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Limits I

This document discusses limits and their applications in calculus. It begins by introducing the goals of calculus, such as finding the tangent of a curve and the area under a curve. It then defines limits formally and informally, and discusses properties of limits like one-sided limits. Examples are provided to illustrate evaluating limits of functions. Applications discussed include using limits to find average and instantaneous speed, average and instantaneous rates of change, and the geometric interpretation of instantaneous rates of change.

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mohamedgouda52008
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9 views29 pages

Limits I

This document discusses limits and their applications in calculus. It begins by introducing the goals of calculus, such as finding the tangent of a curve and the area under a curve. It then defines limits formally and informally, and discusses properties of limits like one-sided limits. Examples are provided to illustrate evaluating limits of functions. Applications discussed include using limits to find average and instantaneous speed, average and instantaneous rates of change, and the geometric interpretation of instantaneous rates of change.

Uploaded by

mohamedgouda52008
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Limits

Session 07
Physics club 2024
Table of Content

01 Goals of Calculus 02 Limits

03 Properties of limits 04 Application


Goals of Calculus
01
Goals of calculus

Find the Tangent of a curve Find the area under curve


at any point
between two points

Session 07
Tangent problem
* For creating an equation for a line 2 points are n e e d e d

* To make an approximation of tangent, a secant is drawn •

* By making the 2 points that the secant passes through sooo •

close the secant will b e similar to the tangent

The idea of making 2 points close without touching is


called the limit

Session 07
limits
02
Is the value of a function and its
limit at a point are the same?

What are the values of the function and the limit for:

𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 4)/(𝑥 − 2)
When x is 2

Session 07
Limits of Function Values
Informal Definition of Limit:
Let b e defined on an open interval about , except possibly at itself. If gets

arbitrarily close to for all sufficiently close to , w e say that approaches the

limit as approaches , and w e write:

! This definition is informal be ca us e of the phrases like arbitrarily close


and sufficiently close are imprecise; their meaning depends on the
context.

Session 07
Example: Find the following limit

𝑋−1
lim
𝑋→1 𝑋 2 − 1

Try the values: 0.5, 0.99, 1, 1.001, and 1.1

X 0.5 0.99 1 1.001 1.1


F(X) 2/3 0.503 Undefined 0.499 0.476

𝑋−1
lim = 0.5
𝑋→1 𝑋 2 − 1

Session 07
One sided limits:
Right sided limit

Left sided limit !


For a limit t exist the left sided limit
must equal right sided limit
- If one sided limit equals infinity, it
is an asymptote

Session 07
Important Note
The existence of a limit as 𝑥 → 𝑥0 does not d e pe nd on how the function may b e defined
at 𝑥 0. In those graphs of three differently-defined functions at 𝑥 = 1,

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑔 𝑥 = lim ℎ(𝑥)


𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1

Session 07
Properties
03
Limits of Two Essential Functions
a) If 𝑓 is the identity function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙, then for any value of 𝑥0,

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥0
𝑥→𝑥0

b) If 𝑓 is the constant function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒌, then for any value of 𝑥0,

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘
𝑥→𝑥0

Session 07
Basics

Session 07
Exercise
From the following graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , evaluate the following limits.

a) lim 𝑓 𝑥 = −1
𝑥→−1

b) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
𝑥→0

c) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = DNE


𝑥→1

d) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1
𝑥→2

Session 07
Exercise

Evaluate the following limit.

lim 𝑓 (𝑋 3 − 2𝑋 + 7)
𝑥→2

Answer: 11
lim 𝑓 (−𝑋2 + 5𝑋 − 2)
𝑥→2

Answer: 4
Session 07
Theorem:

To find the value of a polynomial just place X with


the value of A
lim 𝑃 𝑋 = 𝑃(𝐴)
𝑥→𝑎
Note P stands for polynomial
Same goes for the rational functions if the
denominator is found to be any number except
zero

Session 07
Exercise
Evaluate the following limit.

2𝑋 − 7
lim 𝑓
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12

Answer:0.5

𝑋2 − 3𝑋 − 10
lim 𝑓
𝑥→5 𝑥 2 − 10𝑋 + 25

Answer: D.N.E

Session 07
Note:

• IF you substitute and found the limit to be 0/0,


factor and simplify
• If the domain problem can’t be canceled check
with sign analysis test as the limit might not
exist

Session 07
Sign analysis test

Steps:
• Draw number line
• Find the points that make the denominator and
numerator equals zero
• Sub by numbers from region one and two
𝑋 2 − 3𝑋 − 10
lim 𝑓
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 − 10𝑋 + 25
-2 5

Region 1 Region 2
Session 07
Exercise
Evaluate the following limit.

𝑋2 + 4𝑋 − 5
lim 𝑓
𝑥→−1 𝑋 2 + 6𝑋 + 5

Answer: D.N.E

𝑋+3
lim 𝑓
𝑥→−3 𝑥 2 + 4𝑋 + 3

Answer: -1/2

Session 07
Intermediate value theorem

If f is continuous on (A,B) and K is between f(a) and F(b), then there is at


least one number C between A and B where F(c) =k

If f(a) and F(b) have opposite signs, then there is at least


one root on (A,B)

Session 07
Sandwich theorem

if f(x)≤g(x)≤h(x) for all numbers, and at some point x=k we


have f(k)=h(k), then g(k) must equal them
The same goes if we take their
limit at a point

Session 07
Applications
04
A v e r a g e Speed
A moving body’s average speed over any particular time interval is the distance
c o v e re d during the interval divided b y the length of the interval.

Example 1:
A rock falls from the top of a 150-m cliff. What is it ave rage s p e e d (a) during the first 2
s e c of fall? (b) during the 1-s e c interval between second 1 and second 2?

- Assume freely falling solid objects’ motion b e modeled by:

Solution:
(a) 32 m/s (b) 48 m/s

Session 07
Instantaneous Speed
Example 2:
Find the s p e e d of the rock at

Solution:
To find the instantaneous speed, set in the
equation:

This cannot b e done because w e cannot divide b y 0.


However, w e can calculate the a v e ra g e speeds over
short time intervals as shown in the following table.
Session 07
A v e r a g e Rates of Change
An average rate of change of with respect to over the interval is:

Notice that this av e rage rate of change is the slop


of the line through the points and
in the following graph.
This line is called a secant to the curve.

Session 07
Instantaneous Rates of Change
Example 3:
The following graph shows how a population
of fruit flies g r e w in a 50-d a y experiment.

Geometrically, what does the instantaneous


rates of change at t = 23 represents?

Solution:
As in Example 2, w e can find the average
rates of change over short intervals which
represent the slopes of secant lines that
approach the tangent of the graph at t = 23.

Session 07
That’s it!
Session 07
Physics club 2024

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