos, etc. 6. Qualitative Research in Marketing
5. It may result in changes in research Research Title and Statement of the
questions after new discoveries occurs Problem
6. It is a process of describing a situation, Chapter I – The Problem and Its
analyzing data for themes or categories, Background
and interpretations or drawing I. Introduction
conclusions II. Statement of the problem
7. It may be subjected to the researchers; III. Significance of the study
personal interpretation IV. Scope and De-limitation
8. The researchers, as a primary V. Definition of terms
instrument of data collection, views Research Title
social phenomena and situations • Aim – the objective of the research
holistically • Independent Variable – the object of
b. Strengths of Qualitative Research investigation
1. Issues may be examined in depth • Dependent Variable – the object that
2. Interviews are not limited to a set of will be affected by independent variable
questions and may be directed by the
• Element – the characteristics of
researcher independent variable to be investigated
3. The study framework and direction may
• Locale – the setting of research
be readily changed
• Tangible Output – Physical product of
4. Human data experience is strong and
the research
often more fascinating than quantitative
Statement of the Problem (SOP)
data
• The SOP is composed of the general
5. Data is typically gathered from a small
problem and the specific problems
number of people, results cannot be
generalized • The general problem should help
answer the research objective as the title
reflects
 • The specific problems should be cast Benefits and Beneficiaries of Research
based on the presented method and Significance of the Study
design of the study Write the importance of the study. To whom
• The specific problems should be it is important? Who will be benefited in the
relevant and aligned with direction or study?
goal of the research Guidelines in writing the significance of
• Present at least a minimum of the three the study:
specific problems • Results of your study should benefit
Background of the Study certain groups of people
Contents of the background of the study: • Write the significance of the study in
a. Presentation of the problem paragraph form
b. Historical background of the problem • Limit the number of paragraphs
c. Geographical condition of the locale depending on the number of
d. Rationale of the study beneficiaries of your study
Purpose of Background of the Study 1. Research 3. Parents
a. The general definition of the 2. Policy Makers 4. School
topic/problem area Chapter II: Review of Related
b. Historical basis for the existence of the Literature & Studies
problem What is RRL?
c. Efforts made towards addressing A review of related literature and studies is a
similar challenges comprehensive examination and synthesis of
d. How the efforts failed to be realized existing research relevant to a particular topic
hence the need for your study or problem
Statement of the Problem Purposes
a. The research objective states what the 1. To establish the context and background of
study will accomplish. Such as find, the topic
explain or seek 2. To identify gaps, contradictions and areas
b. Research questions should be stated in or further investigation
the interrogative and each should be 3. To provide theorical and empirical support
clear to avoid confusion for the research hypothesis or questions
c. Each research questions’ answer must Characteristics
add to the entire study’s development Comprehensive [wide range]
d. The research questions should be Relevant [directly related]
enough to cover the whole study Sufficient [right amount number]
Scope and De-limitation Recent [up-to-date]
Guide in writing scope and delimitation Integrative [synthesize & cohesive]
a. Use only two or three paragraphs Literature Vs. Studies
b. Write only the range of being studied Literature
c. You may include the time frame, sample > Reference books > Memorandum Orders
size, and the limitation of the methods > Text books > Documentaries
to be employed: > Journals > Interviews
• Sample size > Articles > Literary poems,
• Lack of available and/or reliable data > Newspapers stories, novels, etc.
• Lack of prior studies Studies
> Thesis > Dissertations
• Chosen data collection methods
> Investigative projects > Research journals
• Nature of the information collected > Governments and NGO reports
• Access How to write RRL?
• Time period > Introductory Statement > Transitional words
• Bias > Thematic > Synthesize
• Language > Inductive or Deductive > Grand/Overall
> Paraphrase & Citation synthesis

Goodluck on your exam! ^^

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