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Menstrual Cycle:: Menarche

The menstrual cycle involves the monthly release of an egg from the ovaries and changes to the uterus in preparation for potential pregnancy. It is divided into four phases - menstrual, follicular, ovulatory, and luteal. If fertilization does not occur, the uterine lining sheds and menstruation begins, starting the cycle again. The cycle allows the female body to regularly prepare for and attempt pregnancy.

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Alpesh Patel
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17 views21 pages

Menstrual Cycle:: Menarche

The menstrual cycle involves the monthly release of an egg from the ovaries and changes to the uterus in preparation for potential pregnancy. It is divided into four phases - menstrual, follicular, ovulatory, and luteal. If fertilization does not occur, the uterine lining sheds and menstruation begins, starting the cycle again. The cycle allows the female body to regularly prepare for and attempt pregnancy.

Uploaded by

Alpesh Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Menstrual cycle:

 Reproductive cycle of female primates is called menstrual cycle.


 Menstruation is the term given to the periodic discharge of blood, tissue,
fluid and mucus from the reproductive organs of sexually mature females.
The flow usually lasts from 3 - 6 days each month and is caused by a
sudden reduction in the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
 The menstrual cycle begins when a female reaches the age of
puberty. The first menstruation begins at puberty is called
Menarche.
 During the menstrual cycle the uterus endometrium prepares itself
for implantation of a fertilized egg. If fertilization does not occur the
uterus lining is shed from the body.
 Menstrual cycle repeated at an average interval of 28 days.
 One ovum is released in the middle usually 14th day of each
menstrual cycle.
Menstrual cycle has
following phases:
The cycle can be divided into four
phases:

1. Menstrual phase (bleeding


period).

2. Follicular (before the egg is


released).

3. Ovulatory (egg is released)

4. Luteal (after release of the egg).


Menstrual cycle
1. Menstrual phase (bleeding
period).
 It is the 1st phase of menstrual cycle
lasts for 3-5 days.

 Breakdown of endometrial lining and


blood vessel occurs. It leads to
bleeding comes out through vagina.

 It occurs only when ovum released and


fertilization does not occurs.

 Lack of menstruation is the indication


of pregnancy.
2. Follicular phase/ Proliferative
phase:
 1- 14 days
 Menstrual phase followed by follicular
phase.
 P. follicle grows- G. follicle &
endometrium regenerates- proliferation
 Gonadotropins (Pituitary)- FSH & LH,
increases & stimulate follicular
development. This in turn increases
estrogen secretion from growing
follicles.
 LH & FSH attains peak in middle of
cycle (14th day)
 Rapid secretion of LH- LH Surge
induces G. follicle to rupture & release
ovum (ovulation)- Corpus luteum
3. Luteal phase/Secretory Phase:

 This phase begins after ovulation.


 Ruptured Graafian follicle transformed into corpus luteum. It produces large
amount of progesterone- essential to maintain & proliferate endometrium
 Endometrium- necessary for implantation of fertilized egg/ ovum & does not
shed during pregnancy
 If fertilization occurs corpus luteum grows further and pregnancy continues.
Menstrual cycle stops up.
 In absence of fertilization, G. follicle transforms to yellow bodied Corpus
luteum
 Progesterone level decreases. C. luteum degenerates to Corpus albican
 Decrease in Progesterone leads to menstruation

 Menstrual cycles ceases at 50 years- Menopause


 Cyclic menstruation is indicator of normal reproductive phase & extends
between menarche & menopause
Fertilization and implantation

 During copulation (coitus) semen is released by the penis into the


vagina is called insemination.
 The motile sperms swim rapidly, pass through the cervix, enter into
the uterus and finally reach the junction of the isthmus and ampulla
(ampullary-isthmic junction) of the fallopian tube

 Fertilisation - if the ovum and sperms are transported


simultaneously to the ampullary isthmic junction.

 The process of fusion of a sperm with an ovum is called


Fertilisation.
• Sperm contacts with zona pellucida of ovum & induces changes in
membrane that blocks entry of other sperm
• Acrosome of sperm secretes lytic enzymes (hyaluronidase) helps in
penetration into the ovum cytoplasm through zona pellucida & plasma
membrane

 Meiotic division of secondary oocyte


after sperm enters plasma membrane
of the ovum.

 Second meiotic division – second


polar body and ovum / ootid

 Nucleus of Ovum + Sperm = Zygote

 Sex of baby decided this stage


Fusion of Sperm and ovum
Fertilization and passage of growing embryo through
Fallopian tube
Sex determination:

 Sex of a baby is determined during fertilization and in the zygote.

 Sex is determined by the sex-chromosomes present in zygote.

 Human contain 2 sets of chromosome- autosome & sex chromosome.

 Sex chromosome present in human female is XX and male XY.

 All the female gametes (ova) produced has 22 autosome and only ‘X’
chromosome.

 Sperms produced by male, 50% has 22 autosome with ‘X’ and 50 % has
22 autosome with ‘Y’ chromosome.
 The fusion of sperm with Y chromosome with ovum (X) results in male
baby- XY & fusion of sperm with X chromosome with ovum (X) results in
female baby.(XX).

 Zygote carrying XX chromosomes develop into female and with XY


chromosome develops into male.
Cleavage

 Zygote from isthmus (oviduct) to uterus– mitotic division, first cleavage


in first 36 hrs
 2,4,8,16 daughter cells- blastomeres
 Embryo with 8 – 16 blastomeres – Morula
 Morula – division continues – hollow ball called Blastocyst.
 The blastomeres in blastocyst arranged into two layers. An outer
layer called trophoblast and an inner cells called inner cell mass.
 Trophoblast cells attaches to the endometrium. It helps in
implantation and development of placenta.
 Inner cell mass gets differentiated into the embryo.
 The complete attachment of Blastocyst to the uterine
endometrium is called implantation.
Development of Embryo
Pregnancy & Embryonic development
 Chorionic villi – finger like projections on trophoblast
 Villi surrounded by maternal blood, uterine tissues
 Villi & uterine tissue- interdigitated – structural & functional unit
between foetus (embryo) & maternal body- Placenta
 Inner cell mass – ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm - different organs

Function of Placenta:
1. Helps in nutrition of the embryo & transports nutrients like amino acids,
sugars, vitamins form maternal blood to foetal blood
2. Respiration of embryo- exchange of O2 & CO2 through diffusion from
foetal blood to maternal blood vice versa
3. Excretion – nitrogenous waste like urea into maternal blood
4. Endocrine gland- estrogen, progesterone, human chronic
gonadotropin (hCG) & human placental lactogen (hPL)
5. Antibodies- diphtheria, small pox, measles etc., pass to foetus from
maternal blood
6. Stores glycogen till liver formation
7. Effective barrier- toxic chemicals & germs
• Later phase of pregnancy relaxin- secreted by ovary
• hCG , hPL & relaxin- only during pregnancy
• Other hormones like estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, prolactin, thyroxin-
increases several fold in maternal blood
• Hormones- supporting fetal growth, metabolic changes in mother &
maintenance of pregnancy
• After implantation- inner cell mass differentiates- outer ectoderm and
inner endoderm & middle mesoderm soon appears- tissue & organs
• Inner cell mass contain certain cells- Stem cells- potency to give rise to
all tissues & organs
• Pregnancy will last for 9 months divided as 3 trimesters - 1st :- end of 3rd
month, 2nd :- end of 6th month & 3rd :- end of 9th month
• 1st month- embryo heart formed
• First sign- listening heart sound through stethoscope
• 2nd month- limbs & digits, end of 12 weeks(first trimester)- major organ
system- limbs, external genital organs
• 1st movement & hair on head- during fifth month
• End of 24 week (second trimester)- body covered with fine hair, eye lid
separate, eyelashes formed
• End of nine month- foetus fully developed & ready for delivery
Parturition
 The period of pregnancy is called gestation period. It is 9 months in
human.
 The delivery of foetus is called parturition. It occurs by the
contraction of uterine Myometrium.
 The signal of parturition is originated from the fully developed foetus
and the placenta. It induces mild contraction of uterus called fetal
ejection reflex.
 Hormone (adrenal gland) secreted by foetus diffuses to maternal blood
& stimulate oxytocin secretion
 Oxytocin causes forceful contraction of myometrium (labour pain) &
stimulates further secretion of oxytocin
 Stimulatory reflex between uterine contraction & Oxytocin secretion
continues inducing stronger contraction & pushes the foetus by dilated
cervix (birth canal) facilitated by relaxin- parturition
 After delivery the placenta is also expelled out of the uterus.
Lactation

 Mammary gland of female undergo differentiation & produce


milk towards end of pregnancy- Lactation
 The mammary gland starts producing milk towards the end
of the pregnancy.
 Milk produced during initial days of lactation is called
colostrum. It contains several antibodies which provide
immunity (passive) or resistance to the new born baby.
 The milk production is controlled by Lacto trophic or
prolactin hormone secreted by pituitary.
 Breast feeding during initial period of infant growth is
recommended for bringing up a healthy baby

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